Soil science
H. Auobi; J. Nabati; Ahmad Nezami; M. Kafi
Abstract
Introduction: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers devastates soil fertility and causes different types of environmental pollution. Therefore, using adequate eco-friendly fertilizers in agriculture enhances productivity but has no adverse effect on nature. Recently, there has been reported that ...
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Introduction: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers devastates soil fertility and causes different types of environmental pollution. Therefore, using adequate eco-friendly fertilizers in agriculture enhances productivity but has no adverse effect on nature. Recently, there has been reported that beneficial soil microbes produce some volatile organic compounds, which are beneficial to plants. The amendment of these microbes with locally available organic materials and nanoparticles is currently used to formulate biofertilizers for increasing plant productivity. These bacteria are naturally present in soils, but their population decreases for a long time because of long-term environmental stress, improper use of chemical agents, and the absence of a suitable host plant. Adding these bacteria to the soil, before or during the growing season, increases the growth and production of agricultural products. Since available water is the main growth limiting factor in chickpea cultivation, it is useful to improve nutrition, especially using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, for accelerating the growth and development of plants at the end of the season.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of bio-nutrition and seed priming on growth and yield of chickpea genotypes (MCC463, MCC741, ILC8617, ILC72, FLIP02-51C) an experiment was carried in split plots based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 2019. Experimental factors included nutritional treatments as the main plots and chickpea genotypes as the subplots. Nutritional treatments were 1- seed priming with the use of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria (P + BF), 2- free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria before sowing (BF), 3- seed priming with the application of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria with foliar application of amino acid, potassium and silicon during growth stages (P + BF + F), 4- application of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria before planting with foliar application of amino acid, potassium and silicon during growth stages (BF + F), and 5- control (without biological and chemical fertilizers). Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria were sprayed five liters per hectare on the soil surface before planting with 107 CFU per ml and mixed with soil. Foliar application with amino acid (1:1000) was done in two stages (before flowering and 50% flowering stage), and foliar application with potassium (1:1000) and silicon (1.5:1000) was carried out in the 50% flowering stage.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the highest concentration of chlorophyll a was obtained for BF and MCC463 with an increase of 3.1 times greater than control. The highest concentration of chlorophyll b was obtained for BF + F and FLIP02-51. The highest green area index was recorded for MCC741 in P + BF. The highest number of pods per plant in MCC463 and FLIP02-51 was observed in BF + F, with 88 and 30% more than the control, respectively. The highest biomass produced was obtained for ILC8617 and BF + F, by 24% higher than the control. ILC72 and MCC463 showed the highest grain yield in P + BF + F treatment, which increased grain yield by 35% and 4% (320 and 50 kg/ha), respectively, with respect to control. MCC741under BF treatment showed a doubled (810 kg/ha) grain yield relative to control. The highest grain yield for P + BF was found in ILC8617 and increased by 28% (340 kg/ha) as compared to control. In this genotype, grain yield in BF + F was also significantly greater than that in the control by 22%, (270 kg/ha). FLIP02-51 grain yield in BF increased by 12% (170 kg/ha) as compared with the control.
Conclusion: In terms of seed yield, ILC72 and MCC463 were more responsive to P + BF + F and ILC8617 and FLIP02-51 in the BF and ILC8617 in P + BF with respect to other treatments. It seems that despite the positive effect of biofertilizer, genetic characteristics of genotypes are influential in plant growth and yield; therefore, it is necessary to select the appropriate genotype for each region so as to make the most utilization of the nutrients and achieve high yield.
hamid reza mehrabadi; Ahmad Nezami; Mohammad Kafi; Malihe Ahmadifard
Abstract
Introduction: More plains of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and so agricultural production systems depend heavily on water. Recently, the reduction of water resources has become a serious threat for crop production such as cotton planting. Therefore, application of low irrigation methods ...
