M.R. Goodarzi; R. Piryaei; M.R. Moosavi
Abstract
Introduction: Due to climate change that is happening, the security of water and food in Iran has caused many worries, which include small towns like Boroujerd. A comprehensive assessment is necessary as well as the productivity of water resources, because it can provide information for government ...
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Introduction: Due to climate change that is happening, the security of water and food in Iran has caused many worries, which include small towns like Boroujerd. A comprehensive assessment is necessary as well as the productivity of water resources, because it can provide information for government agencies and the public to develop appropriate patterns. The aim of this study is the use and productivity of water resources in Borujerd city, the aim of this study to utilize appropriately the existing water resources in the city of Boroujerd and it is based on recycling and reusing water resources and reduced harvesting of ground water. So the potential of water saving and return to the cycle has been evaluated, and the results can be used as a potential solution for water shortage in Boroujerd in the future.
Materials and Methods: Water, energy, and food security globally are achieved through a communication approach, an approach that integrates governance and management into all over sectors and scales. A communication approach can support the transition to a green economy which aims instead, among other things, the use of resources and policy coherence. Given the increasing communication between sectors in space and time, reducing economic, social and adverse environmental concerns can increase overall resource efficiency, more benefits and provide human rights for water and food. Therefore in a relationship-based approach, common policy and decision making an approach which reduces the composition and creates collaboration among sectors is in need.
Currently, the most reliable tool to produce climate scenarios is the paired 3D Atmosphere-Oceans General Circulation Models which called AOGCM in this paper. AOGCM is based on the physical relationships that are presented by mathematical relations. In formulating its AR5 synthesis report, the IPCC has made use of new RCP scenarios of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The IPCC society has used new scenarios as trajectory representatives of various concentrations of greenhouse gases. New scenarios have four key trajectories called RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 that are based on their radiative stimulus in 2100 and different specifications of the technology level, social and economic situation and future policies.
LARS-WG is a random weather generator that can be used to simulate atmospheric data at a station under current and future climate conditions. The first version developed in Budapest in 1990 as part of an agricultural risk assessment in Hungary, then reviewed and moderated by Semenov in 1998. This model produces a daily time series of minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall and solar radiation.
Results and Discussion: Concerning precipitation variations, it can be concluded that changes in winter months from January to March in RCP2.6 will decrease by 20%. Rainfall variations in the spring are the same and have equal status with the base time. In summer, two scenarios experience a 40% reduction, in fall, RCP2.6 shows a 20% increase in rainfall and the scenario RCP8.5 shows about 10% precipitation reduction. The two scenarios show at least 1.5 degrees Celsius increase and the highest increases are in fall, and in October, a rise of 2.5 degrees has seen. Maximum temperature changes which indicate the temperature increase to 2 degrees at least in both scenarios. In scenario RCP8.5, in winter and fall, the maximum temperature is increased to 2.5 and 3 degrees, respectively. Boroujerdʼs water and sewage company harvests 22 hm3 (MCM) water annually for its population of 240,654 people. If the necessary measures are taken for gray and black water purification, Boroujerdʼs daily city sewage that is 35416/6 m3 daily, can return to the water cycle. The city's total wastewater is 12,750,000 m3 per year and it is possible to prevent underground water harvesting with purification. Rainfall is another important resource never utilized in Boroujerd. The gable roof and those with more than 15 degrees gradient can be used to collect the rainwater in the high rainfall season. The total roofs are 136.13 ha and according to the average rainfall 0/454m, it can be the maximum use of this resource. The annual volume of precipitation for this city is 612612/45m3 which is significant. Supposedly, it could provide 3.6% of fresh water. Also, if the volume of sewage is considered for purification, the amount of available water source reaches 13362612/45m3 which can meet 60/74% of current water demand.
