N. N. Kouhi Chelle Karan; H. Dehghanisanij; A. Alizadeh; E. Kanani
Abstract
Introduction: Drought is one of the factors that threatens the performance of agricultural products, especially corn in most parts of the world. Under conditions of water scarcity, the effectiveness and efficiency of fertilizer use is reduced, especially if fertilizer application is not consistent with ...
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Introduction: Drought is one of the factors that threatens the performance of agricultural products, especially corn in most parts of the world. Under conditions of water scarcity, the effectiveness and efficiency of fertilizer use is reduced, especially if fertilizer application is not consistent with plant growth. Among fertilizers, nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for corn, and consumption management of this fertilizer has great importance in order to succeed in increasing the production of corn. Therefore, in conditions of water shortage, balanced and optimal use of fertilizer should be considered to achieve increased yield and water use efficiency.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of drip irrigation regimes and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn and soil moisture changes at the Shaheed Zendrh Rouh Jupar in Kerman province during the years of 2012-2014. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot design based on randomized complete block design with five irrigation regimes (I1 = 100, I2 = 80 and I3 = 60% ETc) as the main-factor and five nitrogen fertilizer level N1 = 0, N2 = 50, N3 = 100, N4 = 150 and N5 = 200 kg/ha) as sub-factor. According to the Kerman Meteorological Station, this region has a semi-arid climate with warm summers and mild winters. To calculate the volume of water consumed, potential evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined using daily meteorological information and Penman-Monteith method (PM). A sampling method was used to measure moisture at different depths of soil.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest yield was due to I1 treatments with 8.85 t/ha, and there was a direct relation between crop reduction and water requirement reduction at all stages of crop production. High nitrogen application had a negative effect on yield. Typically, in soils that lack nitrogen, corn grain yield increased with nitrogen addition. However, after reaching the maximum yield, nitrogen addition has no effect on increase or yield may reduce. The interactions of different levels of water and fertilizer showed that I1N4 and I3N1 treatments had the highest (10.6 ton/ha) and lowest (1.24 ton/ha) value of corn yield, respectively. The highest and lowest grain yield components (thousand grain weight, number of kernels row, number of kernels per row, cob length, cob diameter) were observed in N1 and N3 I1 treatments, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (1.26 kg/m3) was observed in I2N4 treatment and the lowest (0.068 kg/m3) in I3N1 treatment. The results of this study showed that the remaining moisture content in soil decreased by decreasing amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in 20 days after planting. At 75 days after planting, reasons such as severe water shortages during growth, reduced root density, high water requirement at this stage of growing season, and the plants need to nutrients have probably caused the roots to absorb as much as possible of the top three water and nutrient. As a result, the moisture that reaches the last layer is less. The results showed that in the last stages of growth compared to other stages, the plant water requirement is reduced and excess water penetrates the lower layers.
Conclusion According to the results of this study, nitrogen fertilizer at 150 kg/ha with 100% water requirement is the best combination for corn farming in semi-arid climates.
M. Farzamnia; M. Miranzadeh; H. Dehghanisanij
Abstract
Introduction: Subsurface drip irrigation is one of the sub-surface irrigation methods which, despite its high costs, has become increasingly important today. The water distribution pattern is not visible in this system. However, a survey on water distribution model allows it to achieve the expected pattern ...
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Introduction: Subsurface drip irrigation is one of the sub-surface irrigation methods which, despite its high costs, has become increasingly important today. The water distribution pattern is not visible in this system. However, a survey on water distribution model allows it to achieve the expected pattern with the design and operation management predicted. However, the mismatch of water distribution with a subsurface drip irrigation system may be due to many factors such as pressure changes, changes in emitter production, emission sensitivity to clogging, temperature effects and others cases are relevant, but hydraulic properties are the most important. Evaluation of a drip irrigation system under field conditions is important in order to ensure uniform distribution of droplets and to prevent them from clogging and uniformity of growth in the field. It can also be effective in optimizing water use.
