اثر کاربری‌های مختلف اراضی بر ویژگی‌های لایه آلی و معدنی خاک در غرب مازندران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

2 گروه علوم و صنایع چوب و کاغذ، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران

10.22067/jsw.2023.85316.1358

چکیده

تخریب رویشگاه­های جنگلی و تغییر کاربری اراضی می­تواند اثرات برجسته­ای در تغییرپذیری شاخص­های کیفیت خاک داشته باشد. گزارش‌های اندکی از بررسی کیفیت خاک در کاربری‌های مختلف اراضی مشاهده می‌شود. بر همین اساس، پژوهش حاضر به مطالعه اثر کاربری­های مختلف اراضی بر ویژگی­های لایه آلی و معدنی خاک در کجور نوشهر انجام شد. ویژگی‌های مختلف خاک در رویشگاه جنگلی طبیعی ممرز– انجیلی، جنگل­کاری بلندمازو، اراضی‌های باغی، مرتعی و کشاورزی (برنج) در منطقه نیرنگ نوشهر، استان مازندران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، در هر یک از رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه سه قطعه یک هکتاری (100 متر × 100 متر) با فواصل حداقل 600 متر انتخاب شدند. در هر یک از قطعات یک هکتاری، تعداد 4 نمونه از لایه آلی و معدنی خاک (سطح 30 سانتی‌متر × 30 سانتی‌متر تا عمق 10 سانتی‌متری) برداشت شد و در مجموع از هر یک از رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه تعداد 12 نمونه لاشبرگ و 12 نمونه خاک جهت تجزیه و تحلیل به آزمایشگاه منتقل گردید. نتایج حاکی از اثرات معنی­دار کاربری‌های مختلف اراضی بر ویژگی‌های لایه آلی و خاک بود. مطابق با یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر، مقادیر بالاتر محتوی نیتروژن، فسفر، کلسیم، منیزیم و پتاسیم لایه آلی منجر به بهبود مشخصه­های حاصلخیزی خاک، فعالیت­های میکروبی و آنزیمی، جمعیت کرم­های خاکی، تعداد نماتدهای خاکزی و زی‌توده ریزریشه، تحت جنگل طبیعی شده است. در حالی‌که رویشگاه‌های مرتعی و کشاورزی با تولید مواد آلی با محتوی بالای کربن و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن منجر به کاهش تجزیه مواد آلی (ضخامت بیشتر لایه آلی) و در نتیجه کاهش مشخصه­های مذکور لایه معدنی خاک شدند. با توجه به یافته­های این پژوهش می­توان نتیجه گرفت که حفاظت از پوشش‌ جنگلی طبیعی باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد، ضمن اینکه در مناطق تخریب یافته می‌توان از پوشش گیاهی چوبی برای احیای مناطق با شرایط اکولوژیکی مشابه استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Different Land Uses on the Characteristics of the Organic and Mineral Soil Layer in the West of Mazandaran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Y. Kooch 1
  • A. Shahpiri 1
  • K. Haghverdi 2
1 Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
2 Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Forests, encompassing approximately 30% of the Earth's land area, hold significant ecological importance due to their rich biodiversity and the multitude of environmental services they provide. These ecosystems outperform other terrestrial habitats, making them invaluable to all life forms on our planet. The destruction of forest habitats and changes in land use patterns exert significant impacts on the variability of soil quality indicators. The consequence of forest degradation encompass various adverse consequences, including the destruction of wildlife habitats, climate change, global warming, diminishing plant and animal biodiversity, and reduced water conservation capacity. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate soil quality in diverse land uses within temperate regions. However, there is a noticeable scarcity of studies focusing on semi-arid regions. It is imperative to note that a comprehensive and practical assessment of soil condition necessitates the simultaneous measurement of physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Such an integrated approach ensures a thorough and effective evaluation of soil quality. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of various land uses, namely natural forest (C. betulus - P. persica), plantation (Q. castaneifolia), garden, rangeland, and agricultural lands (rice), on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the organic and mineral soil layers. Specifically, the investigation focused on the evaluation of fauna and flora, microbial communities, and enzyme activities. The study was conducted in the semi-arid region of Kajur Nowshahrmourd.
 
Materials and Methods
To achieve this objective, contiguous sections of the study area were carefully chosen, ensuring minimal variations in height above sea level, percentage and direction of slope. Subsequently, three slice of one-hectare dimension plots (100 × 100) were selected within each study habitat, with a minimum distance of 600 meters between them. From each one-hectare plot, four leaf litter samples and four soil samples (30 cm × 30 cm, 10 cm depth) were collected and transported to the laboratory for analysis. In total, 12 litter samples and 12 soil samples were collected from each of the habitats. The soil samples were divided into two parts: one part was air-dried and then passed through a 2 mm sieve for subsequent physical and chemical testing, while the other part was stored at 4 degrees Celsius for biological assessments. One-way analysis of variance tests were employed to compare the characteristics of the organic layer and soil among the studied habitats. Furthermore, Duncan's test (P>0.05) was utilized to compare the average parameters that exhibited significant differences among the different habitats.
 
Results and Discussion
The findings derived from this investigation underscore the substantial variability in organic layer characteristics across different vegetation types. Natural forests emerged as the most prominent in terms of thickness, nitrogen content, and calcium concentration, whereas agricultural areas exhibited the lowest values. Grassland areas displayed the highest carbon content and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, while agricultural and natural forest areas demonstrated comparatively lower values. Agricultural lands demonstrated elevated bulk density and sand content, whereas natural forests exhibited the lowest values. Notably, natural forests showcased the highest porosity, aggregate stability, silt percentage, and macro- and micro-aggregate quantities, while agricultural areas presented the lowest values. Chemical analysis of the soil indicated that natural forests recorded the highest values for most chemical characteristics, while agricultural lands displayed the lowest values. Biological attributes generally exhibited the highest levels in natural forests and the lowest levels in agricultural areas. Specifically, the abundance and biomass of epigeic and endogeic fauna did not exhibit significant differences among different land uses during the summer season. Managed forests demonstrated the highest values for moisture content, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, and microbial biomass carbon. Conversely, agriculture exhibited the lowest values in these regards. The microbial biomass carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was highest in agricultural areas, while natural forests displayed the lowest value. Natural forests displayed the highest values for most nitrogen transformation characteristics, whereas agricultural areas exhibited the lowest values. Nitrogen nitrification and mineralization showed a decreasing trend across different land uses during the summer and autumn seasons. The type of vegetation cover also significantly influenced the variability of soil ammonium and nitrate levels.
 
Conclusion
Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be inferred that the preservation and conservation of natural forest cover should be given utmost importance. Additionally, in degraded areas, the establishment of woody vegetation can serve as a viable approach for the restoration of ecosystems with similar ecological conditions. Furthermore, the presence of tree covers, specifically C. betulus and P. persica, is of greater significance compared to rangeland and agricultural land uses in enhancing soil fertility and creating favorable biological conditions. As a result, this research provides valuable insights into the impact of different land uses on the characteristics of the organic and mineral soil layers in mountainous habitats. The information obtained can be instrumental in guiding natural resource managers and offering practical assistance in decision-making processes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Land cover
  • Rangeland
  • Microbial activity
  • Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

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