Irrigation
B. Sadeghi; B. Farhadi Bansouleh; A. Bafkar; M. Ghobadi
Abstract
IntroductionThe rapid growth of the world's population, followed by an increase in the need for water, has put great pressure on water resources, so it is necessary to plan for the optimal use and increase of efficiency of this vital resource. Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops that ...
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IntroductionThe rapid growth of the world's population, followed by an increase in the need for water, has put great pressure on water resources, so it is necessary to plan for the optimal use and increase of efficiency of this vital resource. Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops that is mainly cultivated in Kermanshah province. Therefore, determining the appropriate sowing time of this crop for maximum production and water use efficiency is of particular importance. Because field experiments are costly and time-consuming, researchers use crop growth simulation models to determine the optimal planting time for each crop in a specific environment and climate. The use of simulation models minimizes the limitations of field experiments and allows the analysis of plant responses to environmental stresses and management scenarios. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal planting date of the Farrokh sunflower cultivar in four regions of Kermanshah province (Kermanshah, Islam Abad, Sarpol Zahab, and Kangavar) in order to maximize yield and water use efficiency using the AquaCrop model.Materials and MethodsA field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in order to calibrate and validate the crop parameters in the AquaCrop model. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with eight irrigation treatments in three replications. The irrigation treatments were the application of 60, 80, 100, and 120% of irrigation requirement (T1, T2, T3, and T4), 20 and 40% deficit irrigation in vegetative phase (T5 and T6), and 20 and 40% deficit irrigation in reproductive phase (T7 and T8). The crop water requirement was calculated based on the daily weather data collected from an automated meteorological station at the Research Farm using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. During the growing season, canopy cover, biomass, and soil moisture were measured weekly. The crop parameters were calibrated based on the measured data in treatments T1, T3, T6, and T7 and validated with four treatments T2, T4, T6, and T8. In the calibration and validation stages, the statistical indices including compatibility index (d) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the model outputs. The calibrated model was used to simulate crop growth based on daily weather data for 30 years (1988-2017) in four synoptic stations in Kermanshah province (Kermanshah, Islam Abad, Sarpol Zahab, and Kangavar) and for several different planting dates. The crop water productivity was calculated based on simulated grain yield and seasonal crop evapotranspiration. Finally, the model outputs under different planting dates were analyzed to determine the most appropriate planting time from the perspective of maximum production and maximum water use efficiency.Results and Discussion Statistical indicators show that the model has simulated the parameters of biomass, crop canopy, and soil moisture in the calibration stage with good accuracy. T1 and T6 treatments in biomass simulation, T7, T6, and T3 treatments in crop canopy simulation, and T3 and T7 treatments in soil moisture simulation had the highest accuracy. The accuracy of the model outputs in the validation stage for biomass and canopy cover was as accurate as in the calibration stage, while the accuracy of the simulated soil moisture in the validation stage was not high except in T4 treatment. Based on the model results, grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration and water productivity were determined. According to the results, it can be said that in the study period (1988 -2017), grain yield has generally increased with a slight slope. The results showed that the planting date, which maximizes grain yield and water productivity, varies in the studied regions. According to the model results, planting in the second decade of May and the second decade of June will lead to the highest grain yield and water productivity in Kermanshah, respectively. Planting in the third decade of May showed the highest grain yield and crop water productivity in Islam Abad. In Sarpol Zahab, which has the highest temperature among the studied stations, planting in the last decade of March and the first decade of April has the highest grain yield and water productivity, respectively. In Kangavar, which is located in the east of Kermanshah province and has the coldest climate, by cultivating sunflower in the last decade of May and the first decade of June, respectively, the highest grain yield and water productivity can be achieved.ConclusionDue to the fact that some crop parameters of crop growth simulation models are variety specific, in this study, the crop parameters of the AquaCrop model for Farrokh sunflower cultivar were calibrated and validated. The accuracy of the calibrated model for estimating biomass and canopy cover was higher than soil moisture. The simulation results showed that the values of the studied parameters (grain yield and seasonal evapotranspiration) have changes according to the planting time in each region. The highest crop yield can be obtained in Sarpol Zahab, Islam Abad, Kermanshah, and Kangavar regions (west to east of the province) by cultivation in the last decade of March, last decade of April, the second decade of May, and last decade of May, respectively. In all study areas except Islamabad, planting date that resulted in maximum water productivity was different from the planting date that had maximum grain yield station and delayed planting had the highest water productivity.