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Introduction: More plains of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and so agricultural production systems depend heavily on water. Recently, the reduction of water resources has become a serious threat for crop production such as cotton planting. Therefore, application of low irrigation methods can be an appropriate method to cope with mentioned condition. In addition, it is vital to identify the cotton cultivars reaction to water deficiency. Sensibility of some cotton cultivars is lower than others. Sensitive cultivars seed cotton yield decreases more than tolerant cotton cultivars. Moreover, some of growth stages in cotton plant are more sensitive to water deficiency stress. For example, flowering stage is more sensitive than vegetative growth stage, and boll number per plant is more effective parameter on yield than boll weight. Ulla and et al (2) showed that there are genetic variations for drought stress toleration in cotton plant. Afshar and Mehrabadi (3) indicated that low irrigation on the basis of 50% and 75% of cotton water requirement had no significant effect on vegetative growth of cotton plant. However, it caused the increase of flower and boll shedding per plant. Application of tolerant cultivars compared with sensitive cultivars can increase seed cotton yield under drought stress condition. Consequently, the aim of this study is to survey yield and related morphological traits reactions in sensitive and tolerant cotton cultivars to different water deficiency levels.
Materials and methods: Two tolerant cotton cultivars (Armagan and Varamin) and two sensitive cotton cultivars (Coker349 and Nazili84) as a subplot at three irrigation levels (as a main plot) using split plot design based on complete block design with three replications were carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Kashmar in 2011. Three levels of water consumption based on Penman-Montith method and using cotton KC coefficients were [33% (I33%), 66% (I66%) and 100% (I100% of water requirement)] that it were take placed using drip irrigation method. Yield and yield components traits such as height, the number of boll per plant, boll weight, flower and boll shedding percent, seed cotton yield, biological yield, earliness percent and harvest index were determined at the end of experiment. Data analysis was carried out using Excel and MSTAT-C software.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that although water deficiency stress decreased vegetative components, the amounts of decreasing were higher in tolerant cultivars than sensitive cultivars but, by contrast, the reproductive components of tolerant cultivars indicated lower decreasing than sensitive cultivars under water deficiency stress. For example, Varamin cotton cultivar had more number of bolls per plant than Coker349 as a sensitive cultivar. The results also showed that more retention of boll number per plant was the main factor of cultivars difference as for seed cotton yield. The highest number of boll and flower per plant retention belonged to sensitive cultivars such as Coker349 and Nazili (71.2 and 69 percent, respectively) at 66 percent of water consumption and the lowest number of boll and flower per plant retention were 92.3 percent belonging to Varamin as a tolerant cotton cultivar at full water irrigation treatment. The results indicated that all yield components except boll weight were significantly affected by low irrigation levels. In addition, the results revealed that low shedding of flower and boll and accordingly more retention of boll number per plant and also biomass preservation under drought stress were the main factor in yield of tolerant cultivars in comparison with sensitive cultivars. Biological yield reduction was higher than seed cotton yield under water stress condition. High and significant correlation was observed among yields with boll number per plant, biological yield and harvest index under drought stress. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between yield with plant height and biological yield only in full irrigated treatment. Furthermore, harvest index decreased significantly under drought stress. Harvest index value for Coker349 was significantly lower than other cultivars. Coefficient correlation between harvest index and yield and its components showed that harvest index was more dependent with seed cotton yield to biological yield. Therefore, tolerant cultivars had higher seed cotton yield and also biological yield in comparison with sensitive cultivars. While there was a significant correlation between yield with plant height and biological yield only in full irrigated treatment.
Ahmad Nezami; M. Janalizadeh; T. Kheirkhah; M. Goldani; K. Hajmohammadnia
Abstract
Introduction: Peppermint or Mentha is an aromatic, medicinal and perennial herb from Lamiaceae family which has been used for healing a variety of diseases such as common cold, bronchitis, nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, indigestion, stomach cramps, menstrual cramps and parasitoids. Peppermint ...