Materials and Methods: A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the subsurface drip irrigation and its effect on the growth parameters of olive trees in Isfahan province during 2010-2013. Therefore a manifold system was randomly selected from the irrigation system and four emitter laterals were located along it; one near the inlet, two near the third points, three near the two- thirds points and the fourth near the outer end. Every year, the selected lateral pipes were uncovered and the water flow rates of all the emitters (108 emitters) were measured to calculate average emitter discharge (qavg), Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), emission uniformity (EU), manufacturer’s variation coefficient (CV). To calculate the volume of water consumed, potential evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined using daily meteorological data and by the FAO Penman-Monteith method. Then, using olive crop coefficient (Kc) at different growth seasons for Isfahan region, the amount of irrigation water was calculated based on plant water requirement. To measure the performance of garden trees, In addition to 16 trees mentioned above, 32 other trees were selected from the other two semi-main tubes and their yield was measured (48 trees in total). Soil sampling was carried out to study the moisture distribution in the irrigation system at three points, beginning, middle and end of a sub-tube, 36 hours after irrigation, and the samples were transferred to the laboratory to calculate soil moisture content.
The results of emitter flow rate measurements indicated that approximately 6 to 10% of the emitters in every lateral were clogged. The reason for this was the rooting of the mulberry trees and rose shrubs, which were planted sporadically among the olive trees. Hence, the foregoing indices were calculated for two conditions; with and without the clogged emitters.
Results and Discussion: Considering the clogged emitters, the average values of three years of Qavg, CU, EU, and CV indices were 3.8 Lit/ h, 78, 72 and 16.4 % respectively, and in the case of clogged emitters were equal to 4 Lit/ h, 82.5, 75.5 and 15% respectively, and according to ASAE classification, the latter measurements (i.e. excluding the clogged emitters) were evaluated as “acceptable. The moisture distribution profiles indicate that the soil moisture has lasted to a depth of approximately 90 cm, and a higher accumulation of moisture was observed at a lower depth due to the lighter soil texture in the upper layer (up to a depth of 60 cm) compared to the lower layer (8% clay versus 21% clay). Also changes in moisture to a distance of about 70 cm from the lateral in different depths is almost the same (the lines with the same moisture are parallel to each other), but from this point on, moisture decreases. The effect of moisture radius was observed to a distance of 60 to 70 cm of the emitter. The results related to growth parameters indicated that in contrast to the data of the first year, the average height, trunk diameter, canopy perimeter and area for the third year were 34, 57, 24.5, and 54% larger, respectively. In the present study, the percentage of increase in height and diameter of the tree in the seventh year of growth was 17% and 22%, respectively.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the olive trees have shown an increasing trend in vegetative growth under the subsurface drip irrigation system. The average efficiency of olive water consumption during the three years of the experiment was estimated at 0.4 kg/m3. Given that the trees were young this amount can increase under good management conditions in the coming years. The evaluation indicators showed that the observed defects in the design resulted from the three main factors of the design, implementation and incorrect use of the system.
hossein dehghani; Hamidreza Haji Agha Bozorgi; ali asghar ghaemi
Abstract
Introduction: Creating a uniform and adequate moisture in the root zone is one of the most challenging issues in irrigated lands. Use of irrigation systems with high water efficiency, such as sub-surface drip irrigation is recommended as a solution to reduce water losses. Information on soil ...
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Introduction: Creating a uniform and adequate moisture in the root zone is one of the most challenging issues in irrigated lands. Use of irrigation systems with high water efficiency, such as sub-surface drip irrigation is recommended as a solution to reduce water losses. Information on soil moisture variation is an important factor for managing and designing a subsurface drip irrigation system. This study was conducted to evaluate the soil moisture variation for different irrigation regimes in a pistachio orchards equipped by a subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI).
