Irrigation
A. Vaezihir; M. Khalkhali; M. Tabarmayeh
Abstract
Introduction Groundwater is an important resource for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes (Andualem and Demeke, 2019). However, the growing population and advanced irrigation technologies have significantly led to increased groundwater exploitation resulting in aquifer depletion. Exploitation ...
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Introduction Groundwater is an important resource for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes (Andualem and Demeke, 2019). However, the growing population and advanced irrigation technologies have significantly led to increased groundwater exploitation resulting in aquifer depletion. Exploitation of groundwater from fractured rock aquifers using wells to supply drinking water is more sustainable than the utilization of springs with low and variable discharge. In the case of drought and periods of critical condition of water usage, springs of fractured rock aquifers may dry up or decrease making them unreliable water resources to supply drinking water. Over recent decades, the use of fractured rock and karstic units as a remarkable water resource is known as a valuable source of freshwater worldwide. However, these aquifers are extremely vulnerable to contamination due to their unique hydrogeological characteristics and require more protection (Zarvash & Vaezi, 2014). These resources contribute to providing more than 70% of the rural population and around 50% of the urban population with drinking and household demand needs. Since the degree of development of karst landforms varies substantially from region to region, exploring groundwater potential zones in karstic or fractured rock domains across the world is important, which is mostly achieved using evaluating affecting factors in creating the groundwater occurrence. This evaluation is done by incorporating weighted factors such as Weighted Overlay, Weighted Sum, and Fuzzy Overlay and utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) or other remote sensing techniques, which is addressed frequently in literature summarized by Vaezihir and Tabarmayeh (2016); Seif and Kargar (2011); and Amiri et al. (2021). Considering the importance of such issue, this research aims to investigate the potential of karstic or fractured rock resources in West Azerbaijan to gain more insight into this valuable resource of groundwater. Materials and MethodsWest Azerbaijan province, with an area of 43,660 km² including Lake Urmia, is equivalent to 2.65% of the total area of Iran and located in the Alborz-Azerbaijan structural zone with a mean annual precipitation of about 370 mm. The maximum temperature of this province, dominated by a semi-arid and Mediterranean climate, is recorded in Shahin Dezh and Miandoab, and the minimum is measured in Chaldoran, and Tekab Metrological Stations, respectively. About 78% of the total area of West Azerbaijan province is formed by karstic units with more spatial distribution in the southern area. This karstic area encompasses 71% of the total province springs with 59% of the total discharge. In the current research, lithology unit types, fracture density, elevation, slope, aspect, drainage density, and vegetation coverage, along with the precipitation, area, and humidity index as the main factors were regarded as governing factors in the development of karst aquifers, have been considered to evaluate the potential groundwater resources. After the preparation of all affected layers using various data resources including available geological maps digital elevation map of West Azerbaijan Province obtained from the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Landsat satellite data, the Fuzzy logistic and SUM and Weighted overlay technique has been used to prepared groundwater potential zone. Results and DiscussionThe groundwater potential zone were determined through combining 9 affected layers in developing the groundwater resource. The results obtained based on employing both weighted overlay and SUM were classified into 5 classes including low, very low, medium, high and very high potential zones. The index value in SUM methods estimated to be 16.24, 26.24, 24.24, 20.95, 12.13%, while it changes to 22.82, 24.13, 22.14, 16.23, and 14.67 respectively. Overlaying the location of springs as an indicators of groundwater resource on hardrock and karstic domain on generated maps showed that 30.9 and 33.08 percentage of springs fall in area with the high and very high potential zone, respectively. A significant differences on maps generated based on two mentioned technique, particularly in area classified as low potential zone with 24.13 and 16.24 percent in weighted overlay and SUM. ConclusionInvestigation of the groundwater potential zone by integrating the layer provided by Fuzzy logic technique through two SUM and weighted overlay methods indicated the province of Azerbaijan Arabi has a moderate level of classification. However, in some areas, there were significantly higher or lower potentials.