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Introduction: Peppermint or Mentha is an aromatic, medicinal and perennial herb from Lamiaceae family which has been used for healing a variety of diseases such as common cold, bronchitis, nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, indigestion, stomach cramps, menstrual cramps and parasitoids. Peppermint is largely cultivated in Indiana, Mexican and California for the production of peppermint oil. Mentha reveals suitable winter hardiness in warm and temperate regions, But in cold areas, it confronts with winter stresses particularly freezing stress. So recognizing the freeze tolerance of peppermint for successful planting and using of this plant in cold regions such as Mashhad, Iran where peppermint is cultivated now is important. Among the many laboratory methods which have been developed to evaluate freez ing tolerance of plants, electrolyte leakage (EL) test is widely used. This test is based on this principle that any damage to the cell membranes results in enhanced leakage of solutes into the apoplastic water, hence measuring the amount of leakage after stress treatments provides an estimation of tissue injury. Often, the 50% level of relative EL, or index of injury, is simply equaled to 50% sample mortality. This study was done to evaluate the freeze tolerance of peppermint organs by electrolyte leakage test and also to determine the winter survival ability of this plant by lethal temperature at which 50% of electrolytes leaked from the cell (LT50el).
Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the cold tolerance of peppermint, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was carried out under controlled conditions. For this aim samples from stolon and rhizome of peppermint were selected monthly (December 2010 to April 2011) from Research Field, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and were exposed to low temperatures (from 0 to -20°C with 4°C intervals) in a thermo gradient freezer at laboratory. The initial temperature of programmable freezer was 5°C; but gradually decreased in a rate of 2°C.h-1 until reached to desired temperatures. When the temperature reached to -2°C, the plants were sprayed with the Ice Nucleation Active Bacteria (INAB) to help the formation of ice nuclei in them. As well the spraying had been conducted to prevent from super-cooling of samples and to ensure that the mechanism of freeze resistance is tolerance not avoidance. After a desired freezing temperature was reached, the samples were removed from the freezer and then were thawed slowly during 24 h in a refrigerator at 5±1°C. In order to assess plasma membrane stability, four freeze stressed samples from stolon and rhizome were incubated in vials which containing 50 ml of double distilled water and the initial electrolyte leakage (E1) was measured by an electrical conductivity meter next day. Afterward for determining of final electrolyte leakage due to the death of whole sample, accessions were boiled in autoclave with pressure near to 1.2 bar and temperature around 110°C for 20 minutes. E2 was measured next day similar to E1. Electrolyte leakage percentage was expressed as E1 to E2 ratio. Afterward lethal temperature for 50% of samples according to the EL% (LT50el) was calculated to estimate the freeze tolerance of peppermint organs during different sampling times.
Results and discussion : Results showed that by decreasing of temperatures, EL% increased in both organs and at -20°C, EL% was 50 percent more than control (0°C) treatment. Moreover at -12°C, EL% from stolons was eight % less than rhizomes. Studies showed that cold sensitive plants or organs showed further amount of ions leakage from their cells. So further leaked material from rhizomes should be interpreted as more sensitivity of this organ to freezing temperatures in comparison to stolon. The least and the most EL% was observed in January and April, respectively. And the least and the most value of LT50el was achieved in February and April, respectively. It seems that due to the occurrence of cold hardening in both organs during cold months of year, stability of membranes have been increased, so EL% has been decreased. Stabilization of membranes to cold stress damage is a key role of cold hardening. In addition it could be stated because of occurrence of de-hardening in samples during warm months of year, freeze tolerance level of organs have been declined based on LT50el. LT50el for stolons depend on sampling date varied between -8.4 to -14.5 °C and for rhizome LT50el ranged between -8.8 to -13.9 °C. Interaction effect of organs, temperature and sampling date on EL% was significant. The most EL% belonged to stolon in April at -20°C and the lowest EL% was seen in this organ in December at -4°C. Similarity in rhizome the highest EL% was recorded in April at -20 °C and the least EL% was observed at 0 °C in February.