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in a two-hectare of 10 years old pistachio orchard located in Semnan province, Iran ( located at 35°28ˊ N, 53°12ˊE and elevation of 1160 m above sea level) during the 2012-2013 growing season. The climate of the studied area is hot desert having an average annual precipitation of approximately 110 mm. Daily meteorological data such as the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall, and solar radiation were collected from a meteorology station in farm. The soil was sandy loam textured with average field capacity and permanent wilting point of 12.23 and 5.01%, respectively. Subsurface drip irrigation system was equipped by EuroDrip Company emitters (PC2), inline, to a distance of 80 cm and with a discharge of 26.2 Lit/ hr installed at a depth of 40 cm. In this study, a factorial experiment in split plot design was used with three replications. Three irrigation treatments i.e. control (I1), Irrigation based on irrigation requirement (I2) and I2 plus leaching requirement (I3), and changes in the moisture front were investigated by weight sampling between two drip lines, between the trees rows, on the drip line and out of the drip line of each row, before and after irrigation and in development, middle and late season.
Results and Discussion: For the evaluated irrigation systems, increased levels of irrigation regime resulted in increased moisture content in the root zone. The higher average soil moisture (16.6 %) was measured after irrigation under I3. The I1 irrigation regime did not significantly change the soil moisture content in upper part of emitters before and after irrigation event. Average soil moisture content at different depths showed that the soil moisture content in 75 soil depth was significantly higher than that in 25 and 50 cm soil depth, which can be attributed to higher root water uptake by root in 0-50 cm soil depth. Bilateral impact of irrigation regimes and soil depth showed higher soil moisture content (19.3%) under I3 and 75 cm soil depth which may lead to deep percolation. Bilateral impact of irrigation regimes, soil depth, and time before and after irrigation event also resulted in higher soil moisture content (22.5 %) in 75 cm soil depth after irrigation under I3. The lowest soil water content (10.5 %) was measured in 25 soil depth before irrigation under I1.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that I2 and I3 irrigation regimes did not show water shortage during growth season (before and after irrigation), but the I1 irrigation regime caused water scarcity. Therefore, the formation of continuous moisture profiles with low moisture in I1 irrigation regime was caused as a result of low irrigation during this period. Accumulation of moisture at depth of 50-75 cm from the soil surface, even under low irrigation conditions I1 irrigation regime, implies that irrigation time is not suitable for irrigation regimes. In general, in order to improve the irrigation management, it is necessary to reduce the irrigation intervals and have a more appropriate distribution of moisture in the soil profile.
hossein dehghani; Hamidreza Haji Agha Bozorgi; ali asghar ghaemi
Abstract
Introduction: The main problem of salinity, in addition to reducing agricultural and horticulture products is the gradual decline of their cultivation area. Several factors such as climate and irrigation (precipitation, fraction of leaching), soil type and soil salinity, salinity of irrigation water, ...
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Introduction: The main problem of salinity, in addition to reducing agricultural and horticulture products is the gradual decline of their cultivation area. Several factors such as climate and irrigation (precipitation, fraction of leaching), soil type and soil salinity, salinity of irrigation water, uniform distribution of the system and irrigation with saline water affects the soil salinity changes. Therefore, in irrigated agriculture, soil salinity should be reduced and controlled to an optimal level of the economic production. Leaching with proper irrigation management is one of the effective ways to reduce soil salinity.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted during 2012-2013 in as pistachio garden located in the Safaeieh region of Semnan province. The garden was 100 ha and 2 ha of that was selected for this study with 10 years old pistachio trees equipped to subsurface drip irrigation system. The treatments of this study were three irrigation regimes; control (I1), Irrigation based on irrigation requirement (I2) and I2 plus leaching requirement (I3), three soil depth of 25, 50, and 75 cm from soil surface and time before and after irrigation. The drip line laterals include emitters with 2.26 lph flow rate was buried in 40 cm soil depth. Soil samples to evaluation salt concentration were collected from 25, 50, and 75 soil depth before and after irrigation. To study the impact of different irrigation regimes, soil depth and time (before and after irrigation) and also their bilateral impact a factorial design in randomize block was applied.