Soil science
Sh. Moradi; M.R. Sarikhani; A. Beheshti Ale Agha; A. Reyhanitabarَ; S.S. Alavi-kia; A. Bandehagh; R. Sharifi
Abstract
IntroductionOil contamination affects the biological, physical, and chemical properties of soil. The abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities can significantly be influenced by petroleum hydrocarbons. Soil biological indicators including microbial population and enzyme activity, are highly ...
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IntroductionOil contamination affects the biological, physical, and chemical properties of soil. The abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities can significantly be influenced by petroleum hydrocarbons. Soil biological indicators including microbial population and enzyme activity, are highly sensitive to environmental stresses and respond to them quickly. Measuring the microbial population is one of the most common biological indicators which is used to study the quality and health of the soil. Also, measuring the activity of enzymes such as urease is one of the most sensitive indicators of oil-contaminated soils. There are some studies on the effects of oil contamination on microbial population and soil enzyme activity. Most of the studies have tested non-natural and short-term oil pollution and reported the adverse effects of oil hydrocarbons on microbial activities in soil. While the soil sample used in this research had natural and long-term contamination and the microorganisms are compatible with polluted conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the microbial population and urease activity in the presence of different levels of oil contamination, and how petroleum hydrocarbons can affect them. Petroleum hydrocarbons are toxic and persistent in soil, so it is necessary to study the pattern of changes in soil biological characteristics in effective soil management. Material and MethodsIn this study, 120 samples of oil-contaminated soils were collected from the oil-rich area of Naft-Shahr (located in the west of Kermanshah province) which had natural and long-term oil pollution. A nested design was used to analysis data in this research. The test factors included locations (4 locations) and 3 different levels of oil pollution: low (L), moderate (M), and high (H). Also, 10 replications were considered in the three levels of oil contamination. The collected soils were analyzed for physico-chemical (pH, EC, Ɵm, CCE, OC, soil texture) and biological properties (including urease activity, BR and SIR) using standard methods, and the concentration of oil pollutants was determined by the Soxhlet extractor. To determine the abundance of the culturable microbial population, bacterial counting was performed using nutrient agar (NA) and carbon-free minimal medium (CFMM) supplemented with crude oil as the media. Urease activity was measured by the indophenol blue method and finally, the results of measuring chemical, physical and biological properties were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Results and Discussion The average percentage of oil measured by Soxhlet method was 4.03%, 9.95% and 22.50% respectively for L, M and H levels. The results showed that the microbial population increased with the increase of contamination intensity. The highest microbial population counted in NA culture medium was 9.54 ×105 CFU/g in H soils and the lowest population was 3.25 × 105 CFU/g in L soils. In the CFMM culture medium, the highest population in H soils was 11.3 × 105 CFU/g and the lowest population in L soils was 11.8 × 104 CFU/g. For both NA and CFMM mediums, location 1 had the highest population and location 4 had the lowest microbial population. Oil contamination of soil samples led to a decrease in urease activity in such a way that the highest enzyme activity in soils was obtained with low contamination (594.90 µgNH4/g.h) and the lowest activity in heavily contaminated soils (176.11 µgNH4/g.h). Also, the lowest urease activity was observed in location 1 and the highest in location 4. Principal components analysis (PCA) was also performed and 71% of the variance of the samples could be explained by the first two components (biochemical component and physical component). The results of this research indicated an increase in the microbial population with an increasing of the intensity of oil pollution. It seems that the results obtained from the studies conducted on man-made pollution and natural pollution have differences in terms of the type of biological responses. Aged, long-term and natural oil pollution has caused the selection of oil-resistant microbial community, and therefore we see their positive response to the presence of oil compounds. Conversely, urease enzyme activity was found to be higher in soils with low pollution. This suggests that microbial activity, while influential, is not the sole determinant of urease activity, and various factors contribute to Soil Enzyme Activity (SEA). The type of petroleum pollutant, the direct effect of petroleum compounds on urease-producing microorganisms, as well as the non-microbial origin of urease in soil can be possible reasons for reducing urease activity in contaminated soils. ConclusionIn areas where petroleum pollutants are naturally and long-term present in the soil, some oil-decomposing microbial groups use petroleum hydrocarbons as a source of carbon for their nutrition, so the abundance of oil-decomposing communities increases. The results showed an increase in the microbial population with an increase in the intensity of oil pollution. On the other hand, the activity of urease enzyme measured in soils with low pollution was higher because non-microbial factors may affect the activity of this enzyme and the increase in the microbial population is not related to the increase in the population of urease-producing microbes.
