Irrigation
A.A. Khosravi; A. Parvaresh Rizi; R. Barati
Abstract
Introduction: In many cases, after a flood, some information is needed about the flood characteristics at the upstream of a specific location where there is no hydrometric station on the river or flow discharge, and water surface level was not measured at the time of the flood. In reverse flood routing, ...
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Introduction: In many cases, after a flood, some information is needed about the flood characteristics at the upstream of a specific location where there is no hydrometric station on the river or flow discharge, and water surface level was not measured at the time of the flood. In reverse flood routing, calculations are performed from the downstream section step by step to the upstream section of the river and inlet hydrograph is produced based on river hydraulic characteristics and downstream hydrograph. During floods in rivers, the volume of floods gradually decreases due to infiltration into the bed and sides. This reduction in flood volume, called transmission losses, is significant in arid areas. Therefore, developed models for flood routing in seasonal rivers in arid and semi-arid regions should provide an appropriate estimate of transmission losses. In the routing process, the governing equations are combined with an equation to account for infiltration or seepage losses into the riverbed or canal. Then, by routing the flood along the interval and examining the resulting hydrographs at different points, the amount of transmission losses is determined. In the present study, which deals with the reverse hydraulic routing of floods in arid areas, the infiltration losses along the river estimated by the Green-Ampt relationship was considered in numerical models so as to perform reverse flood routing with appropriate accuracy and under hydraulic conditions of ephemeral rivers. To the best of our knowledge, so far no study has analyzed transmission losses in reverse hydraulic flood routing.Materials and Methods: The equations governing gradual variable flows are known as the Saint-Venant equations, which include the continuity and the momentum equations. In hydraulic flow routing models, the complete form of the continuity equation is used, but the momentum equation is applied in various forms obtained by removing some components. The simplest hydraulic routing model is the kinematic wave model in which the components related to inertial forces and pressure force in the momentum equation are omitted. In the diffusion wave model, the components related to inertial forces are omitted, but the pressure force is taken into account and finally, in the dynamic wave model, the momentum equation is considered completely without simplification. In the present study, separate programs were prepared in MATLAB 2013 software for reverse hydraulic flood routing by Kinematic and dynamic wave methods. In these numerical models, by coupling the Green-Ampt infiltration equation with the continuity equation, the depth and flow rate in different places and times are calculated in the upstream direction of the flow.Results and Discussion: In order to validate the results of the developed numerical models and to evaluate its applicability, a set of measured data known as Lane hydrograph and Bambeichi hydrograph was used. The results showed that both reverse hydraulic flood routing models produced the upstream hydrograph with appropriate accuracy. The results of the Bambeichi hydrograph data were more accurate than the Lane hydrograph due to its shorter length of the interval between upstream and downstream sections. For example, the peak discharge of inlet hydrograph calculated by the dynamic wave method for the Lane hydrograph data had an error of 7% compared to the observed value, while the error obtained for Bambeichi hydrograph data was 2%. Therefore, the accuracy of inverse routing models in estimating the volume of upstream hydrograph and consequently the amount of transmission losses was desirable especially for the Bambeichi hydrograph data. The highest error in estimating losses was 25% for the reverse kinematic model and the data related to the Lane hydrograph.Between the two reverse hydraulic flood routing methods, the performance of the dynamic wave method was more accurate for the most numerical experiments, as the governing equations are completely solved in this method. This difference is more pronounced in the Lane hydrograph, which represents the actual conditions of an ephemeral river.Conclusion: The accuracy of the developed numerical models was 90% in estimating the peak flow rate of the upstream hydrograph, and between 85% and 97% in estimating the time related to this discharge. The volume of the upstream hydrograph, which indicates the model performance in estimating the infiltration in the flow path, was also modeled with 75 to 98% accuracy. These results show that the numerical models simulate reverse flood routing with acceptable accuracy in ephemeral rivers, where transmission or seepage losses are significant. Due to different approaches in calculating infiltration losses, these methods can make differences for the hydrograph output of numerical models.
jalil kakeh; manoochehr gorji
Abstract
Biological soil crusts (BSCs( result from an intimate association between soil particles and cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens and mosses in different proportions, which live on the surface, or immediately in the uppermost millimeters of soil. Biological soil crusts, are important from the ecological ...
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Biological soil crusts (BSCs( result from an intimate association between soil particles and cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens and mosses in different proportions, which live on the surface, or immediately in the uppermost millimeters of soil. Biological soil crusts, are important from the ecological view point and their effects on the environment, especially in rangeland, and desert ecosystems. These effects have encouraged researchers to have a special attention to this components of the ecosystems. The present study carried out in Qara Qir rangeland of Golestan province, Iran, to investigate the effects of BSCs on Soil saline-sodic properties. In the study area, four sites were selected which included sections with and without BSCs. Soil sampling was carried out in each section for depths of 0-5 and 5-15 cm, with four replication. The gathered data from soil samples were analyzed by nested plot. Results showed that BSCs than non-BSCs, significantly decrease the amount of soil acidity, calcium carbonate and soil saline-sodic properties such as electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium and magnesium concentration, sodium adsorption ratio, and exchangeable sodium percentage at both depths. In general, it can be concluded that BSCs enhance soil infiltration rate and available water content, that together their bioaccumulation properties, leads to decreasing soil saline-sodic properties. Potassium concentration did not differ among areas covered by BSCs and without BSCs. But infiltration rate and available water content were increased significantly in two mentioned depths on sites covered with BSCs than without BSCs. In general, it can be concluded that BSCs enhance soil infiltration rate and available water content, that together their bioaccumulation properties, leads to decreasing soil saline-sodic properties.
M. Mahmoodabadi; O.L. Rashidi; M. Fekri
Abstract
This study focused on the effect of organic manures as well as potassium fertilizer on some soil properties and onion yield at the field condition. The experiments were carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were poultry manure (10 t ha-1), ...
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This study focused on the effect of organic manures as well as potassium fertilizer on some soil properties and onion yield at the field condition. The experiments were carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were poultry manure (10 t ha-1), alfalfa residue (10 t ha-1) and control each together with two levels of potassium fertilizer as K2O (0 and 250 kg ha-1). The results showed that application of poultry manure and alfalfa residue resulted in yield increasing about 57.7 and 40.9 % in comparison to the control, respectively. On average, the onion yield for the potassium treatment was 7.8 % higher than for the untreated one. The application of poultry manure and alfalfa residue increased final infiltration rate 73.2 and 56.1 %, respectively. Inversely, potassium fertilizer caused a significant reduction in the final infiltration rate. Moreover, application of organic manures particularly poultry manure, significant increases in saturated moisture, porosity, EC, organic carbon and available phosphorous and decrease in bulk density and pH was observed, while potassium only increased soil EC, significantly. Application of poultry manure and alfalfa residue increased soil organic carbon 129.8 and 80.2 % and available phosphorous 104.8 and 51.9 %, respectively. Among different soil properties, organic carbon showed the highest influence on yield increase.