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that ECe and SAR accumulation decreased after development, growth stage and continued to end growth stage. The results showed that I2 and I3 irrigation regimes were more effective in reducing the amount of sodium from the root zone and the I2 irrigation regime showed better performance in comparison to I3 irrigation regime. Regarding the amount of magnesium in the soil, the I2 irrigation regime was more successful than the I1 and I3 regimens. In I1 irrigation regime, the amount of magnesium at the end growth stage increased compared to the beginning growth stage. Significant decrease in ECe level at the end growth stage compared to the beginning growth stage belonged to the I2 irrigation regime, which suggests that I2 irrigation regime was more successful in ECe leaching during the period of pistachio growth, which attributed to the potential for leaching from the soil surface to the depths below the soil surface. The results showed that excessive water application under saline conditions for any reason, such as leaching not only does not have a beneficial effect on the removal of salts from the root zone, but also may lead to accumulation of salts and damage to the plant. The highest amount of calcium in the soil was recorded 98 days after the first irrigation under the I2 and I3 irrigation regimes which was 52.5 and 58.1 Meq/l, respectively. The lowest amount of this element The I1 and I2 regimens were 40.8 meq/l, respectively, which were recorded in 152 days after the first irrigation. In terms of SAR, the lowest value in the I2 regime was more noticeable than other irrigation regimes. The effects of soil depth of time after the first irrigation showed that there was no significant difference at the depth of 25 cm and 75 cm at the end growth stage compared with the valued recorded in beginning growth stage, but at a depth of 50 cm there was a significant reduction in ECe. The highest ECe value equaled to 14.5 dS/m was recorded at a depth of 75 cm in 98 days after first irrigation. In the I1 irrigation regime at all three depths of 25, 50 and in the I3 irrigation regime at a depth of 75 cm the amount of SAR at the end growth stage were not less than that in beginning growth stage, however, the reduction in SAR was recorded in the I2 irrigation regime at all three depths.
Conclusions: Irrigation regime I2 was successful to control the SAR in different soil depth compared to the other two irrigation regimes, which is very important for the next irrigation season to moderate the harmful effects on blossoms. Moreover, it is suggested that in a field, equipped with a subsurface drip irrigation system, leaching water at the end of the season by surface irrigation or heavy subsurface drip irrigation during the rainfall to leach out the accumulated salt to lower soil layers.
Hossein Dehghanisanij; Elahe Kanani; samira akhavan
Abstract
Introduction: Partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation from the soil (E) and transpiration through the stomata of plants (T) is important in order to assess biomass production and the allocation of increasingly scarce water resources. Generally, T is the desired component with the water ...
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Introduction: Partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation from the soil (E) and transpiration through the stomata of plants (T) is important in order to assess biomass production and the allocation of increasingly scarce water resources. Generally, T is the desired component with the water being used to enhance plant productivity; whereas, E is considered a source of water loss or inefficiency, and is the basis of the management and organization of water resources. The present investigation was carried out with the objectives evaluation of corn evapotranspiration and its components and relationship between leaf area index and components in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems.
Materials and Methods: The pilot farm were located in the water and soil department of the ministry of agriculture in Karaj, Iran (latitude of 51°38 ˊN and longitude of 35°21ˊ W, 1312.5 m above sea level). For implementation project was placed 8 volume micro-lysimeters in the soil, which were filled with soil excavated from the study site. The soil inside of micro-lysimeter and the soil of the surrounding study had the same physical-chemical characteristics. The corn was irrigated with surface drip (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system, that was installed just prior to planting in 2014 in a field that was planted to sprinkler-irrigated corn. Daily crop actual evapotranspiration (ETc) of each micro-lysimeter was calculated by applying the water balance method and soil evaporation was measured with micro-lysimeters. Finally, plant transpiration was calculated from difference between the actual evapotranspiration value and amount of evaporation from the soil surface. Leaf area index (LAI), was measured, and it was measured with the electronic leaf area-meter, CI – 202 seven times during the growing season. This method provides an indication of the plant growth.