,fatmeh hashami; Ali Shahnazari; mahmood raeini; ali ghadami firouzabadi; Ebrahim Amiri
Abstract
The research as reported in related to simulation by WOFOST, predominately focused on traditional methods of deficit irrigation such as terms of percentage in full irrigation conditions or as evaluation of growth and development in certain days after irrigation. Also it should be noted that not only ...
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The research as reported in related to simulation by WOFOST, predominately focused on traditional methods of deficit irrigation such as terms of percentage in full irrigation conditions or as evaluation of growth and development in certain days after irrigation. Also it should be noted that not only these researches was based on a year plants, but also there isn’t any research of sunflower. So, in this research the ability of the last version of WOFOST in simulating of sunflower in DI and PRD in %75 and %55 levels is carried out in contrast to FI in two continued year so that crop coefficient of sunflower could be calculated and by this, the productivity of yield in Sari agricultural and natural resources research field could be achieved. The results of calibrations showed that crop coefficient which depends on weather, coordinates of region and physiologic and phonologic of plant is fixed among the simulation and irrigation coefficient are depend on irrigation treatment and their response in development of growth stages. Also the results showed that by decreasing the volume of water which given to plant, AMAXTB and KDIFTB decreased and adversely EFFTB is increase. Simulated seed yield and total biomass had normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) index less than 10%, coefficient of residual mass (CRM) index near zero, modeling efficiency (EF) about 0.98, correlation coefficient (R) about 0.96 and totally comparing the simulation and observation parameters showed that in the most statistical test done in the present study, the result in acceptable range which represented that WOFOST could be able to simulate the responses od sunflower in DI and PRD treatments by calibrated coefficient.
Mojtaba Cheraghizade; Ali Shahnazari; Mirkhaleg Ziatabar Ahmadi
Abstract
Introduction: According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the country's population between 1957 and 2017, has increased approximately from 19 people to 80 million. With population growth, the water demand is increased and water resources are threatened cumulatively. Agriculture is recognized as the ...
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Introduction: According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the country's population between 1957 and 2017, has increased approximately from 19 people to 80 million. With population growth, the water demand is increased and water resources are threatened cumulatively. Agriculture is recognized as the main water consumer in the country. Due to the arid and semi-arid climate of the country, it is essential to use water reduction strategies such as deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) deficit irrigation in agriculture. In case of water shortages, DI is an optimal solution for production, which is usually accompanied by a reduction in product per unit area. The base of PRD is keeping dry the half of root while irrigating the other half. The plant root in the wet area absorbs enough water. The other part of the root in dry soil, with a reaction to dryness and sending symptoms to the stomata, affects their opening size and reduces water losses. Sunflower is one of the four major oil producing plants in the world. The high volume of this product's import causes the country's strong dependence on oil import and the currency's outflow from the country. Although all living and non-living stresses are considered to be major factors in reducing production, water deficit stress is one of the main factors limiting the production of sunflower; Therefore, studying the reaction of this plant to different drought stress conditions and providing a solution to reduce the negative effects of dryness would be essential.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on sunflower plant (Hysun 25) in a research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) in 27 plots (5 × 5 square meters). Each plot consisted of 6 rows of planting at a distance of 75 cm from each other and 5 meters long. Sunflower seeds were planted at a depth of 4 cm from the soil and at a distance of 20 cm from each other. The experiment was conducted by using split-plot design, with three main factor (irrigation interval) and three sub-factor (irrigation water amount) in randomized complete block design in three replication. The irrigation intervals were irrigation after 20, 35 and 50 mm evaporation from class-A evaporation pan (F-20, F-35 and F-50 respectively). The sub-factor was irrigation water in levels of 100%, 75% and 55% of water demand (FI, PRD-75 and PRD-55 respectively). Controlling the volume of water delivered to each treatment was carried out using a volumetric flow meter. The application of irrigation treatments was carried out six weeks after planting. The irrigation for FI was conducted regularly at both sides of the root and for PRD it alternatively changed at the right and left sides of the root. The studied traits were irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE, kg/m3), height (H, cm), the flower diameter (D, cm), the seeds number per flower (SN), the 1000 seeds weight (W, gr) and the chlorophyll index (SPAD). Statistical analysis of data conducted by SAS software using Duncan test (1% level). Diagrams extracted by Microsoft Excel software.