Conclusion: Rainwater is not used as a natural resource in Borujerd city and flows into seasonal rivers as runoff. It can be said that harvesting rainwater is an opportunity to reduce water shortage in the future. Rainwater system transferred through the water pipelines and sewage system. It is possible to store rainfall and water remained after snow melts for dry seasons and its surplus can be used to supply. Also due to climate changes and agriculture in Borujerd city, a plan should be provided to reduce the use of water in the summer which is expected to be implemented shortly.
R. Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi; Ehsan Fathi; Samira Bayati; Pone Ghorbani-Dashtaki
Abstract
Introduction: Surface water, especially rivers, are the important sources for drinking water, agricultural and industrial uses. These reservoirs are easily affected by pollution and various activities. The vulnerability of surface water is greater than that the groundwater. Therefore, the importance ...
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Introduction: Surface water, especially rivers, are the important sources for drinking water, agricultural and industrial uses. These reservoirs are easily affected by pollution and various activities. The vulnerability of surface water is greater than that the groundwater. Therefore, the importance of water quality evaluation, especially for drinkable water, has increased due to the reduction in its quality and quantity in recent years. Optimal use and conservation of water resources in terms of quantity and quality are the principles of sustainable development of any country. Water quality indices are among the useful tools in water quality assessment and management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of the Beheshtabad River in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran by using the Liou Pollution Index and selecting the most important parameters based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Materials and Methods: In this study, 7 water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, and potential hydrogen were measured by standard methods along the river in 7 selected stations for 6 months (April to September 2016). Some of these parameters were measured at the sampling site and others in the laboratory. Then, the values of the Liou Pollution Index were calculated to evaluate the water quality of the Beheshtabad River in different stations. In this study, SPSS software was used to analyze the principal component. In the next step, the appropriateness of the statistical universe was assessed using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test.
Results and Discussion: The results of this study showed that the water quality was good during the study period at sampling stations\, according to the Liou Pollution Index. The value of Liou Pollution Index was in the slightly polluted class in March in station 4. Then, the average of Liou Pollution Index in the Beheshtabad River was compared to different rivers. The result showed that the average of Liou Pollution Index in the studied river is higher than rivers outside Iran. In addition, according to the statistical technique of PCA, two components were introduced as the main component. The first component expressed 57.26% of the total variance and included dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, biological oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids and potential hydrogen parameters. The second component, temperature, expressed 21.3% of the total variance. Furthermore, the result of comparing the measured quality parameters with the standard value of surface water showed that biological oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, and total suspended solids parameters in some stations were within the standard range and in some others were higher, which indicated a negative result. The best and worst water quality in terms of biological oxygen demand was observed in May and June, respectively. The electrical conductivity in April and May in all stations was within the standard range. However, electrical conductivity was higher than the standard level in June in stations 4 and 5, higher again in July and August in stations 4 to 7, and higher as well in September in stations 2 to 7. The fish farming workshops, industrial pollution and geological survey may be the reasons. The value of potential hydrogen in all of the stations was within the standard range of 6.5 to 9.5. The value of dissolved oxygen was high because of increasing rainfall and stream flows due to the snow melting.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the water quality in the Beheshtabad River did not change during the last 6 months (April to September 2016), and water quality was good. In addition, PCA plays an important role in prioritizing the importance of each parameter in the pollution. Therefore, PCA places more important parameters in the first component and less important parameters in the subsequent, respectively. On the other hand, the measurement of physicochemical parameters is important for the study of water quality. This research demonstrates the usefulness and efficiency of the multivariate statistical technique of PCA and the use of indicators for effective management of surface water quality. Therefore, using water resources in the future is possible, and does not endanger their management based on sustainable development.
mahdi selahvarzi; B. Ghahraman; H. Ansari; K. Davari
Abstract
Introduction: Evaporation takes place from vegetation cover, from bare soil, or water bodies. In the absence of a vegetation cover, soil surface is exposed to atmosphere which increases the rate of evaporation. Evaporation of soil moisture will not only lead to water losses but also increase the risk ...