Conclusion: According to the electrolyte leakage and LT50el indices, peppermint can tolerate freezing temperature up to -14°C during the cold months of year. Despite this for complete understanding of peppermint response to freezing stress, further studies and reaserches under controlled and field conditions are required.
E. Rezaeyan Zadeh; M. Parsa; A. Ganjali; A. Nezami
Abstract
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of three chickpea cultivars, an experiment was conducted during the 2007 growing season at Mashhad. Six irrigation regimes including I1= full irrigation, I2= irrigation at branching, I3= irrigation ...
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Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and yield components of three chickpea cultivars, an experiment was conducted during the 2007 growing season at Mashhad. Six irrigation regimes including I1= full irrigation, I2= irrigation at branching, I3= irrigation at flowering, I4= irrigation at pod formation, I5= irrigation at seed filling stage, and I6=dry farming without irrigation(main factors). Three kabuli chickpea cultivars ILC482,Jam, Karaj 12-60-31as (sub factors) in a split block experiment based on randomized block design with three replications. There were significant differencese between supplemental irrigation levels on yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars . The results showed that the supplemental irrigation at flowering had significant higher grain yield (1732 kg/ha), pod number in main and substems, grain number and weight in plant and 100 grain weight, compared to other irrigation regimes. All traits exclude of pod number in main and substems were higher in full irrigation than supplemental irrigation regimes. ILC482 and Karaj 12-60-31 cultivars had the highest and lowest grain and biological yields and harvest index respectively.Grain yield had significant positive correlation With Seed filling rate (r =0/081**)and effective seed filling period (r =0/79**). Grain weight had the highest significant positive correlation (r =0/75**) with grain yield. The results showed taht the flowering stage in chickpea cultivars is the most sensitive stage to drought stress and in deficit water condition supplemental irrigation in this stage may considerably increases yield of chickpea. In tolerance to drought stress and supplemental irrigation conditions ILC482 cultivar was better compared to other cultivars.
Keywords: Supplemental irrigation, Seed filling rate, Drought stress, Morphological characteristics Grain yield, Chickpea
F.S. Hosseini; A. Nezami; M. Parsa; K. Hajmohammadnia
Abstract
Abstract
Supplementary irrigation for suitable crops production in most area of Iran is necessary. In order to study supplementary irrigation effects on yield and yield components of three Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars, an experiment was carried out as split block based on randomized complete ...
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Abstract
Supplementary irrigation for suitable crops production in most area of Iran is necessary. In order to study supplementary irrigation effects on yield and yield components of three Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars, an experiment was carried out as split block based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In this study, irrigation treatments (including irrigation in all phenological stages; irrigation in branching, flowering, podding and seed setting stage, and without any irrigation in the growing period) as main plot, and three lentil cultivars (Robat, Kalpoosh and Gachsaran) as sub plot were adjusted. Results showed that irrigation had significant effects on number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, grain and biological yield. Maximum of these traits (except 100 seed weight) after complete irrigation treatment, was obtained at supplementary irrigation in flowering stage. Supplementary irrigation in podding and seed setting stages increased 100 seed weight as compared to irrigation in flowering stage. In without-irrigation treatment, the Gachsaran cultivar produced maximum grain yield. Irrigation in flowering stage increased yield of Robat, Kalpoosh and Gachsaran cultivars more than 60, 60 and 39% relative to the without-irrigation treatment, respectively. Based on the results, supplementary irrigation in flowering stage was more effective in increasing number of pods per plant and lentil yield.
Keywords: Irrigation, Grain yield, Biological yield, Lentil
A. Eskandari; H.R. Khazaie; A. Nezami; M. Kafi
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the effects of irrigation regimes on yield and some qualitative characteristics of three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an experiment was conducted in 2009 in the research field of the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment ...