Results and Discussion: Evaluation of irrigation interval factor based on the experiment two years data, indicated that the best results for plant growth parameters was for F-20. Also, the best results for sunflower plant growth parameters was for FI. According to the significant difference between FI and PRD-55 at most of the growth parameters, it’s suggested to conduct PRD-75 for PRD. For the irrigation interval factor, there was significant difference for most of the plant growth parameters between F-20 and F-50. Therefore, considering this case as well as the problem of increasing the operating cost by reducing the irrigation interval, F-35 is recommended for irrigation interval. It’s concluded that there was significant difference between all of the irrigation interval treatments by analyzing the IWUE trait. The highest amounts was for F-50 and the lowest was for F-20. Despite the increase in the value of IWUE in PRD-75 in comparison with other treatments for each two years of the experiment, this difference was not significant. According to the non-significant difference between F-35 and F-50 for IWUE at the second year of the experiment and this trait relative increase at PRD-75 in comparison with two other treatments, it’s suggested to conduct PRD-75 with F-35 to have higher IWUE.
Conclusion: Simultaneous analysis of sunflower’s IWUE and its growth parameters showed that it could be possible to save in irrigation water use and increase the IWUE with the lowest decrease in the sunflower plant growth parameters by applying PRD-75 and F-35.
Mohamad Rahmanian; AliReza Hosseinpour; Ebrahim Adhami; Hamidreza Motaghian
Abstract
Introduction: Rhizosphere is commonly defined as the zone where root activity significantly influences the biological and chemical properties of the soil. Biological, physical and chemical characteristics of rhizosphere, especially metal availability and metal chemical forms are different than the bulk ...
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Introduction: Rhizosphere is commonly defined as the zone where root activity significantly influences the biological and chemical properties of the soil. Biological, physical and chemical characteristics of rhizosphere, especially metal availability and metal chemical forms are different than the bulk soil. Plant roots continuously release compounds such as sugars, amino acids, and carboxylic acids. Plant roots have the ability to transform metal fractions for easier uptake through root exudation in the rhizosphere. This study was conducted to investigate change in availability and fractions of Copper in the rhizosphere of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a sandy contaminated soil treated with chelators (EDTA, citric acid and poultry manure extract (PME)) in greenhouse condition.
Materials and Methods: In this study, EDTA and citric acid were used at concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg-1 soil and PME was used at concentrations of0, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1 soil. Three seeds of sunflower were planted in the rhizobox. After 10 weeks, plants were harvested and rhizosphere and bulk soils were separated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), available Cu (by using 7 chemical procedures including DTPA-TEA,AB-DTPA, Mehlich1, Mehlich3, CaCl2 0.01 M, rhizosphere-based method and distilled water) and Cu-fractions were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soils.
Results and Discussion: Rhizosphere soils properties were different with bulk soils. The results showed that the mean of DOC and MBC in the rhizosphere soils were higher than the bulk soils, but this difference was significant in some treatments. The mean value of pH in the rhizosphere soils was significantly (p
A Rezaei Estakhroeih; S. Khoshghadam; M. Ebrahimi Serizi; A. Badiehneshin
Abstract
Water shortage is the most important factors on crop production in the world. Several methods of deficit irrigation are solutions for reduction of irrigation water. To understand the effects of conventional deficit irrigation and partial root zone drying treatments on yield, yield components and water ...