Soil science
Sahar Akhavan; Ahmad Jalalian; N. Toomanian; N. Honarjoo
Abstract
IntroductionLand suitability analysis and land use mapping are one of the most practical applications of Geographic Information Systems in land resource management. Complexities in soil have briefly limited studies on how it functions (Karlen, 2008). There are many methods from different centers including ...
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IntroductionLand suitability analysis and land use mapping are one of the most practical applications of Geographic Information Systems in land resource management. Complexities in soil have briefly limited studies on how it functions (Karlen, 2008). There are many methods from different centers including food and agriculture organizations (FAO), to evaluate land suitability. These methods are based on the characteristics of the land and the needs of the plant. Soil quality indicators are a set of measurable soil characteristics that affect crop production or the environment and are sensitive to land use change, management or conservation operations. (Brejda, 2000; Aparico and Costa, 2007). As a result, there is a global need for environmental issues, improvement of soil quality assessment methods for sustainable agricultural development and recognition of the sustainability of soil management and land use systems. Until now, various methods have been used to collect data, measure and evaluate soil quality, and laboratory analysis is the most common method, which has the advantage of being easy to use and characterizing and the quantitative characteristics of the test on different soil quality indicators (and Wang, 1998 Gong). Criteria for soil quality indicators should be a set of physical, chemical, biological characteristics or a combination of them (Doran and Parkin, 1997).Materials and MethodsIn the present study, the qualitative assessment of land suitability was investigated using fuzzy and parametric hierarchical analysis process models for the irrigated wheat and alfalfa crops. Soil characteristics, climatic conditions, topography and accessibility were selected based on the Food and Agriculture Organization framework and expert opinions. The interpolation function was used to plot values to points in terms of quality/ terrain characteristics for the type of operation and the evaluation was performed based on parametric and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process models. The process of evaluation is based on the FAO qualitative land evaluation system (FAO 1976a, b, 1983, 1985), which compares climatic conditions and land qualities/characteristics including topography, erosion hazard, wetness, soil physical properties, soil fertility, and chemical properties, soil salinity and alkalinity with each specific crop requirements developed by Sys et al. (1991a, b, 1993). Based on morphological and physical/chemical properties of soil profiles some 10 land units were identified in the study area.Climate data related to different stages of wheat growth were taken from ten years of meteorological data of the region (2007-2017) and the climatic requirements of the crop were extracted from the Table developed by (Sys et al., 1993). An interpolation technique using the ArcGIS ver 10.3 helped in managing the spatial data and visualizing the land index results in both models for preparing the final land suitability evaluation maps. The FAHP method and (Chang, 1996) method, which is a very simple method for generalizing the hierarchical analysis process to the fuzzy space, was used in order to assign weight to the criteria through. This method is based on computational mean of the experts’ opinion and the time normalization method and the use of triangular fuzzy numbers. A pairwise comparison matrix has been made fuzzy based on the experts’ opinion and using the triangular fuzzy numb. After calculating the weights of the criteria in the present research through the FAHP method, the entire criteria maps were overlaid through the use of the GIS function and the suitability maps were prepared for the main criteria. The main suitability maps went through weight overlaying eventually and the final map of suitability for wheat and alfalfa cultivation was produced. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the FAHP was an efficient strategy to increase the accuracy of weight allocation to criteria that affect the analysis of ground fit. The inability of conventional decision-making methods to account for uncertainty paves the way for the use of fuzzy decision-making methods. One of the drawbacks of the AHP is its inability to account for the uncertainty of judgments in pairwise comparison matrices. This defect is compensated by the FAHP method. Instead of considering a specific number in a pairwise comparison, a range of values in the FAHP is used for uncertainty for decision makers. The present research method can be useful for prioritizing lands, improving exploitation, conserving resources, and creating sustainable management. The results of this study, considering the main criteria of cultivation in the study area and the opinion of domestic experts, can provide useful insights into choosing the appropriate cultivation pattern in the region. The use of different fuzzy AHP methods as well as comparing the results of different fuzzy AHP methods in future research is recommended.
Irrigation
E. Rezaei; M. Montaseri; H. Rezaei
Abstract
Introduction: Prioritization of optimal water allocation of surface flow storage dams for different applications (drinking, agriculture, industry, environment, etc.) in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran due to the range of changes, high flow uncertainty Reservoir inlets, and the occurrence of intermittent ...
