L. Ghorbaniminaei; M. Zakerinia; A. Rezaeiasl; H.R. Mirkarimi
Abstract
Introduction: Due to limited water resources in the country, the use of new methods of irrigation with low water consumption seems necessary. Subsurface irrigation is one of the few methods to increase crop water productivity. Also, in order to cope with the water crisis, unconventional water can be ...
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Introduction: Due to limited water resources in the country, the use of new methods of irrigation with low water consumption seems necessary. Subsurface irrigation is one of the few methods to increase crop water productivity. Also, in order to cope with the water crisis, unconventional water can be used, in other words, poor water quality is being applied. There are several methods for improving the quality of water in the agriculture section, one of which is the use of magnetic fields. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of groundwater table management on reducing water consumption and to investigate the possibility of sub-irrigation (drainage controlled) with magnetized wastewater of Gorgan urban refinery on rice yield.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from May to September of 2018 in Gorgan Agricultural and Natural Resources University. The experiments were carried out in a lysimeter with a diameter of 30cm and a height of 50cm. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included water type factor (ordinary water (C) and sewage (W)) and water correction factor (magnetic (M) and non-magnetic (O)). To control the water level, two water tanks were used, one as a stabilizer water table and another to measure the amount of water used. Part of the ordinary water and wastewater was magnetized using a DC magnetic field generator with magnetic one tesla field intensity. Underground irrigation was then carried out on the soil columns in which the rice plant was cultivated so that the water table depth was fixed at 5 cm from the soil surface. The lysimeters were irrigated with ordinary water for one week, in the second week of treatments were applied. At the end of the growing season, traits such as rice husk yield, biological yield, harvest index, water use efficiency, physical water productivity and economic water productivity were determined. The measured data were analyzed using SPSS. Also, comparisons of means were performed by using the t-test and Duncan tests at 5% level of probability.
Results and Discussion: The results of the comparison mean water type factor showed that there was no significant difference between the wastewater and the normal water in the parameters of the measurements. Correction Water showed that non-magnetic water was significant in rough rice yield, water use efficiency, water physical productivity, and water economic efficiency compared to magnetite, but on biological yield and harvest index had not a meaningful effect. Also, the comparison of the mean of water type and correction water method on all measured parameters indicated that the nonmagnetic wastewater was superior to the rest of the treatments at the 5% level.
Conclusion: This study was conducted to investigate and further study two methods of controlled drainage management and underground irrigation for rice cultivation with the Gorgan municipal wastewater treatment plant. Based on the results of the comparison of mean interaction effects of treatment compounds, non-magnetic effluent was identified as the best treatment composition in this experiment. According to the results of this research, we can say: Rice cultivation in terms of irrigation does not require the formation of a standing water layer on the surface of the soil. Also, by using wastewater of Gorgan urban refinery for irrigation water, in addition to reducing the harvesting of high-quality water resources, the cost of fertilizer use (chemical and organic) in the production of crops can be reduced. Overall, the results of this study showed that the magnetic factor had no effect on the improvement of rough rice yield, water use efficiency, physical productivity water and economic efficiency of water under underground irrigation conditions. However, it should be noted that the results of this research are only It is obtained by a magnetic device model. Therefore, it is possible that the use of different models of magnetic devices results in different results. It is also probable that the passage of irrigation water with different compositions (percentage of cations and various anions) from the magnetometer can lead to different results on other crops or cultivars of a crop.
Sayyedeh Maryam Mirabolghasemi; Mahdi Ghobadi Nia; ahmad reza ghasemi; mohammad reza Nori Emamzadeie
Abstract
Introduction: Rice is one of the cereals that are widely used food in the world as staple.Rice is the largest consumer of water among agricultural products.At the field level, rice receives up to 2–3 times more water per hectare than other irrigated crop for producing of one kilogram of rice.Accordingto ...
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Introduction: Rice is one of the cereals that are widely used food in the world as staple.Rice is the largest consumer of water among agricultural products.At the field level, rice receives up to 2–3 times more water per hectare than other irrigated crop for producing of one kilogram of rice.Accordingto water resources limitation in Iran, According to water resources limitation in Iran, careful planning is essential to optimal use of water resources in agriculture as the largest consumer. One of the methods to reduce water consumption in rice cultivationis changing the traditional irrigation methods (flooding) to periodic irrigation. Change of management from traditional water-logging irrigation to unsaturated improves the irrigation water use efficiency. Due to water scarcity problems, the aim of this study was to evaluate controlled drainage and the impact of irrigation management on growth characteristics and yield components of rice in the arid and semi-arid.
Materials and Methods:To Considering the effect of water table level on water productivity in rice cultivation, the study was done in Shahrekord university. The experiments conducted in pots with 40 cm diameter and 45 cm hight. The experiment was arranged following a completely randomized design with four treatments (water table level) and five repetitions. The water table managements including: control water table 2 cm on the top of the soil (FI),the control water table 20 cm below the soil surface (CD20), control water table 36 cm below the soil surface (CD36) and Intermittent irrigation(AI). Tocontroll the water level, two tanks were used, one as stabilizer water table and another to measure the amount of water used. The Treatmentsares are completely water logging for a week, in second week treatments were applied. Sampled four times during the growing season was performed to determine the dry matter content of leaf, stem and leaf relative swelling and at the end of the growing season, the volume of water consumed, harvest index, the amount of grain produced and thousand grain weight was measured and recorded. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS software and LSD test was performed for comparison of means.