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Water shortage is the most important factors on crop production in the world. Several methods of deficit irrigation are solutions for reduction of irrigation water. To understand the effects of conventional deficit irrigation and partial root zone drying treatments on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of sunflower (Farrokh cultivar), one study was carried out. The research was conducted on Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in the spring of 2011. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with one control (full irrigation) and 18 deficit irrigation treatments in three replications was considered. Deficit irrigation treatments were: conventional deficit irrigation (irrigation with %80, %60 and %40 ETP) and partial root zone drying (irrigation with %80, %60 and %40 ETP). Every deficit irrigation treatment was conducted in three growth stage of sunflower (all periods of growth, vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage).The results showed that the conventional deficit irrigation treatments (irrigation with 80% ETP) in vegetative growth had the highest plant height, leaf area, leaf area index and head diameter. Also, the maximum biological yield equal to49054, maximum grain yield is equal to 9934/3 and maximum oil yield is equal to 2441/2 kg per hectare in the conventional deficit irrigation treatments (irrigation with 80% ETP) in vegetative growth occurred.The highest water use efficiency for grain yield is equal to 1/46,forbiological yield equal to7/21 and for dry forage yield is equal 5/7 kilograms per cubic meter of water. According to results,conventional deficit irrigation (irrigation with %80, %60 and %40 ETP) is recommended on based.
Arezoo Taghipour; S. Rezapour; B. Dovlati; Roghaie Hamzenejad
Abstract
Introduction: Intensified agriculture over a long-term is an important factor in soil change phenomena that can cause some unwanted effects on soil properties. To examine this hypothesis, chemical properties of the soils under sunflower cultivation over five decades and adjoining virgin lands were investigated ...
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Introduction: Intensified agriculture over a long-term is an important factor in soil change phenomena that can cause some unwanted effects on soil properties. To examine this hypothesis, chemical properties of the soils under sunflower cultivation over five decades and adjoining virgin lands were investigated in order to monitor changes caused by long-term cropping. The studied soils are influenced by continuous sunflower cultivation along with flooding irrigation and using chemical fertilizers for over five decades
Materials and Methods: This research was undertaken at Khoy area (38o 10′ to 38o 40′ N latitude and 44o 15′ to 45o 10′ E latitude) as the northern part of western-Azarbaijan province in the north-west Iran. The Khoy area is characterized by a semi-arid climate (mean annual rainfall of 300 mm) linked with soil moisture and temperature regimes of xeric and mesic, respectively. Agriculturally, the studied area is cropped continuously by sunflower-wheat or barley rotations for over five decades and has received irrigation water from rainfall, groundwater, or seasonal river water. Forty soil surface samples (0-30 cm) belonging to 10 soil series from the cultivated soils and the adjoining uncultivated soils were samplied and analyzed for the different chemical properties. In each soil serie, the samples (cultivated soil and adjacent virgin land) were selected in similar slope, aspect, drainage condition, and parent materials. Soil analyses were involved soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), Calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total N, soluble K, exchangeable K, and available K. Potassium absorption ration (PAR) was calculated by the concentration of solution K, Ca, Mg and exchangeable potassium percentage (EPP) was calculated by exchangeable Na and CEC values
Results and Discussion: This study illustrate that long-term continuous sunflower cropping had considerable effects on some soil chemical attributes. Over five decades of cultivation, a depletion face was observed in soil organic carbon, CCE, and some K forms (solution, exchangeable, available K) for most of the studied soils. In contrast, an enrichment aspect was occurred in the values of EC. The results showed that soil pH and calcium carbonate equivalent were increased by 0.09 – 0.39 units and 16 – 26 g.kg-1, respectively, in most of the examined soils after intensive agricultural practice. Increase in the CCE value may be caused by tillage operation because of the calcareous parent material is tilled periodically by farmers to cultivate a certain depth of soil in the studied soils. Compared to the uncultivated soils, the cultivated soils showed a relative enrichment in electrical conductivity (20 – 80%) which could be attributed to the chemistry of the irrigation water used and the interaction between the irrigation water and its receiving soils. A slight decline was observed in soil CEC values (1 – 9%) probably due to destruction of soil organic matter. There was a decreasing pattern in the content of soil organic carbon with cultivation ranging 17 to 39% which could be associated with the environmental conditions and management practices, i.e. (a) in the cultivated soils much of plant residues is removed or burned after harvest, (b) the present of livestock after harvest which can result in a substantial loss of SOC, (c) breaks up, decomposition, and mineralization of organic matter is accelerated by tillage practices, (d) the relatively high temperature in the cultivated soils compared to the uncultivated soils which might enhance oxidation of organic matter and destroying of organic C. A relative depletion was observed in the mean value of soluble K (10 – 330%), exchangeable K (25 -40%), available K (16 – 41%), potassium absorption ratio (16 – 61%), and exchangeable potassium percentage (26 – 40%) following continuous sunflower cropping mainly as removal of most sunflower residues after harvest and high uptake of K by sunflower as a high –K- requiring crop. In spite of the fact that exchangeable and available K declined by cropping for most of the studied soils, the soils were grouped as optimal to high category based on two the K forms. This means that intensive rotation cropping not be able to deplete soil exchangeable and available K below a certain level manly due to the presence of the high levels of K-bearing minerals.
