N. Zabet Pishkhani; S.M. Seyedian; A. Heshmat Pour; H. Rouhani
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, according to the intelligent models increased as new techniques and tools in hydrological processes such as precipitation forecasting. ANFIS model has good ability in train, construction and classification, and also has the advantage that allows the extraction of fuzzy ...
Read More
Introduction: In recent years, according to the intelligent models increased as new techniques and tools in hydrological processes such as precipitation forecasting. ANFIS model has good ability in train, construction and classification, and also has the advantage that allows the extraction of fuzzy rules from numerical information or knowledge. Another intelligent technique in recent years has been used in various areas is support vector machine (SVM). In this paper the ability of artificial intelligence methods including support vector machine (SVM) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were analyzed in monthly precipitation prediction.
Materials and Methods: The study area was the city of Gonbad in Golestan Province. The city has a temperate climate in the southern highlands and southern plains, mountains and temperate humid, semi-arid and semi-arid in the north of Gorganroud river. In total, the city's climate is temperate and humid. In the present study, monthly precipitation was modeled in Gonbad using ANFIS and SVM and two different database structures were designed. The first structure: input layer consisted of mean temperature, relative humidity, pressure and wind speed at Gonbad station. The second structure: According to Pearson coefficient, the monthly precipitation data were used from four stations: Arazkoose, Bahalke, Tamar and Aqqala which had a higher correlation with Gonbad station precipitation. In this study precipitation data was used from 1995 to 2012. 80% data were used for model training and the remaining 20% of data for validation. SVM was developed from support vector machines in the 1990s by Vapnik. SVM has been widely recognized as a powerful tool to deal with function fitting problems. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) refers, in general, to an adaptive network which performs the function of a fuzzy inference system. The most commonly used fuzzy system in ANFIS architectures is the Sugeno model since it is less computationally exhaustive and more transparent than other models. A consequent membership function (MF) of the Sugeno model could be any arbitrary parameterized function of the crisp inputs, most like lya polynomial. Zero and first order polynomials were used as consequent MF in constant and linear Sugeno models, respectively. In addition, the defuzzification process in Sugeno fuzzy models is a simple weighted average calculation. The fuzzy space was divided via grid partitioning according to the number of antecedent MF, and each fuzzy region was covered with a fuzzy rule.
Results Discussion: The statistical results showed that in first structure determination coefficient values for both the training and test was not good performance in precipitation prediction so that ANFIS and SVM had determination coefficient of 0.67 and 0.33 in training phase and 0.45 and 0.40 in test phase. Also the error RMSE values showed that both models had failed to predict precipitation in first structure. The results of second structure in precipitation prediction showed that determination coefficient of ANFIS at training and testing was 0.93 and 0.87 respectively and RMSE was 7.06 and 9.28 respectively. MBE values showed that the ANFIS underestimated at training phase and overestimated at test phase. Determination coefficient of SVM at training and testing was 0.89 and 0.91 respectively and RMSE was 9.28 and 5.59 respectively. SVM underestimated precipitation at train phase and overestimated it at test phase. ANFIS and SVM modeled precipitation using precipitation gauging stations with reasonable accuracy. Determining coefficient in the test phase was almost the same for ANFIS and SVM but the RMSE error of SVM model was about 20% lower than the ANFIS. The coefficient of determination and error values indicated SVM had greater accuracy than ANFIS. ANFIS overestimated precipitation for less than 20 mm but for higher values of uniformly distributed around the 1:1. SVM underestimated precipitation for more than 90 mm precipitation due to the low number of data in the training phase, which made this model, did not train well. When meteorological parameters were introduced as input, minimum determination coefficient and maximum error in the test phase occurred while humidity parameters were removed. By removing any of the parameters of temperature, pressure and wind speed the error values and coefficient of determination in test phase was approximately equal.
Conclusion: The potential of the support vector machine (SVM) and neuoro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in monthly precipitation pattern were analyzed. In order to model, two data sets were used containing meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure and wind speed) and the stations precipitation. The results showed that the simulated precipitation using meteorological parameters by ANFIS and SVM had low accuracy. Precipitation forecasting using stations precipitation in the region had good accuracy by ANFIS and SVM. Comparing the results of this study showed the high efficiency of SVM in simulating precipitation. This method can be successfully used in modeling precipitation to increase efficiency of precipitation modelling.
M. Farasati; S.M. Seyedian
Abstract
Dispersivity is an important property of a porous medium and Advection-Dispersion equation (ADE). It is used in solving problems related to pollutants migration by groundwater. Numerical models are frequently used for simulation of water movement in soils. In the present study, the dependence of NaCl ...
Read More
Dispersivity is an important property of a porous medium and Advection-Dispersion equation (ADE). It is used in solving problems related to pollutants migration by groundwater. Numerical models are frequently used for simulation of water movement in soils. In the present study, the dependence of NaCl dispersivity on thickness of the aquifer materials has been investigated. In orther to perform it, 5 different thickness of soil column (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm) selected. The physical model used in the study consisted of a cylindrical tank with inner diameter of 6cm and 5 thicknesses 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm of soil column designated by T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Sodium chloride with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 3 dSm-1 was selected as conservative pollutant. For calculation of dispersivity Brigham model and for simulation of NaCl movement HYDRUS software used. Results of the study indicated that the dispersivity of sandy porous was not dependent on the thickness. The result of HYDRUS showed that with increase of aquifer length, dispersivity increased but it was not significant.
S.M. Seyedian; M. Shafai Bajestan
Abstract
Abstract
Lateral intake is a hydraulic structure which is used for diversion of some portion of water from a river for the purpose of irrigation, storage and industrial. Most of lateral intakes from canal are installed at canal with inclined banks which has not received the attention of the researchers ...
Read More
Abstract
Lateral intake is a hydraulic structure which is used for diversion of some portion of water from a river for the purpose of irrigation, storage and industrial. Most of lateral intakes from canal are installed at canal with inclined banks which has not received the attention of the researchers in the past. Since the flow discharge and sediment which enters the intake canal depends on the flow patterns at the head of the intake and the inclined banks can affect the flow patterns and so the sediments, this study has been conducted. In this study a series of experimental tests are conducted using canal of vertical bank and a series of tests with canal of inclined banks. In all tests the suspended sediment feed with a constant concentration upstream of the intake. Sediments which enter the intake canal were collected after each test and weighted. Using dimensional analysis a general non-dimensional relation was developed. By applying the experimental data it was found that the flow patterns at the upstream of the intake has been modified in such a way that more water from surface layers are diverted. Therefore less suspended sediment enters the intake. Also it was found that in all tests the amount of sediment enters the intake reaches its minimum value at Froude number equal 0.37. In low flow depth because of the effect of bed roughness, the suspended sediment enters the intake is higher compare to the higher flow depth for the same conditions.
Keywords: Lateral intake, Suspended load, Inclined banks, Sediment delivery ratio