Soil science
D. Parmah; H.R. Chaghazardi; F. Mondany; A. Beheshti Ale Agha; D. Kahrizi
Abstract
IntroductionOptimum yield production under rainfed cultivation directly depends on the amount of rainfall and moisture storage in the soil. The tillage system directly influences soil moisture retention as well as the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Selecting the appropriate tillage system ...
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IntroductionOptimum yield production under rainfed cultivation directly depends on the amount of rainfall and moisture storage in the soil. The tillage system directly influences soil moisture retention as well as the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Selecting the appropriate tillage system can significantly impact crop yields. Oilseeds are particularly important among crops, representing the second-largest food reserve in the world after grains. These products are rich in fatty acids. Today, the oil extraction and production industry is one of the most strategic industries in most countries. Iran has vast arable land and favorable conditions for cultivating oilseeds. However, according to available statistics, over 80% of the country's oil needs are met through imports. Given the increasing demand for higher-quality oil products and the challenges posed by climate issues, such as recurring droughts, cultivating and developing crops with lower water requirements and greater resilience appears to be a promising solution. Implementing effective management practices and appropriate fertilizers aligned with conservation agriculture could help increase crop yields while maintaining and improving long-term soil quality. To explore the potential of oilseed cultivation, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of tillage and fertilization on the yield and yield components of safflower under rainfed conditions. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out as split plots based on random complete blocks design, with three replications under rainfed conditions. The treatments included tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage) as the main factor and NPK fertilizer (a mixture of urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate) at four levels of zero, 33, 66, and 100% as a secondary factor. Potassium and phosphorus fertilization and 50% of nitrogen fertilizer were used at the same time as planting, and the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizer was used four months after planting. Each block had three main plots; the distance between each block was 3 meters, and between the main plots was 2 meters. In each main plot, four sub-plots were created, and the distance between the sub-plots was 1 meter. The area of the main plots was 21 × 15 meters, and the area of each sub-plot was 4.5 ×15 meters. The amount of seed used for safflower was 25 kg per hectare. The safflower seeds were sown in 5 rows and planted at a distance of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 10 cm. At all stages of planting, maintenance, and harvesting, agricultural management followed the traditional practices of the study area, as performed by the local farmers. The final sampling, or harvesting, was carried out manually at the physiological maturity stage. Before conducting variance analysis, a normality test was performed on the data. In this research, the LSD test was used to compare the mean at the 5% probability level, Excel software was used to draw graphs, and SAS 9.4 software was used to analyze the data. Results and DiscussionThe research showed that the traits examined, including leaf area index, dry matter content, thousand seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield, were affected by the tillage system, fertilizer, and their interaction effect. The highest safflower seed yield of 195.6 g/m2 was obtained from the fertilizer ratio of 33% and conventional tillage, and the lowest seed yield of 116.2 g/m2 was obtained from no-tillage and no fertilizer use. The results indicated that the conventional tillage system outperformed both reduced tillage and no-tillage systems. In reduced and no-tillage systems, the changes in the leaf area index of the safflower plant were similar, with the 100% fertilizer application under reduced tillage having a more pronounced effect compared to no-tillage. Additionally, in the absence of fertilizer in the no-tillage system, the leaf area index was lower. Fertilizer application increased the plant's biological yield, but its impact was greater under conventional tillage compared to reduced and no-tillage systems. Applying 33% of the required fertilizer in the conventional tillage system resulted in the highest biological yield for safflower, leading to a 94% increase in biological performance compared to the control. ConclusionIn most of the examined traits, the application of 33 and 66% of the fertilizer requirement caused the best results, and the 100% fertilizer ratio left adverse effects, which indicates the lower fertilizer requirement of this cultivar in the studied conditions compared to cultivars in other regions. Since the research was conducted in rainy years, conventional tillage was better than low tillage. It is suggested that this plant's production amount be evaluated under different irrigation conditions and moisture limitations so that tillage systems and management methods can be examined and selected more carefully.