Conclusion: Overall, the chemical properties of different soil series reflected different responses to (both increasing and decreasing pattern) long-term sunflower cultivation. Organic carbon, soluble and exchangeable K along with EC was known to be the most sensitive indicators following long-term continuous sunflower cropping and irrigation practices. In this cause, it seems hat monitoring the chemical characteristics of both the irrigation water and the soil must be considered in order to establish the water –soil-plant management strategies that will help to prevent environmental degradation and to maintain the overall heath of the studied soils.
A. i Yadav; Z. Yuosepur
Abstract
Introduction: Soil fertility management is a key factor in achieving sustainable agriculture. Use of organic fertilizers is one of the methods that without environmental harmful effects with improvement of chemical and biological conditions increases soil fertility. Nitroxin contains a collection of ...
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Introduction: Soil fertility management is a key factor in achieving sustainable agriculture. Use of organic fertilizers is one of the methods that without environmental harmful effects with improvement of chemical and biological conditions increases soil fertility. Nitroxin contains a collection of the best strains of nitrogen fixation bacteria of the genus Azospirillum and Azotobacter. These bacteria through atmospheric nitrogen fixation and the balance of macro and microelements needed for plant uptake, stimulate the growth and development of roots and aerial parts of the plant. Phosphate Barvar2 is another bio-fertilizer which contains set of phosphate solubilizing bacteria of different genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas that can change soil insoluble phosphorus into available forms for plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some chemical properties of soil and nutrient concentrations in leaves and seeds of sunflower under the influence of chemical and biological form of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical inputs and to improve quality traits in sunflower.
Material and Methods :The experiment was carried out in a split factorial based on RCBD with three replications in a field in Eivanegharb (Ilam province) in summer of 2011. The main plot included four levels of phosphorus and nitrogen chemical fertilizer (0, 33, 66 and 100% of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements) and subplot included factorial of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer application with two levels (inoculation and non inoculation) and Phosphate Barvare2 bio fertilizer with two levels (inoculation and non inoculation). Each plot consisted of 5 rows at a distance of 60 cm and a length of 6 m and 20 cm plant spacing. At the time of flowering, leaves were harvested for measurement of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and manganese. After harvesting, the amount of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and pH of the soil and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and manganese seed were measured.
Results and Discussion: The residual soil nitrogen: Based on these results, the effect of any of the factors tested for the residual soil nitrogen was not significant.
The remaining soil phosphorus: With the increased use of chemical fertilizer, soil phosphorus increased so that the maximum (54.5 mg kg-1 soil) and minimum (40 mg kg-1 soil), available soil phosphorus levels were recorded in consumption of 100% of the required fertilizer and control treatments. Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvare2 applications increased percentage of soil phosphorus, i.e. 12.7 and 23.6 %, respectively, compared to no fertilizer application.
The remaining soil potassium: Comparison of mean values showed that the increase in use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements reduced potassium levels in the soil, so that the maximum amount of soil potassium (624.9 mg kg-1 soil) belonged to control chemical fertilizer treatment and the minimum value of this attribute (514.4 mg per kg of soil) was related to the use of 100% chemical fertilizer consumption with no significant difference with use of 66% chemical fertilizers treatment.