Results and Discussion: The obtained results indicated that actual corn evapotranspiration was 377 and 371.92 mm for surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation systems, respectively. The value of corn evapotranspiration under surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation increased from initial, to middle season stages. The maximum daily values of ETc occurred on 48 days after planting in middle season stages. The total value of transpiration plant was 5.88, 76.82 and 118.21 mmd-1 for surface drip irrigation system and 12.78, 81.31 and 118.95 mmd-1 for subsurface drip irrigation system in the initial, advance, and middle season stages, respectively. Sum evaporation from the soil surface and crop transpiration was 200.81 and 176.02 mm for surface drip irrigation system and 213.04 and 158.81 mm for subsurface drip irrigation system. So, amount of evaporation from the soil surface was 73.02, 65.73 and 37.32 mm for surface drip irrigation system and 65, 58.83 and 34.98 mm for subsurface drip irrigation system in the initial, advance, and middle season stages, respectively. In surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation was allocated approximately 93 and 83 percent of evapotranspiration to evaporation from the soil surface respectively. The minimum daily values of E/ETc were 37 and 34 mm for surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation systems respectively, and occurred in middle season stages. Amount of transpiration was 5.88, 76.82 and 118.21 mm for surface drip irrigation system 12.78, 81.31 and 118.95 mm for subsurface drip irrigation for the initial, advance and middle season stages, respectively. The relationship between T/ETc and LAI was fitted to a polynomial equation with significant correlation coefficients, R2 = 0.95 and 0.89 for surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation systems, respectively. T/ETc started from 0 at sowing, and reached to its maximum at the middle growth stage or when LAI reached to about 3.0. Also, the relationship between E/ETc and LAI was fitted to a polynomial equation with significant correlation coefficients, R2 = 0.97 and 0.88 for surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation systems respectively, and reached to its minimum at the middle growth stage. Also the results showed that subsurface drip irrigation systems have higher biological yield and higher values for plant parameters in compared to surface drip irrigation system that it shows subsurface drip irrigation system due to evaporation reduction, better weed control and direct transport of water to the developmental zone has a significant role in increasing corn yield.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that soil evaporation losses in subsurface drip irrigation system had lower than surface drip irrigation system. Also, had higher transpiration in the growth season. This could perform important role on yield of crop. These results should help the precise planning and efficient management of irrigation for these crops in this region.
M. Moayeri; E. Pazira; H. Siadat; F. Abbasi; hossein dehghani
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess yield, water consumption, and water productivity of maize and the factors affecting it under farmers’ management conditions at the Karkheh River Basin, Iran, during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. The studied farms were in Evan Plain that is located in the northern ...
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This study was conducted to assess yield, water consumption, and water productivity of maize and the factors affecting it under farmers’ management conditions at the Karkheh River Basin, Iran, during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. The studied farms were in Evan Plain that is located in the northern part of the lands downstream of the Karkheh River Dam, where summer maize is planted in 75 cm spaced rows and irrigated by furrows. During the two years of the research and considering the prevailing diversity of the sources of irrigation water (Based on the ratio), seven irrigated field units were selected as follows: two units using groundwater (wells), three units receiving surface water from irrigation network, one unit taking water directly from the river, and one unit using network and well water. In each irrigation unit, three farms were chosen with regard to irrigation and farming management. In the field trials, some physical and chemical properties of the soil, soil test for nutrition (NPK) availability, the volume of inflow applied to the field by the farmer and runoff water in each irrigation, and total crop yield was measured and maize evapotranspiration was calculated. Then, the irrigation and rain water productivity (WPI+R), water application efficiency (WAE), and maize crop water productivity (CWP) was determined for each field. Based on the two years results, the average yield of maize kernel, WPI+R , WAE, and CWP values were, 4844 kg/ha, 0.38 kg/m3, 38.6,%, and 1.01 kg/m3, respectively. The results and observations made during this study indicated that the most important reasons for low water productivity were inadequate knowledge of farmers in irrigation, plant nutrient deficiencies, and improper crop management practices.