Soil science
F. Rakhsh; A. Golchin; A. Beheshti Ale Agha
Abstract
Introduction
Soil texture is one of the most influential characteristics that affects the decomposition and retention of soil organic matter, as it directly or indirectly impacts the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. Soil clays play an important role in soil organic matter stability. ...
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Introduction
Soil texture is one of the most influential characteristics that affects the decomposition and retention of soil organic matter, as it directly or indirectly impacts the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. Soil clays play an important role in soil organic matter stability. Organic matter adsorbed on phyllosilicate clays is more resistant to microbial decomposition than organic matter that has not interacted with any mineral. Exchangeable cations through the influence of physical and chemical characteristics of the soil probably cause changes in the absorption and retention of organic matter. In previous studies, the effect of soil texture on organic matter retention has been investigated, but the impact of clay type and exchange cation has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the effect of different contents of vermiculite and zeolite clays and exchange cations on the mineralization of organic nitrogen.
Materials and Methods
A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications to study the effect of the type and content of clay and the type of exchange cations on organic nitrogen dynamics. Experimental treatments include two types of clay (vermiculite and zeolite), four different levels of clay (0, 15, 30, and 45%), and three types of exchangeable cations (Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+). The experiment included 24 treatments and three replications. There were total of 72 experimental units. Artificial soil of 50 grams was prepared separately according to the amount and type of clay and the type of exchange cation. "Next, alfalfa plant residues were added to all samples at a rate of 5% w/w. After inoculating and air-drying the samples, the moisture content was adjusted to 60% of the field capacity (FC) using distilled water. To prevent excess water from affecting the final moisture readings, the samples were first air-dried, and then sufficient distilled water was added to each sample to achieve 60% of FC. The samples were then kept in the dark for 60 days at a temperature of 23 °C. Distilled water was added and sealed to the bottom of the incubation jars to keep the moisture content of the soil samples constant during incubation. The percentage of mineralized nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and cellulase enzymes were determined in the prepared samples. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and the means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Before applying ANOVA, the data's normality and variance homogeneity were checked using Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Levene tests, respectively. The SPSS software (Windows version 25.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) and SAS software (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) were employed for data analysis.
Results and Discussion
The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of the type and content of clay and the type of exchangeable cation on the percentage of mineralized nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and cellulase enzymes were significant (p< 0.01). The results revealed that, regardless of the duration of the samples, with the increase in the amount of clay, the percentage of inorganic nitrogen and the activity of enzymes decreased, but the nitrogen of microbial biomass increased. The highest percentage of inorganic nitrogen was obtained 60 days after incubation of the samples and in clays saturated with calcium, and the lowest amount of these attributes was obtained 15 days after incubation of the samples and in clays saturated with aluminum. The results showed that nitrogen mineralization increased with the samples' incubation time. Also, the highest percentage of mineralized nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and enzyme activity were observed in soils with vermiculite.
Conclusion
The increase in the incubation duration enhanced the percentage of inorganic nitrogen. The percentage of mineralized nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen was higher in soils with vermiculite than in soils with zeolite. Moreover, regardless of the incubation duration of samples, with increasing clay content, the percentage of mineralized nitrogen and enzyme activity decreased, but with increasing clay nitrogen content, microbial biomass increased. The highest and lowest amounts of mineralized nitrogen and nitrogen of microbial biomass were measured in soils with calcium and aluminum, respectively. The results showed the effect of the clay type and content and the exchangeable cation type on organic nitrogen dynamics.
