Soil science
M. Gheitasi; Sh. Kiani; A. Hosseinpur
Abstract
Introduction: Large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers are being applied to optimize yield in vegetable production. Nitrogen use efficiency in vegetable fields is low due to high application of N fertilizers in frequent cultivation, short growth cycles and their shallow rooting system. Nitrification ...
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Introduction: Large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers are being applied to optimize yield in vegetable production. Nitrogen use efficiency in vegetable fields is low due to high application of N fertilizers in frequent cultivation, short growth cycles and their shallow rooting system. Nitrification inhibitors (NI) are compounds that retard the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrite by depressing the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria in soil. In different studies, the positive effects of these compounds on the reduction of N losses from soil and increase of N use efficiency and crop yield have been demonstrated. The 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) is a very popular nitrification inhibitor around the world. The efficacy of this molecule depends on climatic conditions and soil properties including of texture, pH, organic matter, moisture, temperature and mineral nitrogen. In this experiment, the effects of NI 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate on the N use efficiency of two spinach varieties were investigated in different soils.
Materials and Methods: A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement with three replications at Shahrekord University. Experimental factors were different N fertilizer sources, soil types and spinach varieties. Three N fertilizer sources consisted of urea, ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) and ASN plus DMPP (0.8 %). A no added N fertilizer treatment was considered as the control. The soil factor contained three different soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. The textures of the soils No. 1, 2 and 3 were loamy sand, loam and silty clay, respectively. Three selected soils were non-saline (EC1:2=0.14-0.31 dS m-1) and alkaline (pH1:2=7.9-8.0). Organic carbon and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) ranged from 0.26 to 0.35%, and 28.5 to 36.2%, respectively. Two spinach varieties were smooth-leaf (Giant Santos) and wrinkled-leaf (Viking). The used soils were mixed homogenously with 100 mg P kg−1 soil as triple super phosphate, 5 mg Fe kg−1 soil as Fe-EDDHA, 15 mg Zn kg−1 soil as ZnSO4.7H2O, 5 mg Mn kg−1 soil as MnSO4.H2O and 2.5 mg Cu kg−1 soil as CuSO4.5H2O. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 150 mg kg-1 soil in two split doses before sowing and after one month. Twelve seeds were sown in 7 kg soil in plastic pots, and then placed in a greenhouse. The pots were thinned to 7 seedlings per pot after plant establishment. One week before harvesting, 10 measurements were done using a chlorophyll content meter to determine chlorophyll content index of leaves. At the end of the experiment, shoot dry weight was determined and plants were mixed and dried to measure N concentration. Finally, shoot N uptake and N use efficiency were calculated in different treatments.
Results and Discussion: In the present study, spinach plants fertilized with ASN+DMPP had a better appearance (dark green color) than those grown without DMPP. The results indicated that application of ASN with DMPP led to significant increase of leaf chlorophyll content index in comparison of ASN and urea fertilizers in all studied soils. Application of DMPP slowed down the process of ammonium oxidation to nitrite. Thus, this increase may be due to the role of ammonium in N nutrition of spinach plants treated with DMPP. This may be explained by the fact that ammonium has a positive effect on the synthesis of polyamines, cytokinins and gibberellins. The presence of these two phytohormones retarded senescence and chlorophyll degradation in plants. However, adding ASN to DMPP resulted in a significant decrease of shoot dry weight as compared with the ASN and urea fertilizers in soils No. 1 (loamy sand) and 2 (loam). In soil No. 3, shoot dry weight was not affected in plants fertilized with ASN+DMPP. Also, agronomic and physiological efficiencies of N significantly decreased by applying ASN+DMPP in comparison with ASN. It seems that application of DMPP strongly delayed the ammonium nitrification to nitrate, and consequently the soil nitrate availability appears not to be synchronized with spinach N needs. Due to short growth cycle of spinach, low availability of nitrate resulted in decreased shoot dry weight of spinach. The highest N use efficiency was observed is soil No. 2 (loam) and Giant Santos had more N use efficiency than Viking.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that using ASN+DMPP led to yield loss, and we cannot recommend its application as a nitrogen fertilizer for spinach. However, application of ASN+DMPP is an effective strategy for improving qualitative appearance (dark green color) of spinach. Also, all studied indices were not affected in plants fertilized with ASN and urea. Therefore, application of both fertilizers is recommended for spinach production under similar conditions of the present study.