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Introduction: Evaporation takes place from vegetation cover, from bare soil, or water bodies. In the absence of a vegetation cover, soil surface is exposed to atmosphere which increases the rate of evaporation. Evaporation of soil moisture will not only lead to water losses but also increase the risk of soil salinity. The risk is increased under low annual rainfall, saline irrigation water and deep water table. Soil and water salinity is common in arid and semiarid regions where using saline water is common under insufficient fresh water resources. Evaporation is one of the main components of water balance in each region and also one of the key factors for proper irrigation scheduling towards improving efficiency in the region. On the other hand evaporation has a significant role in global climate through the hydrological cycle and its proper estimation is important to predict crop yield soil salinity, water loss of irrigation canals, water structure and also on natural disasters such as drought phenomenon. There are three distinct phases for evaporation process. Step Rate – initial stage is when the soil reaches enough moisture to transfer water to evaporate at a rate proportional to the evaporative demand. During this stage, the evaporation rate by external weather conditions (solar radiation, wind, temperature, humidity, etc.) is limited and therefore can be controlled, in other words, the role of soil characteristics will occur. In this case the air phase - control (at this stage the stage profile – control). Next step is to reduce the rate of evaporation rates during this stage of succession is less than the potential rate (evaporation, atmospheric variability). At this point, evaporation rate (the rate at which the soil caused by the drying up) can deliver the level of moisture evaporation in the area is limited and controlled. So it can be a half step - called control. This may be longer than the first stage.. Apparently when the soil surface is dry to the extent that, it is effectively cut off from water, this phase starts. This stage is often called vapor diffusion process where the surface layer so as to be able to dry quickly can be important.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to test the texture of sandy clay and four salinity levels (0.7, 2, 4 and 8 dS m-1 (the study used a PVC pipe with a diameter of 110 mm and a height of about 1 m (for the 90 cm soil profile). Evaporation measurements and weight measurements were performed using a water balance. Also the water out of the soil columns were carefully measured. Weight was measured in soil columns has been done with a digital scale with an accuracy of 5 g. The calculation of evaporation ,obtained by subtracting the weight of the soil column twice in a row, low weight and water out of the soil column.
Results and Discussion: Evaporation decreased with increasing salinity of the soil, even in the first stage mentioned earlier by external meteorological conditions (eg, radiation, wind, temperature and humidity) controlled, observed. It should be recognized that the ability of the atmosphere to evaporate completely independent of the properties of the object that is no evaporation occurs. Moreover, if we assume that the object is completely independent of the properties of water surface evaporation exactly equals, salinity reduced the water vapor pressure resulting in reduced evaporates. The first stage of evaporation decreases by increasing salinity, evaporation would be justified.
M. Habibi Davijani; M.E. Banihabib; S.R. Hashemi
Abstract
Population growth has caused increase of water demand for the drinking water, industry and agriculture. This condition needs the application of effective measures for optimal water management. So, in this research, a water allocation model is proposed for agriculture, industry and service sectors. In ...
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Population growth has caused increase of water demand for the drinking water, industry and agriculture. This condition needs the application of effective measures for optimal water management. So, in this research, a water allocation model is proposed for agriculture, industry and service sectors. In agricultural sector, production function of each crop is determined and then, objective function is specified based on the production function, and income of crops. In the industrial sector, the water demand of the product is function of water and other material prices and so, the demand function is determined based on these factors. Due to the necessity of water for the service sector, the total water demand of this section was fully allocated. Then, using innovative learning algorithms, a combination of genetic algorithms-Collective Intelligence (GAPSO), objective function is maximized and optimal allocation of water for agriculture and industry, were determined and compared. According to the result mentioned, use pattern of deficit irrigation model, changing crop pattern, remove the acreage of some crops and use of more water resources in the industry field can be effect on increase revenues to 114 billion Rls. In sum, the income of agriculture and industry in the Iran Central Kavir basin can be up to 56 percent of revenues of the current situation using water resource allocation for different sectors. In this case, the region will witness a remarkable progress. Therefore changes in the water resources allocation of the area seem to be necessary.