Soil science
M.S. Sadati; A. Beheshti Ale Agha; F. Hamedi
Abstract
Introduction
Changing land use may have a major influence on physical, chemical, and biological soil properties with a consequence for soil functioning and productivity. Abandonment of agricultural lands is actually a kind of restoration of these lands to their original natural conditions, which is ...
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Introduction
Changing land use may have a major influence on physical, chemical, and biological soil properties with a consequence for soil functioning and productivity. Abandonment of agricultural lands is actually a kind of restoration of these lands to their original natural conditions, which is often done through human intervention. Soil restoration after land abandonment is a complex phenomenon. The pastures of our country are typically cultivated in rainfed methods, and the use of agricultural inputs such as animal manure, poisons, and chemical fertilizers is not very common. Therefore the continuous cultivation of a product and the lack of use of agricultural inputs causes a gradual decrease in fertility and increase erosion. Hence, after years of cultivation, the production potential decreases, and the land is abandoned.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to determine the effects of land abandonment on some physical, chemical, and biological soil properties in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth at three different sites including Lal Abad, Qaleh Kohneh and Chalab-e Pain, using 2×2 factorial layout arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil were measured by conventional laboratory methods. Electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe) with electrical conductivity meter device in saturated paste extract, pH of saturated paste with pH meter device, and bulk density by cylinder method were determined in the samples. The amount of dispersible clay (DC) was determined by the method of Gee and Bauder and the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) was determined by the method of the wet sieve. The amount of absorbable phosphorus by extraction method and total soil nitrogen by Keldahl method were measured in the samples. The amount of soil organic carbon (OC) in the samples was determined by the method of Walkley and Black. Mineralization of organic carbon (soil respiration) (Cmin) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were obtained by validated and conventional methods.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the abandonment of agricultural lands significantly increased the MWD and reduced the amount of dispersible clay. Bulk density also decreased due to the abandonment of agricultural land in all areas except the Qaleh Kohneh area. The results of the analysis of the chemical characteristics of the soil indicated a decrease in soil pH in all areas and depths, except in the Qaleh Kohneh area. The biological results also showed that the abandonment of agricultural lands caused the change in biological characteristics. Abandonment of agricultural lands in all three regions led to an increase in microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial respiration. High microbial respiration in abandoned lands is probably related to more organic carbon in these soils. Loss of soil organic matter due to cultivation and improper soil management is often the main reason for reducing soil respiration in agricultural lands compared to abandoned lands.
Conclusion
Changing land use from agriculture to abandonment improved the physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil quality, especially the surface layer of the soil, which ultimately led to the improvement of soil quality in all the studied areas. It can be concluded that the release of agricultural lands has increased soil health by increasing the carbon input into the soil, improving the soil aggregates, and improving the microbial activity of the soil.
Soil science
Naghshineh Yari Nilavareh; Ali Beheshti Ale Agha; Mahin Karami; Marzieh Sadeghi
Abstract
IntroductionCrude oil is a complex combination of many hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds, including heavy metals, which affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, cause the soil particles to stick and connect and then cause the soil to become stiff and impenetrable. Contamination ...