Mahbubeh Gheitasi; Ali Reza Hosseinpur
Abstract
Introduction: Leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinaciaoleracea L.) contain high levels of nitrate. Using nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) is one of the strategies for reducing nitrate accumulation. Nitrification inhibitors are compounds that delay the biological ...
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Introduction: Leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinaciaoleracea L.) contain high levels of nitrate. Using nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) is one of the strategies for reducing nitrate accumulation. Nitrification inhibitors are compounds that delay the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrite by depressing the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria in soil. Soil properties such as texture, pH, organic matter, moisture, temperature and mineral nitrogen have important effects on the efficiency of NIs to delay nitrification. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of NI 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on soil mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) content, yield and nitrate concentration of spinach.
Materials and Methods: A completely randomized factorial design was carried out employing three factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer type, soil type and spinach variety with three replications at Shahrekord University. Nitrogen fertilizers included urea, ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) and ASN plus DMPP (0.8 %). A no N fertilizer application was considered as control treatment. The soil factor contained 3 different soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. Two spinach varieties were smooth-leaf (Giant Santos) and wrinkled-leaf (Viking). The dose of applied nitrogen in all experimental treatments was 150 mg kg-1 soil that was applied in two split doses before sowing and after one month. The textures of three selected soils were loamy sand, loam and silty clay for the soils number 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Three selected soils were non-saline (EC1:2=0.14-0.31 dS m-1) and alkaline (pH1:2=7.9-8.0). Organic carbon and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) ranged from 0.26% to 0.35% and 28.5% to 36.2%, respectively. At 30 and 60 days after sowing, soil subsamples were taken to determine ammonium and nitrate content. The ammonium and nitrate concentrations (extracted with 0.5 M K2SO4) were determined calorimetrically using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 667 and 410 nm, respectively. At the end of the experiment, shoot fresh weight was determined and plants was mixed and dried to measure nitrate accumulation.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the application of ASN with DMPP led to significant increase of ammonium compared with ASN and urea fertilizers in three soils. At 30 days after sowing, the amount of this increase for ASN plus DMPP in comparison of ASN and urea were 182% and 78% for the soil number 1 (loamy sand), 105% and 65% for the soil number 2 (loam) and 89% and 74% for the soil number 3 (silty clay), respectively. By contrast, the application of ASN with DMPP led to significant decrease of soil nitrate in comparison of ASN and urea fertilizers in three soils. At 60 days after sowing, the amount of this decrease for ASN plus DMPP in comparison of ASN was 52%, 40% and 27% for the soils number of 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It means that the application of DMPP has slowed down the process of ammonium oxidation to nitrite. In fact, the addition of DMPP retained soil nitrogen as ammonium form for longer time. The application of NI DMPP also had positive effect on decrease of nitrate concentration in the soil. Unlike nitrate, ammonium is less susceptible to leaching and thus the application of DMPP can reduces nitrogen loss from the soil. However, the application of ASN with nitrification inhibitor DMPP in soils No. 2 (loamy sand) and No. 3 (loamy) significantly reduced shoot fresh weight of both spinach varieties compared with the similar treatment but without NI. This decrease was due to the toxic effects of high level of soil ammonium on the plant growth. While, in the soil No. 3 (silty clay) in Viking variety, the use of ASN plus DMPP resulted in significant increase of spinach shoot fresh weight to 29% in comparison with the same treatment but without NI. The highest and lowest values of shoot fresh weight (229 and 16.2 g pot-1, respectively) were obtained by Giant Santos variety in soil No. 3 (silty clay) with ASN plus DMPP and soil No. 1 (sandy loam) with no added N fertilizer. The application of ASN with nitrification inhibitor DMPP induced significant decrease of shoot nitrate concentration in spinach in comparison of ASN and urea. The amounts of this decrease for ASN plus DMPP in comparison with ASN and urea were 25.7% and 31.5% for the soil number 1 (loamy sand), 29.1% and 37.1% for the soil number 2 (loam) and 33.9% and 34.0% for the soil number 3 (silty clay), respectively. This decrease was due to ammonium nutrition of spinach plants.
Conclusion: In all studied soils, application of ASN with nitrification inhibitor DMPP is recommended for diminishing nitrate content in both spinach varieties (Giant Santos and Viking).
