Irrigation
H. Mohammadzadeh; M. Bonyabadi; F. Jangjoo
Abstract
Introduction: Sulfate is one of the important groundwater pollutant sources in many parts of the world and it can enter into groundwater from various sources, such as lithology (dissolution of evaporative and pyrite oxidation), atmosphere (sea water spray), industrial (combustion of fossil fuels, sulfide- ...
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Introduction: Sulfate is one of the important groundwater pollutant sources in many parts of the world and it can enter into groundwater from various sources, such as lithology (dissolution of evaporative and pyrite oxidation), atmosphere (sea water spray), industrial (combustion of fossil fuels, sulfide- minerals production, and agricultural fertilizers), and etc. Identifying sources of soluble sulfate in water sources is important. The sulfate in groundwater can be investigated using isotope and geochemistry techniques. Using isotope (34S and 18O) and hydro geochemical techniques, it can be possible to find out: sulfate origins and the effective processes/reactions on sulfate concentrations and hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) production. In this paper, for the first time, the sulfate source in groundwater of Sarpol Zahab and the parameters affecting sulfate concentration and its isotopic compositions (d34S and d18O) in groundwater were studied. Sarpol-e Zahab is located in the catchment area of Alvand river in the west of Kermanshah province, west of Iran. The formations of the region, based on age from old to new, include the Ilam, Gurpi, Amiran, Telezang, Pabdeh, Asmari, Gachsaran, Aghajari, Bakhtiari and Quaternary alluvium formations. Asmari formation and Quaternary alluvial sediments form the largest area of the region. Gachsaran formation contains evaporative materials which is reducing the quality of groundwater in the region. Ilam formation is effective in providing the organic matter required for the bacterial sulfate reduction process.
Materials and Methods: 13 water samples were taken from the water resources (wells, springs and river) of Sarpol-e Zahab region in two steps (December 2014 and September 2015). Measuring field parameters (T, pH, Eh, Ec, and TDS) and sampling of water resources were performed according to the instructions of Groundwater and Geothermal Research Center (GRC), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Field parameters were measured by VWR Handheld Multi parameter Research meter at the location of each water source. The concentration of cations and the anions were determined by the devices inductively coupled plasma elemental analyzer (ICP-EA) and ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Chemical and isotopic analyses of all water samples were performed in Ottawa university geochemistry laboratory and Waterloo university isotope laboratory, respectively. The measurement reference for isotopic sulfate and oxygen were VCDT and VSMOW, respectively, and the value isotopic are expressed as permil ((‰.
Results and Discussion: The sulfate concentrations in different water resources of the region varied from 5 to 950 mg L, however, it is very high in Gandab spring’ water, due to the association with hydrocarbons, and in Patagh Tunnel water, due to discharging of water from Gachsaran Formation (339.6 mg L and 950.1mg L, respectively). Chenarpiran spring has the lowest sulfate concentration because it is located in highlands and is discharged from Asmari formation with good water quality. The amount of d18O varied between 5.8 to 13.1 VCDT ‰ and the amount of d34S ranges from 9.5 to 31.8 VSMOW ‰. In Gandab spring’ water, due to sulfate reduction by microorganisms, in addition to the unpleasant smell of sulfide hydrogen (H2S), the d34S and d18O values were enriched than the isotopic composition of other water sources ( about 31.8 ‰ and 10.3 ‰, respectively). In other hand, the Gel va Darreh spring's water, due to the effect of upstream bath waste water (soap and detergent with a value of about 1 ‰ for d34S), indicated depleted isotope values.
Conclusion: The concentration and isotopic composition of sulfate in the water resources of the Sarpol-e Zahab region are affected by the geological, atmospheric, human and hydrocarbon materials. The impact of human and hydrocarbon factors on the concentration and isotopes of sulfate is local, however, the lithology effects are on all water resources of the region. Since, Gachsaran formation forms the alluvial aquifer bedrock of Ghaleshahin plain, the dissolution of gypsum has an effective role in the hydro chemical evolution of the alluvial aquifer of this plain. The lithology of the area is often limestone and evaporation. Due to the high solubility of these materials in water, they have been able to have a significant effect on sulfate isotopic in water sources. The amount of measured isotopic values indicated that the origin of evaporators and atmospheric sulfate is in water. The dissolution of the evaporation formation has reduced the water quality. The association of bedrock in the Gandab spring has led to have a reduction environment and the occurrence of sulfate reduction and production of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). The human activities (by making bath upstream) caused oxidizing conditions, isotopic depletion and contamination of the Glodarreh spring.