S. Esfandyari; hossein dehghani; A. Alizadeh; K. Davary
Abstract
The present study was aimed to determine the effect of drip irrigation methods and nitrogen levels and their interaction on corn root development and study of the root movement model. For this purpose, a split plot field experiment based on randomized complete block with irrigation method in two levels ...
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The present study was aimed to determine the effect of drip irrigation methods and nitrogen levels and their interaction on corn root development and study of the root movement model. For this purpose, a split plot field experiment based on randomized complete block with irrigation method in two levels (surface and subsurface drip) as main treatment and Nitrogen fertilization in two levels (50 and 100% of fertilizer requirement) as sub main treatment at 3 replications was conducted at Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Karaj, Iran using corn variety 370 double-cross. Monitoring of root depth was performed by digging trenches and observation of soil profile. The samples were collected during the growing season with 10 day intervals (8 times totally) and root weight in different soil layers was measured by harvesting of soil monoliths and washing in plastic filters under water pressure. Results showed that the depth of root development up to 20 days after planting was significantly more in surface irrigation method compare to subsurface drip irrigation method; but it was not significant in 30 to 80 days after planting at 5% level. The depth of root development was not significantly different in different nitrogen levels in fertigation method at 5% level. Interaction of irrigation methods and nitrogen levels also didn’t show significant effect on depth of root development at different corn stages growth at 5% level. Root width development was not significantly different in all treatments. The most root distribution observed at 20 to 40 cm and 0 to 20 cm of soil layer in subsurface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation methods, respectively. The lowest root density was observed at 40 to 60 cm soil layer in both studied irrigation methods. Also the roots were more uniformly distributed in soil in subsurface drip irrigation method compare to surface drip irrigation method. The most accurate root depth estimation was achieved by the linear, Borg & Grims and Cropwat models, respectively.
A. Aazami; K. Zarafshani; hossein dehghani; A. Gorji
Abstract
The purpose of this integrative (quantitative-qualitative) descriptive survey study was to determine factors influencing farmers’ attitude toward sprinkler irrigation systems. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect data. A sample of 274 farmers who were equipped with sprinkler irrigation ...
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The purpose of this integrative (quantitative-qualitative) descriptive survey study was to determine factors influencing farmers’ attitude toward sprinkler irrigation systems. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect data. A sample of 274 farmers who were equipped with sprinkler irrigation systems during the past three years participated in the study. The face validity of the questionnaire was tested using experts in Department of Irrigation Improvement in Water and Soil Division in Ministry of Agricultural Jihad as well as experts in Agricultural College. Corrections were made in the research instrument as needed. The reliability was tested using a pilot study with 50 farmers outside the population. An Alpha Coefficient of 0.75 proved to be reliable. Results revealed that 80% of farmers held positive attitude toward their irrigation systems. Moreover, farmers’ level of education, experience with the systems, cost if installation, training, changes in income, and land holdings explained 64% of variance in farmers’ attitude toward irrigation systems. The qualitative results revealed some problems and issues perceived by farmers. Long process in filling application, lack of expertise among engineering firms, ineffective training classes, low quality spare parts, lack of water resources, and inefficiency in allocating resources were challenges by most farmers. Since attitude is predicts behavior, the result of this study can assist sprinkler irrigation policy makers to develop irrigation development in the region.
A. Aazami; K. Zarafshani; H. Dehghanisanij; A. Gorji
Abstract
Abstract
One of the technologies that deal with efficient use of water is sprinkler irrigation systems. If farmers are to continue the use of sprinkler systems which may be crucial in agricultural development, educational programs should be tailored to their needs. Therefore, the main purpose of this ...