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Abstract
In order to study the effects of irrigation regimes on yield and some qualitative characteristics of three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an experiment was conducted in 2009 in the research field of the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors were three irrigation regimes including: I1: 100% of water requirement of potato in Mashhad, I2: 70% of water requirement of potato in Mashhad applied before tuber initiation and I3: 70% of water requirement in Mashhad applied at all growth period of potato and the used cultivars were Agria, Almera and Sinora. The results indicated that in all irrigation regimes, Agria was better in tuber yield and number of marketable tuber compared to other cultivars and also had the highest amount of mean marketable weight tuber and starch percentage, whereas Almera had the highest significant dry matter compared to other cultivars. Also with increased in irrigation level, all quantitative and qualitative characteristics except tuber specific gravity weight improved. So concerning to the result of this experiment, with 30% decrease in volume of applied irrigation water before tuber initiation, a fairly significant yield can be expected for Agria compared to other cultivars.
Keywords: Potato, Irrigation regimes, Cultivar, Marketable tuber
S.M.J. Mosavi; S. Nezami; E. Izadi Darbandi; A. Nezami; M. Yousefsani; F. Keykha Akhar
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was the study of freezing tolerance of Bellis perennis under controlled conditions and were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Plants after sowing and grow in the bed, at the middle of autumn (after hardening in natural conditions), ...
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Abstract
The aim of this experiment was the study of freezing tolerance of Bellis perennis under controlled conditions and were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Plants after sowing and grow in the bed, at the middle of autumn (after hardening in natural conditions), in the 7-8 leaf stage put on the thermogradiant freezer with the 12 freezing temperatures (0,-2,-4,-6,-8,-10,-12,-14,-16,-18,-20,-22 oC). Cell membrane stability was measured through electrolyte leakage (EL) and survival percentage and regrowth of the plants after 3 weeks in cold frame were measured, by counting the number of plants and determining their proportional with the number of plants before freezing and measuring the dry matter, number of flowers and fully developed leaves. With decreasing the temperature EL increased significantly (P
M. Mousavi Baygi; B. Ashraf; A. Nezami
Abstract
Abstract
Consistent decreasing and increasing of temperature in the short-term period that is called freezing and thaw cycles is one of the important factors of damage to crop productions. In this research as to determine freezing and thaw cycles in the Khorasan Razavi province, the data of daily minimum ...
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Abstract
Consistent decreasing and increasing of temperature in the short-term period that is called freezing and thaw cycles is one of the important factors of damage to crop productions. In this research as to determine freezing and thaw cycles in the Khorasan Razavi province, the data of daily minimum and maximum temperatures of 9 synoptic stations was used over 20 statistic years (1989-2008). Also 6 distinct range of temperatures including: the minimum temperatures lesser and equal whit -2 and the maximum temperatures greater and equal whit 2 (A), the minimum temperatures lesser and equal whit -3 and the maximum temperatures greater and equal whit 3 (B), the minimum temperatures lesser and equal whit -5 and the maximum temperatures greater and equal whit 5 (C), the minimum temperatures equal whit -2 and the maximum temperatures greater than 2 (D), the minimum temperatures equal whit -3 and the maximum temperatures greater than 3 (E) and the minimum temperatures equal whit -5 and the maximum temperatures greater than 5 were presented. After data processing by a computer program into the FORTRAN space, the number of days with this phenomenon for each station was determinated as monthly, seasonal and annual and then the mapping plans of susceptible areas were prepared. The results show that winter has a higher rate of this phenomenon and autumn and spring are next respectively. Also the investigation of mapping plans indicated that in most temperature ranges, the Torbat heydariye, Nishaboor and Ghuchan stations had maximum number of freezing and thaw cycles in Khorasan Razavi province. The minimum rate of this phenomenon was in the Sarakhs, Kashmar and Sabzevar Stations as well.
Keywords: Freezing and thaw cycles, Khorasan Razavi, Mapping, Maximum temperature, Minimum temperature
A. Nezami; J. Rezaei; B. Alizadeh
Abstract
Abstract
The grasses cold tolerance is the most important limiting factor for its cultivation in temperate regions, so using cold tolerant cultivars is essential for grasses successful cultivation. In order to evaluation freezing stress tolerance of several species of grasses, this study was conducted ...