Soil pH: Among the experimental factors studied only bio-fertilizer Phosphate Barvar2 had a significant effect on soil pH at 5% probability so that the use of bio-fertilizer Phosphate Barvar2 significantly decreased soil pH.
Leaf nitrogen: By increasing the amount of chemical fertilizer used, leaf nitrogen content increased, so that the maximum amount of leaf nitrogen (2.5%) was observed in the use of 100% chemical fertilizer consumption treatment. However, no significant difference was recorded in the use of 66% chemical fertilizers tratment. The lowest of this trait (2.2%) belonged to control chemical fertilizer treatment without significant difference with use of 33% chemical fertilizers consumption treatment.
Seed nitrogen: Chemical fertilizer and Phosphate Barvar2 had significant effects on the amount of seed nitrogen content. With the increasing use of chemical fertilizers seed nitrogen increased so that the maximum (2.9%) and minimum (2.6%) seed nitrogen content belonged to use 100% of the chemical fertilizer and non-application of fertilizer, respectively. Mean comparison effect of Phosphate Barvar2 inoculation revealed that seed nitrogen increased by 3.7%.
Seed phosphorus: Analysis of variance showed that the amount of seed phosphorus significantly was affected by the treatments, i.e. Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvare2 as well as the interaction of chemical fertilizer and Nitroxin. Application of Phosphate Barvar2 increased the amount of seed phosphorus by 14.8%.
Seed potassium: Increasing application of chemical fertilizer requirement increased seed potassium. Among the 0, 33, 66 and 100% chemical fertilizer application treatments, Phosphate Barvare2 inoculation increased seed potassium by 23.3, 31.2, 31.3 and 11.4%, respectively.
Seed zinc: According to the analysis of variance, effect of bio-fertilizer Phosphate Barvar2 and interaction of Phosphate Barvar2 and chemical fertilizer on the amount of seed zinc were significant different. However, only in 100% chemical fertilizer requirement, Phosphate Barvare2 inoculation showed significant difference in this trait (63.4% increase).
Seed manganese: The results showed that factors of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar2 and also the interaction of Phosphate Barvar2 and chemical fertilizer had significant effects on seed manganese content. Sunflower seed inoculation with Nitroxin increased the amount of seed manganese by 37%.
Conclusion: According to the results, the maximum increase in the amount of nutrients studied in leaves and seeds of sunflower and soil was obtained in combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers.
Keywords: Biofertilizer, Chemical Fertilizer, Nitroxin, Phosphate Barvare2, Seed Elements, Sunflower
N. Najafi; S. Mardomi; Sh. Oustan
Abstract
In a greenhouse experiment, the effects of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on the uptake and concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in root and shoot of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were investigated. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications including ...
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In a greenhouse experiment, the effects of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on the uptake and concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in root and shoot of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were investigated. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications including duration of waterlogging at five levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 22 days), source of organic fertilizer at two levels (manure and sewage sludge) and each at three levels (0, 15, 30 grams per kg of soil) was conducted. The results showed that by increasing the duration of soil waterlogging, the P and K uptake and concentration in shoot and root, the concentration of Ca and Na in root, the Mg concentration in shoot, the uptake of Ca and Mg in root and the uptake and concentration of Na in shoot increased but P uptake and concentration in root and K uptake in root and shoot decreased again. By increasing the duration of soil waterlogging, the uptake and concentration of Ca in shoot decreased but the Ca concentration in shoot increased again. The effect of soil waterlogging on the Mg uptake in shoot was not significant. By application of sewage sludge and manure and increasing their amounts, the uptake and concentration of P in shoot and root, the uptake of Ca in shoot and root and the uptake and concentration of Na in shoot increased. The K uptake and concentration in shoot increased by application of manure and increasing its level while decreased by application of sewage sludge. The effect of soil waterlogging on the macronutrients and sodium uptake and concentrations in root and shoot was dependent on the source and amount of organic fertilizer and vice versa. The results demonstrated that even short periods of soil waterlogging (2 days) had considerable long-term effect on the concentrations of elements in plant. Generally, sunflower plant accumulated P, Mg and Na in root and Ca in shoot while the K concentration in root did not differ with shoot significantly.