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Abstract
One of the technologies that deal with efficient use of water is sprinkler irrigation systems. If farmers are to continue the use of sprinkler systems which may be crucial in agricultural development, educational programs should be tailored to their needs. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze educational needs of farmers equipped with sprinkler irrigation. Furthermore, this study sought to investigate the appropriate teaching strategies that should be used by extension educators when teaching sprinkler irrigation systems. Finally, this study focused on competencies needed by adult educators as perceived by farmers. The target population of this descriptive survey design consisted of farmers who were equipped with sprinkler irrigation systems (N=75). An accessible sample of 63 farmers participated in this study (86% response rate). Using Borich Need Assessment model, four educational needs emerged. Namely, distinguishing different components of the system, system maintenance, knowledge on different sprinkler irrigation methods, and their relative advantages and disadvantages were prioritized by farmers. Moreover, farmers ranked face to face training, demonstration farms, and workshops as their top three preferences for receiving training for sprinkler system. Finally, farmers believed that sprinkler irrigation educators should be competent in different design systems and their components as well as competence in diffusion of innovations. The result of this study has major implications for sprinkler irrigation development programs. First, extension agents should train farmers on technical issues related to irrigation systems. If educational needs of farmers are to be met, extension agents with competencies in irrigation systems are suggested. Moreover, they also need to use face-to-face education when training farmers.
Keywords: Educational needs, Teaching methods, Educational competencies, Sprinkler irrigation systems
A. Aazami; K. Zarafshani; H. Dehghanisanij; A. Gorji
Abstract
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to determine farmers’ satisfaction towards pressurized irrigation systems in Kermanshah province. This study used a mixed method design with descriptive correlation emphasis. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect data. A random sample of 274 ...
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Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to determine farmers’ satisfaction towards pressurized irrigation systems in Kermanshah province. This study used a mixed method design with descriptive correlation emphasis. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect data. A random sample of 274 farmers who have been equipped with pressurized irrigation systems during the last three years participated in the study. Results revealed that 77% of those farmers were satisfied with their systems whereas 23% were unsatisfied. Moreover, there was same level of satisfaction between drip and sprinkler irrigated farmers. Level of satisfaction across farmers with different sprinkler systems showed that farmers using non-portable sprinkler systems were most satisfied. Water resources also influenced farmers’ satisfaction. Those utilizing wells and khanat were more satisfied than farmers using other water resources. In addition, land owners were more satisfied than landless farmers equipped with pressurized irrigation systems. Furthermore, farmers were most satisfied with: increased yield, higher quality product, less dependence on farm workers, water use efficiency, even water distribution, and increased irrigated farms. However, farmers were least satisfied with: low quality spare parts, incompetent sprinkler designers, administrative obstacles in receiving loans, and non-adaptability of systems in different climatic conditions. The results of this study has implications for pressurized irrigation policy-makers in that they can use predictors of satisfaction in identifying weaknesses and strengths of pressurized irrigation systems when designing development strategies.
Keywords: Sprinkler irrigation, Drip irrigation, Farmer users, Satisfaction
M.M. Nakhjavanimoghaddam; H. Dehghanisanij; M. Akbari; H. Sadrghaen
Abstract
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation by sprinkler irrigation system on water use efficiency (WUE) of new early maize cultivar KSC302, an experiments was carried out in Karj during 2006 and 2007. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete blocks ...
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Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation by sprinkler irrigation system on water use efficiency (WUE) of new early maize cultivar KSC302, an experiments was carried out in Karj during 2006 and 2007. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Main plots were three irrigation levels: 75%, 100% and 125% ETc (estimating by Penman Monteith model) and sub plots were three plants densities: 80000, 90000 and 100000 plants per hectare. The results showed that increasing in the levels of irrigation from 75% ETc to 125% ETc, has a significant effect on yield. Yield increase in 125% ETc treatment indicated that water requirement has not fully supplied in 100% Etc treatment, and the effect of deficit irrigation was intensified in 75% ETc treatment. Maximum maize WUE was (1.159 and 1.044 kg m-3) for 100% ETc treatment in the first and second years, respectively. Maize WUE of 1.1 kg m-3 was recommended as optimum level to be considered in cropping system for Karaj. Applied irrigation depth for optimum level of maize WUE was 900 mm.
Keywords: Single cross 302 maize, Sprinkler irrigation, Yield , Water use efficiency