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Introduction: Prioritization of optimal water allocation of surface flow storage dams for different applications (drinking, agriculture, industry, environment, etc.) in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran due to the range of changes, high flow uncertainty Reservoir inlets, and the occurrence of intermittent droughts are of great importance. For this purpose, the Fuzzy Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is proposed and used as a suitable formulation method in prioritizing water allocation in the water resources system. Therefore, in this study, prioritization of water allocation for different purposes of Shahrchai reservoir dam located upstream of Urmia metropolis has been done in a field study using fuzzy hierarchical method.Materials and Methods: A fuzzy hierarchical process based on quantitative and qualitative effective factors has been developed. In the first stage, the problem structure was designed by determining the priority of water allocation of users, criteria, sub-criteria, and other factors. Then the decision-making hierarchy based on the problem structure (purpose, criteria, sub-criteria, factors, and options in the first to fifth levels, respectively) was defined. In the mentioned prioritization structure, the goal was determined at the first level, ie the optimal or appropriate allocation of Shahrchay reservoir dam water for different operators, and at the second level, three economic, social and environmental criteria were considered as the main criteria. At the third level, " cultivation area and gross income" and "employment and population" were considered as sub-criteria of two economic and social criteria, respectively. The main beneficiaries, namely agriculture, urban drinking, recreation and tourism, industry, environmental needs of Lake Urmia and groundwater fourth level (options) have formed the problem structure. At the next step, based on the field data or questionnaires, criteria, sub-criteria, and factors were compared in pairs using the proposed linguistic and fuzzy comparisons, and the priority of water consumption over each criterion or sub-criterion or factor were compared based on fuzzy triangular numbers. The weights were determined and ranked each using the Chang development method. At the third stage of the final ranking, the priority of water allocation was determined based on the final weight of criteria or priorities at the previous stage and the superior option was determined. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the weight change of the criteria and the decision-making process of the problem has been performed.Results and Discussion: A decision model based on a fuzzy approach is presented to rank the different options using Shahrchay dam water. For this purpose, firstly, using the opinions of experts and researchers, the results of a questionnaire, criteria and sub-criteria and important options in allocating water to Shahrchai Dam were determined. Secondly, using Chang's development analysis, different options were evaluated based on the mentioned criteria, sub-criteria, and factors. From a scientific point of view, because the questionnaires were presented to experts, the economic criterion is a high priority, so it is possible to attach great importance to the general conclusion about the criteria in economic attitudes and related issues. In addition, the allocation of water to the urban drinking sector with a weight of 0.33 was as the top priority, agriculture, Lake Urmia, industry, groundwater, and recreation were in the next priorities, respectively. Therefore, economic criteria and drinking water supply were recognized as the main objectives of planning and managing water resources in the metropolis of Urmia. The drinking sector is a vital factor for the survival of a community and because the drinking water of Urmia city is supplied through Shahrchai dam, so the allocation of water to this sector should be considered as the top priority. The agricultural sector was also given the second priority with less importance. The supply of water to this sector has a significant direct effect on the economy of the agricultural sector and indirectly on the entire economy of the region, which indicates the importance of the agricultural sector in the economy, living conditions of the region and the allocation of water to this sector. Comparing agricultural and industrial activities in Shahrchai catchment area, the most activity in the region is agriculture and industry is in a lower priority, which is also shown by the hierarchical results. Since Shahrchai River is one of the suppliers of water to Lake Urmia, the allocation of water to this section improves the condition of the lake and, consequently, it improves the environmental, economic, and social conditions of the region. The results also indicate the importance of Lake Urmia in relation to industry and its higher status indicates the attention of officials to the drying crisis of the Lake Urmia.
javad seyedmohammadi; leila esmaeelnejad; Hassan ramezanpour
Abstract
Introduction: With regard to increasing population of country, need to high agricultural production is essential. The most suitable method for this issue is high production per area unit. Preparation much food and other environmental resources with conservation of biotic resources for futures will be ...