Hossein Mohammadzadeh; Toba Soleymani valikandi
Abstract
Introduction: Tritium is the only radioactive isotope of hydrogen, with a half-life of about 12.3 years, in water molecule which can be used to determine the age of water in a hydrological cycle. Although hydrogen bomb tests entered a lot of tritium into the atmosphere and then into the hydrological ...
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Introduction: Tritium is the only radioactive isotope of hydrogen, with a half-life of about 12.3 years, in water molecule which can be used to determine the age of water in a hydrological cycle. Although hydrogen bomb tests entered a lot of tritium into the atmosphere and then into the hydrological cycle, but at the moment the average amount of tritium concentration in global precipitations is reaching to about 5 TU. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tritium concentrations in precipitations of the Middle East countries and to determine the tritium concentration in Iran precipitation (especially in precipitations of the west of Kermanshah province) and to determine the relative age of groundwater resources in Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Sarpule Zahab areas using tritium radioisotope.
Materials and Methods: The required tritium data for the Iran and neighbors and for the global precipitations were retrieved from the Global Networks of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) site of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To measure the amount of tritium in Kermanshah precipitations, samples were collected from three rain stations, three wells and from nine springs in Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Sarpule zahab areas during fall 2015 and 600 ml in 600 ml water polyethylene containers, all water samples were analysed at Waterloo University Isotope Laboratory.
Results and Discussion: The amount of tritium concentration in precipitations depends on latitude, longitude, temperature, altitude and the vapor mass. The higher amount of vapor and the lower temperature or the higher altitude, decreases the concentration of tritium. In areas such as Karachi, Bahrain and Adena, due to its proximity to the sea and the higher amount of vapor in the atmosphere, the tritium concentration in precipitation is low. In this paper, the tritium concentration in precipitation and groundwater resources of the west of Kermanshah province was measured at the University of Waterloo-Environmental Isotope Laboratory (UW-EIL). Then the average relative age of groundwater was determined. Results indicate that the tritium concentration in precipitation of the west of Kermanshah is about 6.0 TU and it is much lower in groundwater resources. Based on water age division using tritium concentration, the water of precipitations in the west of Kermanshah is modern and the water of groundwater resources are mixture of modern (recently recharge water) and sub modern water (the waters fed before 1950). By determining the amount of electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentration of tritium in the waters of the region, it is concluded that in the direction of flow, with increasing EC and decreasing the amount of tritium, the water age increases. By examining the EC and the relative age of the waters, it can be concluded that in the Sarpule Zahab area, in Ghaleh Shahin plain, groundwater recharge to the alluvial aquifer in Qaleh Shaheen spring area and then it flow in the direction toward Sarabgarm spring. However, in Boshive plain, the groundwater flow from Marab spring towards the Gandab spring. Tritium has a correlation with the air temperature. The higher the temperature, the more the concentration of tritium in the abundant water resources, and the older age for the water sample. In the study area, the average annual air temperature in the Paveh, Javanrood and Ravansar areas are about 15.1, 15.0 and 14.9 degrees Celsius, respectively, and it is about 19.9 degrees Celsius for Sarpule Zahab area. The average concentration of tritium in Pave and Javrroud is about 3.4 TU, however, in Ravansar and Sarpule Zahab areas are about 1.4 TU and 1.1 TU, respectively Therefore, it is evident that the relative age of groundwater is younger in the Paveh region and it is the oldest in Sarpule Zahab region.
