A. i Yadav; Z. Yuosepur
Abstract
Introduction: Soil fertility management is a key factor in achieving sustainable agriculture. Use of organic fertilizers is one of the methods that without environmental harmful effects with improvement of chemical and biological conditions increases soil fertility. Nitroxin contains a collection of ...
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Introduction: Soil fertility management is a key factor in achieving sustainable agriculture. Use of organic fertilizers is one of the methods that without environmental harmful effects with improvement of chemical and biological conditions increases soil fertility. Nitroxin contains a collection of the best strains of nitrogen fixation bacteria of the genus Azospirillum and Azotobacter. These bacteria through atmospheric nitrogen fixation and the balance of macro and microelements needed for plant uptake, stimulate the growth and development of roots and aerial parts of the plant. Phosphate Barvar2 is another bio-fertilizer which contains set of phosphate solubilizing bacteria of different genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas that can change soil insoluble phosphorus into available forms for plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some chemical properties of soil and nutrient concentrations in leaves and seeds of sunflower under the influence of chemical and biological form of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical inputs and to improve quality traits in sunflower.
Material and Methods :The experiment was carried out in a split factorial based on RCBD with three replications in a field in Eivanegharb (Ilam province) in summer of 2011. The main plot included four levels of phosphorus and nitrogen chemical fertilizer (0, 33, 66 and 100% of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements) and subplot included factorial of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application with two levels (inoculation and non inoculation) and Phosphate Barvare2 bio fertilizer with two levels (inoculation and non inoculation). Each plot consisted of 5 rows at a distance of 60 cm and a length of 6 m and 20 cm plant spacing. At the time of flowering, leaves were harvested for measurement of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and manganese. After harvesting, the amount of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and pH of the soil and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and manganese seed were measured.
Results and Discussion: The residual soil nitrogen: Based on these results, the effect of any of the factors tested for the residual soil nitrogen was not significant.
The remaining soil phosphorus: With the increased use of chemical fertilizer, soil phosphorus increased so that the maximum (54.5 mg kg-1 soil) and minimum (40 mg kg-1 soil), available soil phosphorus levels were recorded in consumption of 100% of the required fertilizer and control treatments. Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvare2 applications increased percentage of soil phosphorus, i.e. 12.7 and 23.6 %, respectively, compared to no fertilizer application.
The remaining soil potassium: Comparison of mean values showed that the increase in use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements reduced potassium levels in the soil, so that the maximum amount of soil potassium (624.9 mg kg-1 soil) belonged to control chemical fertilizer treatment and the minimum value of this attribute (514.4 mg per kg of soil) was related to the use of 100% chemical fertilizer consumption with no significant difference with use of 66% chemical fertilizers treatment.
Soil pH: Among the experimental factors studied only bio-fertilizer Phosphate Barvar2 had a significant effect on soil pH at 5% probability so that the use of bio-fertilizer Phosphate Barvar2 significantly decreased soil pH.
Leaf nitrogen: By increasing the amount of chemical fertilizer used, leaf nitrogen content increased, so that the maximum amount of leaf nitrogen (2.5%) was observed in the use of 100% chemical fertilizer consumption treatment. However, no significant difference was recorded in the use of 66% chemical fertilizers tratment. The lowest of this trait (2.2%) belonged to control chemical fertilizer treatment without significant difference with use of 33% chemical fertilizers consumption treatment.
Seed nitrogen: Chemical fertilizer and Phosphate Barvar2 had significant effects on the amount of seed nitrogen content. With the increasing use of chemical fertilizers seed nitrogen increased so that the maximum (2.9%) and minimum (2.6%) seed nitrogen content belonged to use 100% of the chemical fertilizer and non-application of fertilizer, respectively. Mean comparison effect of Phosphate Barvar2 inoculation revealed that seed nitrogen increased by 3.7%.
Seed phosphorus: Analysis of variance showed that the amount of seed phosphorus significantly was affected by the treatments, i.e. Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvare2 as well as the interaction of chemical fertilizer and Nitroxin. Application of Phosphate Barvar2 increased the amount of seed phosphorus by 14.8%.
Seed potassium: Increasing application of chemical fertilizer requirement increased seed potassium. Among the 0, 33, 66 and 100% chemical fertilizer application treatments, Phosphate Barvare2 inoculation increased seed potassium by 23.3, 31.2, 31.3 and 11.4%, respectively.
Seed zinc: According to the analysis of variance, effect of bio-fertilizer Phosphate Barvar2 and interaction of Phosphate Barvar2 and chemical fertilizer on the amount of seed zinc were significant different. However, only in 100% chemical fertilizer requirement, Phosphate Barvare2 inoculation showed significant difference in this trait (63.4% increase).
Seed manganese: The results showed that factors of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar2 and also the interaction of Phosphate Barvar2 and chemical fertilizer had significant effects on seed manganese content. Sunflower seed inoculation with Nitroxin increased the amount of seed manganese by 37%.
Conclusion: According to the results, the maximum increase in the amount of nutrients studied in leaves and seeds of sunflower and soil was obtained in combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers.
Keywords: Biofertilizer, Chemical Fertilizer, Nitroxin, Phosphate Barvare2, Seed Elements, Sunflower
S. Fallah; A. Ghalavand; D. Ghanbarian; A. Yadavi
Abstract
Abstract
Poultry manure contains considerable nutrients and its application to agricultural land may boost soil fertility. In order to study the effects of poultry manure and its incorporation method with soil on soil chemical properties, a field experiment was conducted at the Ecological Research Center ...
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Abstract
Poultry manure contains considerable nutrients and its application to agricultural land may boost soil fertility. In order to study the effects of poultry manure and its incorporation method with soil on soil chemical properties, a field experiment was conducted at the Ecological Research Center of Zagroos, 30 kms from northeastern of Khorramabad for two consecutive years (2004 and 2005). Treatments were arranged in a split plots layout based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Two incorporation methods of poultry manure incorporation with soil by furrower and disk+furrower as the main plot, and different amounts of broiler litter including zero, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha-1 as subplot were considered. The results suggested that the phosphorus, zinc and cooper concentration as well as EC of soil were much greater in the disk+furrower treatment relative to the furrower treatment. However, the amount of total nitrogen and corn dry matter for the furrower treatment was significantly more than disk+furrower treatment. Averaged across years and incorporation method, maximum EC, organic matter, macronutrients and micronutrients concentration of soil and corn dry matter were obtained by applying 30 Mg ha-1 poultry manure. However, no significant differences were observed between 30 Mg ha-1 with 20 Mg ha-1 poultry manure for the EC, organic matter and potassium. The organic matter and concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients in soil for the second year were significantly greater than those for the first year. Results suggest that high rates of manure application are not sustainable and will lead to phosphorus accumulation and soil salinization. Thus, that incorporation of 20 Mg ha-1 poultry manure with soil by furrower might be appropriate for maintaining or increase of soil fertility and fairly corn production under conditions similar to this experiment.
Key words: Poultry manure, Manure incorporation method, Nutrients, Soil, Dry matter