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IntroductionCrude oil is a complex combination of many hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds, including heavy metals, which affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, cause the soil particles to stick and connect and then cause the soil to become stiff and impenetrable. Contamination of soil with petroleum hydrocarbons is a significant environmental problem, which has received remarkable attention in recent decades. Petroleum hydrocarbons are resistant and hazardous pollutants. Some petroleum hydrocarbons such as benzene are mutagenic and carcinogenic materials for humans. There are many physical and chemical methods to remediate oil-contaminated soils. Phytoremediation is a relatively new technology for refining contaminated soils in which resistant plants are used to remove or reduce the concentration of inorganic, radioactive, and organic pollutants, especially petroleum compounds, from the environment.Materials and MethodsSufficient amounts of about 50 kg of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons were collected from regions (0-30 cm soil depth) adjacent to the oil wells west of Kermanshah province. Uncontaminated soil samples were also taken from sites at the lowest distance to the contaminated sites. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of different plants to remove total petroleum hydrocarbons from oilfield soils. In this study, after determining the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons, the contaminated and uncontaminated soils were mixed in 4 treatments with different weight ratios (0, 10, 25, and 35%). This experiment was established as completely randomized design with 3 replications for 6 different plants (Barley, Grass, Alfalfa, Hemp, Camelina, and Vicia ervilia). One treatment without plant was considered to remove soil matrix effects on petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations. Plants were harvested at the end of their growing season (90-120 days). Soils and plant samples from the experimental pots were analyzed for their important properties (including some physiological characteristics of the plants, as well as the percentage of reduced petroleum hydrocarbons in the soils). The gravimetric method was used to determine the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. After measuring the properties of the soil and plant, the normality of the data was checked by the Anderson–Darling test, and the homogeneity of the variance of the treatments was checked by using Levene's test. Analysis of data variance was done using ANOVA and average data comparison was done using LSD test at 5 and 1 percent probability levels (SAS 9.4 and SPSS 26).Results and DiscussionIn general, the growth of most plants showed a decreasing trend in proportion to the increase in soil pollution levels. However, the growth decline rates of different plants were not similar. Camelina was very sensitive to oil pollution and the plant could not tolerate pollution even at 10% level. After camelina, alfalfa was highly sensitive to oil pollution. The highest dry weight of the aerial parts of the hemp plant in the soil without oil contamination was observed at the rate of 111.22 grams in the pot. The leaf area of all studied plants in contaminated soils decreased compared to the control treatment (without contamination) so with the increase in the percentage of contamination, the leaf area of the plants was significantly reduced. The highest amount of leaf surface was observed in unpolluted soil and in the hemp plant. Except for the Camelina plant, which was completely destroyed at different levels of pollution, the rest of the plants showed a noticeable decrease in growth. The total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil were measured again 120 days after the start of cultivation, and its difference with the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons at the beginning of cultivation was determined as the reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons and reported as a percentage. According to the mean comparison results, the percentage of reduced petroleum hydrocarbons was not significantly different among cultivated and non-cultivated treatments, although, it was significantly affected by soil pollution levels. Since all the studied soils contained natural bacteria and were not sterilized, the eliminated part of petroleum hydrocarbons is probably decomposed and removed by native bacteria in the soils. Therefore, the strengthening of native bacteria in these soils may increase the decomposition and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.ConclusionThe results of this research show that the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil caused a decrease in growth and other physiological characteristics in all studied plants. Although the Camelina was able to germinate in soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, the presence of these pollutants in the soil prevented the optimum growth of the plant, so its use in subsequent studies of phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils, was not recommended. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between cultivated and non-cultivated treatments at different pollution levels, and the reduction of the total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil was probably done by native microorganisms in the soil. It is recommended to take into consideration the efficiency of the plant species used, the type of polluting hydrocarbons, and the duration of contamination in future research to obtain better results.
Soil science
Sahar Mehrnoosh; Ali Beheshti Ale Agha; Fatemeh Rakhsh; Morteza Pourreza; Ali Akbar Safari Sinegani
Abstract
IntroductionThe maintenance of planted forests in arid and semi-arid lands is important. Soil formation in forest ecosystems is different with different tree species. Tree species have a direct and indirect effect on soil organisms. Forest ecosystems change their species composition and abundance of ...