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Introduction: With regard to increasing population of country, need to high agricultural production is essential. The most suitable method for this issue is high production per area unit. Preparation much food and other environmental resources with conservation of biotic resources for futures will be possible only with optimum exploitation of soil. Among effective factors for the most production balanced addition of fertilizers increases production of crops higher than the others. With attention to this topic, determination of soil fertility degree is essential tobetter use of fertilizers and right exploitation of soils. Using fuzzy logic and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) could be useful in accurate determination of soil fertility degree.
Materials and Methods: The study area (at the east of Rasht city) is located between 49° 31' to 49° 45' E longitude and 37° 7' to 37° 27' N latitude in north of Guilan Province, northern Iran, in the southern coast of the Caspian sea. 117 soil samples were derived from0-30 cm depth in the study area. Air-dried soil samples were crushed and passed through a 2mm sieve. Available phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon were determined by sodium bicarbonate, normal ammonium acetate and corrected walkly-black method, respectively. In the first stage, the interpolation of data was done by kriging method in GIS context. Then S-shape membership function was defined for each parameter and prepared fuzzy map. After determination of membership function weight parameters maps were determined using AHP technique and finally soil fertility map was prepared with overlaying of weighted fuzzy maps. Relative variance and correlation coefficient criteria used tocontrol groups separation accuracy in fuzzy fertility map.
Results and Discussion: With regard to minimum amounts of parameters looks some lands of study area had fertility difficulty. Therefore, soil fertility map of study area distinct these lands and present soil fertility groups for better management of soil and plant nutrition. Weight of soil parameters was0.54, 0.29 and 0.17 for organic carbon, available phosphor and potassium, respectively. Fuzzy map of study area includes five soil fertility groups as: 22.9% very high fertility, 27.7% high fertility, 35.53% medium fertility, 10.48% low fertility and 3.39% very low fertility. Consequently, a separated map for soil fertility prepared to evaluate soil fertility of study area for rice cultivation. Toinvestigatethe efficiency of fuzzy model and AHP in increasing the accuracy of soil fertility map, soil fertility map with Boolean method prepared as well. Boolean map showed 58.88% fertile and 41.12% unfertile.15 soil samples from different soil fertility groups of study area were derived fromcontrol of maps accuracy. 13 renewed samples of 15 and 9 soil samples have matched with fuzzy and Boolean map, respectively. Comparison of parameters mean in fuzzy map fertility groups showed that parameters mean amounts of very high and high fertility groups are higher than optimum level except potassium that is a few lower than optimum level in high fertility group, therefore, addition of fertilizers in these groups could not be useful to increase rice crop production. Phosphorus parameter amount is lower than the critical level in very low, low and medium fertility groups, then in these groups phosphorus fertilizer should be added to the soil toincreaserice production. The amount of potassium parameter is higher than the critical level and lower than optimum limit in very low, low, medium and high fertility groups, then in these groups addition of potassium fertilizer will results in theincrease of production. Organic carbon amount is lower than optimum level in very low and low fertility groups. With regard to the relation between organic carbon andnitrogen and phosphorus, therefore, the addition of organic carbon fertilizer could compensate deficit of nitrogen and phosphorus in these groups as well. Attention to the presented explanations and comparison of fuzzy and Boolean maps using parameters amounts in renewed sampling points for control of maps accuracy, it is distinct that fuzzy logic could influencetheoptimum using of fertilizers with increasing map efficiency and accuracy. In addition, relative variance and correlation coefficient amounts showed that fuzzy map has separatedquite wellparameters changes.
Conclusion: Effective parameters in soil fertility, includingorganic carbon, phosphorus and potassium were used topreparesoil fertility map for rice cultivation. With regard to the minimum amounts of parameters looks some lands of study area had fertility difficulty. Therefore, soil fertility map of study area distinct these lands and presents soil fertility groups tobetter management of soil and plant nutrition. Fuzzy and Boolean methods were used topreparesoil fertility map. Comparison of these two approaches showed that fuzzy method with AHP caused to increase theefficiency and accuracy of fertility map for rice. Separated and distinguish soil fertility groups in fuzzy map help suitable distribution and optimum use of fertilizers for rice production.