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Abstract
The grasses cold tolerance is the most important limiting factor for its cultivation in temperate regions, so using cold tolerant cultivars is essential for grasses successful cultivation. In order to evaluation freezing stress tolerance of several species of grasses, this study was conducted in Agricultural faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as a factorial complete randomized block design with three replications. Experimental factors included six types of grasses and 14 freezing temperatures. To assess grasses cold tolerance, electrolyte leakage test and LT50 for leaf and crown tissues was used. The results showed that reduction of freezing temperature, increased electrolyte leakage percent from leaf and crown tissues and difference between the grasses was significant. The effect of freezing temperatures on electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue was higher than the crown. Maximum level of electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue (at -16.5 °C) was 90 percent, while the maximum leakage from crown tissue (at -18 °C) was 76 percent. Based on leaf LT50, ecotype Mahalat and Bermudagrass were the most cold sensitive and Starlet and ecotype Yarand were the most cold tolerant grasses. The crown electrolyte leakage and LT50 were different between grasses significantly. Accordingly, crown electrolyte leakage percent was minimum for Starlet and maximum for Mahalat and crown LT50 index was minimum for Mahalat and maximum for Yarand.
Keywords: Grass, Freezing stress, Electrolyte leakage, LT50
M. Mousavi baygi; S.H. Sanaei-Nejad; A. Nezami
Abstract
Abstract
Weather and climate are the most important parameters which affect on growth and development of plants and are the non-control and effective factors in agriculture. Threshold tolerance of plants is limited to these climatic parameters and fluctuation of these parameters has significant effect ...
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Abstract
Weather and climate are the most important parameters which affect on growth and development of plants and are the non-control and effective factors in agriculture. Threshold tolerance of plants is limited to these climatic parameters and fluctuation of these parameters has significant effect on agricultural products directly and indirectly. During the year, different climatic hazards damaged Khorasan Razavi province especially on agriculture field. Heat stress is one of the hazards that effects on plants. In this paper, heat stress is studied and mapped in Khorasan Razavi province. For this reason and according to plant thermal requirements, 30, 35 and 40 ºC thresholds determined for maximum and 20 ºC for minimum temperatures. Then by using meteorological data in a 13 years period, number of days with temperature more than these thresholds determined. After statistical test in Jmp software for determining sample size of data, suitable equations extracted for mapping by using Digital Elevation Model. Results show that heat stress appears more in south and west of Khorasan Razavi province and in this region Sabzevar and Sarakhs are damaged more than other places.
Key words: Heat stress, Khorasan Razavi, Mapping
A. Mianabadi; M. Mousavi baygi; S.H. Sanaei-Nejad; A. Nezami
Abstract
Abstract
Plants growth and development and physiological activities occur in a certain air temperature range. Spit of this fact that zero temperature named as a freezing temperature, in agriculture meteorology, freezing happen in lower temperature which is different for plants that lead to their tissues ...
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Abstract
Plants growth and development and physiological activities occur in a certain air temperature range. Spit of this fact that zero temperature named as a freezing temperature, in agriculture meteorology, freezing happen in lower temperature which is different for plants that lead to their tissues damage. Early autumn freezing cause damage to harvesting of cotton and sugar beet and affect on time of wheat and barley planting in Khrasan Razavi. There are also many damages on agricultural products due to late spring freezing each year. This problem leads to loss the flowers during the trees flowering. In order to investing this phenomenon in Khorasan Razavi, the autumn, spring and winter freezing were considered based on suitable temperature threshold and the occurrence probability obtained and mapped. Results show that early freezing in autumn begins from the north and then spread toward the southern regions. The late freezing in spring ends in the south sooner than other areas. Results also show that the winter freezing more occurs in the north.
Keywords: early autumn freezing, late spring freezing, winter freezing, Khorasan Razavi, mapping.