Conclusions: The concentration of tritium is associated with the age of water. The lower the amount of tritium is the oldness of the water. The geology and rocks are affected by the movement of water, which is why the age of groundwater resources in the Paveh region due to the development of karst and the rapid transfer of groundwater is less than the Sarpule Zahab and Ravansar areas. On a global scale, the concentration of tritium in the northern hemisphere’s precipitations is much higher than that of in the southern hemisphere, and in the polar regions’ precipitations it is approximately 4 times of the tropical region’s precipitations. By investigating the concentration of tritium in the rain of neighboring countries of Iran it is concluded that the proximity to the sea and the increase of water vapor in the atmosphere have reduced the amount of tritium concentration.
M. Heydarizad; Hossein Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Abstract
Karde river is one of the most important river in Khorasan Razavi province which provides potable water for 3 million inhabitant of Mashhad city. The following research shows seasonal and spatial fluctuation in water quality. Investigating the chemical analysis of Karde rivers water shows that ...
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Abstract
Karde river is one of the most important river in Khorasan Razavi province which provides potable water for 3 million inhabitant of Mashhad city. The following research shows seasonal and spatial fluctuation in water quality. Investigating the chemical analysis of Karde rivers water shows that precipitation chemistry doesn't have significant role in the chemistry of river because there is no industrial activity in the region when the Anthropogenic recourses caused by (agricultural fertilizers and sewage) and lithology of the basin have their own roles. Anthropogenic resources has dominant role in late spring and summer when the concentration of NO3-, SO42- and Cl- increases dramatically by chemical fertilizers used in the basin. On the other hand, the concentration of the Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and HCO32- in water analysis, Factor analysis and hydrochemical graphs show that dissolution of the carbonate minerals in Mozdooran formation and evaporative and silicate minerals in Shorije formation plays dominant role in the chemistry of the Karde river. Identification of dissolved Carbonate and silicate minerals with ion activity(α) and Log(aCa2+/a(H+)2) versus Log(aMg2+/a(H+)2) graph for Carbonate minerals and Log(aMg2+/a(H+)2) and Log(aCa2+/a(H+)2) versus Log (aNa+/a(H+)2) for silicate minerals show that carbonate minerals " Calcite and Dolomite" and silicate minerals " Kaolinite, Laumontite and Clinochlore beside sulfate mineral "gypsum" are the dominate dissolved minerals in the river.
H. Mohammadzadeh; S. Ebrahimpoor
Abstract
Zarivar Lake, located in west of Marivan -Kurdistan province, is an important natural freshwater body in Iran. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and to protect the water resources of the lake's catchment area. In this research, to develop the Marivan meteoric water line (MMWL - δ18O vs. δ2H), ...
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Zarivar Lake, located in west of Marivan -Kurdistan province, is an important natural freshwater body in Iran. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and to protect the water resources of the lake's catchment area. In this research, to develop the Marivan meteoric water line (MMWL - δ18O vs. δ2H), to determine the surface (lake) and groundwater interactions, to investigate the factores effecting on water quality, and to find out the origin of cations and anions, water samples (rain, lake and ground waters) were collected during measurements of fild parameters (TDS, EC, pH and T ). Based on isotope results, the MMWL is obtained as δ2H = 7.5 δ18O + 9.0 and the average δ18O values of rain, groundwater and lake water are -8.3‰, -7.0‰ , and 5.5‰ , respectively, and δ2H values of these waters are -53.6‰, -42.2‰ , and 16.9‰ , respectively. Isotopic results also indicate that the origin of groundwater resources is meteoric water with minor evaporation lost, however, the lake water showes relatively high evaporation lost. The d-excess indicates that the influence of the Mediterranean water masses on this area. Bsed on hydrchemical results it seems that the composition of both groundwater and lake water is attributed to natural rock-dissolution proccesses, with anthropogenic sources (fertelizers, waste water, etc.) for some ions (Cl-, SO42) in the lake water. Mineral saturation indexes indicate the existence of very low amount of evaporative minerals, and low retention time of water within the aquifer. Cluster analysis of water quality parameters and sampling locations shows similarity amoung all groundwater samples taken around the lake. In addition, all lake water samples also have similar quality, except samples taken from North and South of the lake, and groundwater discharges into the lake from the North West area. The results of factor analysis indicate that three factors controlling about 83.3% of total sample variations.