Results and Discussion:The results showed reduced yield treatments for CD20, CD36 and AI for each unit reduction in water consumption respectively as much 0.36, 0.46 and 0.38 units. Also results showed irrigation management caused significantly decrease in swelling relative only in the first and Second measuring stages respectively at the 5 percent level and in the fourth measuring stages at 1 percent level. Dry matter productive also was reduced under irrigation management in the Second and fourth measuring stages respectively in 1st and 3rd measuring stages at the 5 percent level. The impacts of irrigation management are no statistically significant on the rice harvest index and thousand grain weights but water consumption was reduced in CD20, CD36 and AI. Resulted to increment 5 percent water use efficiency based on performance and a significant increase 1 percent in the efficiency of water use was based on biomass. The highest and lowest harvses index belongs to FI (39.1) and CD36 (35.4) respectly. The highest and lowest thousand grain weights belong to FI (1247 kg/ha) and CD36 (1101 kg/ha) respectly.
Conclusions:High water Stress causes roots gone to sleep and their growth will slow after re-watering. Water scarcity is not only the hinder root growth but causes the root fuzzy and reduce its ability to absorb substances. The results showed that water reduction, a significant decrease in grain yield not occurred, Lack significant differences in grain yield mean that the water supply was adequate at all levels and in none of irrigation regimes, the plant was not affected by water stress and plant roots grown have enough at critical stages that needs greater water and has access to available water at greater depths. Results showed that T2 (control water table level at 20 cm below surface of soil) for each unit reduction in water consumption, 0.36 units reduces seed productionand 16% reduction in the amount of dry matter, That these lowest values are in the between treatments. With this irrigation management and reduce water consumption by 23% compared to control treatment area under cultivation can increased by as much as 30% and the grain production increase from 3424 to 4210 Kg per hectare.
A. Sadeghilari; Hadi Moazed; AbdAli Naseri; A. Mahjobi; A.M. Liaghat
Abstract
In arid and semiarid regions, controlled drainage is the next logical step towards improving water management in irrigated agriculture and reducing the environmental impacts of subsurface drainage flow. Controlled drainage has been practiced in humid areas for a long time. In this research a controlled ...
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In arid and semiarid regions, controlled drainage is the next logical step towards improving water management in irrigated agriculture and reducing the environmental impacts of subsurface drainage flow. Controlled drainage has been practiced in humid areas for a long time. In this research a controlled drainage system in Khuzestan Province, Southwest Iran was tested as a strategy for continuous water table management with the benefits of optimizing water use and reducing unnecessary drainage and nitrogen losses from agricultural fields. To study the feasibility and performance of water table management, Field experiments were carried out on a 63.41 ha with 3 treatments on the farms under subsurface drainage of Imam Khomeini's sugarcane agro-industry. 3 treatments compared consisted of a free drainage treatment (FD) and tow controlled drainage treatment with water table controls set at 90 centimeter (CD90) and 70 centimeter (CD70) below the soil surface. Collected data during a sugarcane growing season included water table depth, drained volume, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen concentration in the drainage water and groundwater. Controlled drainage had a significant hydrological and environmental effect during studding period. Compared with CD, the total drain outflow from CD70 and CD90 area were 62.48 and 48.98% less, respectively. Compared with CD, the total amounts of nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen in drain outflow were about 45 to 60 % and 50 to 65 % less, respectively. Nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen concentration in the both of drainage water and groundwater did not differ significantly in all of the treatment. These data suggest that controlled drainage can be applied at big scale in the Khuzestan Province with the most installed subsurface drainage in Iran, with advantages for water conservation and environment.
A. Mahjoubi; A. Hooshmand; AbdAli Naseri; S. Jafari
Abstract
Sugarcane is one of the high consumption plants that has very high drainage coefficient. Irrigation frequency of Sugarcane in the maximum of consumption month is near 5 days and drainage systems often are removing drain water more than enough from the soil. This study was carried out to investigate the ...
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Sugarcane is one of the high consumption plants that has very high drainage coefficient. Irrigation frequency of Sugarcane in the maximum of consumption month is near 5 days and drainage systems often are removing drain water more than enough from the soil. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of controlled drainage on reduction of drainage coefficient and drainage volumes in three fields of Imam Khomeini sugarcane agro- industry. Two treatments were controlled drainage with water table controlling in 70 and 90 cm depth from soil surface (CD70, CD90) and the third one was free drainage (FD) treatment. According to the results, the CD treatments significantly reduced drainage coefficient during the study, compared to free drainage treatment. Average drainage coefficient in during the study in CD70, CD90 and FD treatments was 3, 4.12 and 8.98 mm/day respectively. Controlled drainage treatments (CD70, CD90) reduced drainage coefficient by 67% and 54% respectively, compared to free drainage treatment. CD70 treatment reduced drainage coefficient by 27%, compared CD90 treatment, too. The use of controlled drainage did not limited for plant growth and did not reduce sugarcane yield. Using of this method, in addition to the economic benefits will cause decreasing river pollution load and has a positive environmental impact.
