M. Mohammadi; B. Ghahraman; K. Davary; H. Ansari; A. Shahidi
Abstract
Introduction: FAO AquaCrop model (Raes et al., 2009a; Steduto et al., 2009) is a user-friendly and practitioner oriented type of model, because it maintains an optimal balance between accuracy, robustness, and simplicity; and it requires a relatively small number of model input parameters. The FAO AquaCrop ...
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Introduction: FAO AquaCrop model (Raes et al., 2009a; Steduto et al., 2009) is a user-friendly and practitioner oriented type of model, because it maintains an optimal balance between accuracy, robustness, and simplicity; and it requires a relatively small number of model input parameters. The FAO AquaCrop model predicts crop productivity, water requirement, and water use efficiency under water-limiting and saline water conditions. This model has been tested and validated for different crops such as maize, sunflower and wheat (T. aestivum L.) under diverse environments. In most of arid and semi-arid regions water shortage is associated with reduction in water quality (i.e. increasing salinity). Plants in these regions in terms of water quality and quantity may be affected by simultaneous salinity and water stress. Therefore, in this study, the AquaCrop model was evaluated under simultaneous salinity and water stress. In this study, AquaCrop Model (v4.0) was used. This version was developed in 2012 to quantify the effects of salinity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) evaluation of AquaCrop model (v4.0) to simulate wheat yield and water use efficiency under simultaneous salinity and water stress conditions in an arid region of Birjand, Iran and ii) Using different treatments for nested calibration and validation of AquaCrop model.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out as split plot design (factorial form) in Birjand, east of Iran, in order to evaluate the AquaCrop model.Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation water salinity (S1, S2, S3 corresponding to 1.4, 4.5, 9.6 dS m-1) as main plot, two wheat varieties (Ghods and Roshan), and four levels of irrigation water amount (I1, I2, I3, I4 corresponding to 125, 100, 75, 50% water requirement) as sub plot. First, AquaCrop model was run with the corresponding data of S1 treatments (for all I1, I2, I3, and I4) and the results (wheat grain yield, average of soil water content, and ECe) were considered as the “basic outputs”. After that and in the next runs of the model, in each step, one of the inputs was changed while the other inputs were kept constant. The interval of variation of the inputs was chosen from -25 to +25% of its median value. After changing the values of input parameters, the model outputs were compared with the “basic outputs” using the sensitivity coefficient (Sc) of McCuen, (1973). Since there are four irrigation treatments for each salinity treatment, the model was calibrated using two irrigation treatments for each salinity treatment and validated using the other two irrigation treatments. In fact, six different cases of calibration and validation for each salinity treatment were [(I3 and I4), (I2 and I4), (I1 and I4), (I2 and I3), (I1 and I3), and (I1 and I2) for calibration and (I1 and I2), (I1 and I3), (I2 and I3), (I1 and I4), (I2 and I4), and (I3 and I4) for validation, respectively]. The model was calibrated by changing the coefficients of water stress (i.e. stomata conductance threshold (p-upper) stomata stress coefficient curve shape, senescence stress coefficient (p-upper), and senescence stress coefficient curve shape) for six different cases. Therefore, the average relative error of the measured and simulated grain yield was minimized for each case of calibration. After calibrating the model for each salinity treatment, the model was simultaneously calibrated using six different cases for three salinity treatments as a whole.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the sensitivity of the model to crop coefficient for transpiration (KcTr), normalized water productivity (WP*), reference harvest index (HIo), θFC, θsat, and maximum temperature was moderate. The average value of NRMSE, CRM, d, and R2 for soil water content were 11.76, 0.055, 0.79, and 0.61, respectively and for soil salinity were 24.4, 0.195, 0.72, and 0.57, respectively. The model accuracy for simulation of soil water content was more than for simulation of soil salinity. In general, the model accuracy for simulation yield and WP was better than simulation of biomass. The d (index of agreement) values were very close to one for both varieties, which means that simulated reduction in grain yield and biomass was similar to those of measured ones. In most cases the R2 values were about one, confirming a good correlation between simulated and measured values. The NRMSE values in most cases were lower than 10% which seems to be good. The CRM values were close to zero (under- and over-estimation were negligible). Based on higher WP under deficit irrigation treatments (e.g. I3) compared to full irrigation treatments (e.g. I1 and I2), it seems logical to adopt I3 treatment, especially in Birjand as a water-short region, assigning the remaining 25% to another piece of land. By such strategy, WP would be optimized at the regional scale.
Conclusion: The AquaCrop was separately and simultaneously nested calibrated and validated for all salinity treatments. The model accuracy under simultaneous case was slightly lower than that for separate case. According to the results, if the model is well calibrated for minimum and maximum irrigation treatments (full irrigation and maximum deficit irrigation), it could simulate grain yield for any other irrigation treatment in between these two limits. Adopting this approach may reduce the cost of field studies for calibrating the model, since only two irrigation treatments should be conducted in the field. AquaCrop model can be a valuable tool for modelling winter wheat grain yield, WP and biomass. The simplicity of AquaCrop, as it is less data dependent, made it to be user-friendly. Nevertheless, the performance of the model has to be evaluated, validated and fine-tuned under a wider range of conditions and crops.
Keywords: Biomass, Plant modeling, Sensitivity analysis
M. Mohammadi; A. Liaghat; H. Molavi
Abstract
Abstract
Different strategies are existed for adjusting with water shortage, of which the strategy of suitable policies adoption by determining optimum production function can be mentioned. Water shortage and quality degradation of soil and water resources is one of main factors of production reduction. ...
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Abstract
Different strategies are existed for adjusting with water shortage, of which the strategy of suitable policies adoption by determining optimum production function can be mentioned. Water shortage and quality degradation of soil and water resources is one of main factors of production reduction. Therefore, this study was carried out for determination of tomato sensitivity coefficients and its water-salinity-yield optimum function in Karaj. The experiment was performed as a complete randomized design with three replicates including two factors; Salinity and irrigation water. Salinity and irrigation water factors consisted of four levels (S1=0.7, S2=4, S3=8 and S4=12 dS/m) and three levels (W1=100, W2=75 and W3=50 percent of water requirement), respectively. The Soil texture was sandy loam. Yield data were fitted on different forms production functions (simple linear, logarithmic linear, Quadratic and Transcendental) and the optimum one was determined after sensitivity analysis. Then, the values of water use efficiency and plant sensitivity coefficients were determined. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that the quadratic production function is optimal production and it can be recommended. Investigation of the maximum values of error (ME) showed that the logarithmic linear and simple linear functions have had the highest error. In the irrigation treatments, W1S1 (control) and W2S1 (75% of water requirement) with 7.57 and 7.5 Kg /m3 respectively had the highest water use efficiency. However, water use efficiency decreases if the drought and salinity increases. The average value of Ky, in the condition of combined salinity and drought stress was 1.696. Moreover, Plant sensitivity values (Ks) decreases if salinity and drought increases and the lowest value of Ks were belong to W3S4 (0.57). The iso-yield curve showed that by increasing of irrigation amounts, water with higher salinity can be applied without yield change.
Keywords: Drought and salinity stress, Optimization of water use, Production function, Tomato sensitivity coefficientss