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IntroductionThe maintenance of planted forests in arid and semi-arid lands is important. Soil formation in forest ecosystems is different with different tree species. Tree species have a direct and indirect effect on soil organisms. Forest ecosystems change their species composition and abundance of microorganisms, and consequently their biogeochemical cycles. The accumulation of vegetation biomass and the improvement of soil fertility can play a significant role in soil restoration.Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the biological characteristics of the soil from 5 treatments, including agricultural (dry farming and relatively poor lands that are usually cultivated barley and wheat and have low productivity), pasture (pastures with minimal vegetation and high slopes that are affected by overgrazing have been changed to barren lands), forest with Acacia type (under and outside the crown), forest with the Cupressus arizonica type (under and outside the crown) and forest with the Pinus brutia type (under and outside the crown) randomly. Sampling was done in 3 repetitions from the 0 to 5 cm layer. The statistical sampling design of this research was completely random, in which, according to the type of afforested species, two types of coniferous forest stands (including Cupressus arizonica and Pinus brutia) and one broadleaf stand (Acacia species) were selected. Also, the area under the crown trees and outside the crown trees was also investigated. Soil samples were sampled with sterile equipment and crushed through a 4-mm sieve. Fresh and moist soil was kept at 4 °C temperature for soil biological tests. Microbial biomass carbon, soil basal respiration (197 days), substrate-induced respiration, and metabolic quotient were measured. Streptomycin sulfate was used to measure fungal respiration and cycloheximide was used to measure bacterial respiration. The activities of urease, acid, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were determined. After measuring the biological properties of the soil, the normality of the data was checked by the Anderson–Darling test, and the homogeneity of the variance of the treatments was checked by using Levene's test. Analysis of data variance was done using One-Way ANOVA and average data comparison was done using Duncan's test at 5 and 1% probability levels (SAS 9.4 and SPSS 26).Results and DiscussionThe results of soil biological characteristics analysis showed that the highest values of soil respiration and amount of consumed organic matter, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, enzyme activities, and fungal respiration were measured in conifers. Although the amount of these features was also significant in broadleaf trees, they had significant differences. In this study, the high soil respiration rate in coniferous covers compared to broadleaf can be due to the high organic carbon content of the soil in this cover. According to the results of substrate-induced respiration in different coatings, likely the activity of microorganisms involved in the decomposition of organic matter in the studied habitats had a significant difference; Therefore, different coatings can affect the population of soil microorganisms as the main source of decomposition and emission of carbon dioxide by changing the quantity and quality of organic matter and other factors. Also, the highest values of metabolic quotient and bacterial respiration were observed in agricultural and pasture covers. A higher metabolic quotient in these covers indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the use of leaf litter by the soil microbial community. In general, the metabolic quotient in the bacterial community is higher than the fungal community; Therefore, it seems that the predominance of the bacterial population in agricultural and pasture cover has caused this index to increase, although plowing and cultivation, and disturbance of these covers have caused stress to this bacterial community and as a result increased the metabolic quotient deficit in these covers.ConclusionThe results of this research showed that the type of planted tree species causes significant changes in the biological characteristics of the soil. The current research shows that the forest, whether coniferous or broadleaf, had the highest values of enzyme activities, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, and the lowest values of metabolic quotient compared to agricultural and pasture covers. Afforestation increases biological activity and possibly the number and diversity of microorganisms, and improves soil characteristics in the long term. In agriculture and pasture land, due to the destruction of soil and aggregates by agricultural activities such as plowing or excessive livestock grazing, the amount of organic carbon and the activity of microorganisms decreases, and with the decrease of other soil characteristics, the quality of the soil decreases over time. From this research, it can be concluded that the planting of forest species in the soils of degraded areas in the long term can increase soil organic carbon due to high-quality leaf litter, and as a result, increase permeability and soil moisture. Increasing soil organic carbon increases the activity of microorganisms, and in the long term, it will improve various soil characteristics. Planting forest plants in the natural areas of the country, which were destroyed due to the change of use to agriculture and indiscriminate cultivation and finally abandoned, can improve the characteristics of the soil and, as a result, establish the native vegetation of the region, and increase the permeability of water in the soil, the risk of soil erosion, floods, etc. reduce.
