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Zn> Cu> Cr> Mn> Fe, similar to the order of their EFs and PIs, which can also be seen as the decreasing order of their overall contamination degrees in atmospheric dust of Kermanshah province. The mean Igeo for Ni points to moderately to strongly pollution. 59% of calculated Igeo for Ni falls into class 2 (moderately polluted) and 37% into class 3 (moderately to strongly polluted), while according to the Igeo values for Mn (98%) and Fe (100%), they were practically unpolluted (class 0). The maximum EFs of Zn, Cu and Ni were higher than 10, which show that Zn, Cu and Ni in atmospheric dusts mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. It seems that EFs can also be an effective tool to differentiate the natural origins from anthropogenic sources. The mean EF (11.2) and 94% of Ni EFs were in the range of 5–20 indicating that Ni was a main contaminant in studied samples. Mn had 41% EFs less than 2 and 59% EFs in the range of 2–5, with mean EF less than 2, indicating minimal enrichment. The analytical results of heavy metals Igeo are same as the analytical results of EFs. The PIs of Zn, Cu and Ni were in the ranges of 2.1 to 11.3, 1.7 to 18.3 and 3.3 to 13.6, with an average of 3.8, 3.3 and 6.9, respectively. These data indicate that Zn, Cu and Ni may cause serious pollution in atmospheric dust of Kermanshah. The IPIs of atmospheric dust samples vary from 1.9 to 6.2 with mean value of 2.9, indicating that all studied samples were polluted by heavy metals.
Conclusion: The concentrations of heavy metals that were investigated in this study were compared with the reported data of other cities and with the background values of elements in the world soils. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr in urban dust samples, and Fe and Mn in suburban dust samples were higher than their respective values in the world soils. The results indicate that atmospheric dusts in Kermanshah provin have elevated metal concentrations in general. The calculated values of Igeo and EF of heavy metals revealed the order of Igeo and EF as Ni> Zn> Cu> Cr> Mn> Fe. The high Igeo and EF for Ni, Zn and Cu in atmospheric dusts indicated that there was a considerable Ni, Zn and Cu pollution (Especially nickel), which possibly originate from traffic and industrial activities. The Igeo and EF of Mn and Fe were low. The results of PI also supported Zn, Cu and Ni serious pollution in atmospheric dust. Similarly, IPI results confirmed atmospheric dust samples pollution by heavy metals. These findings indicated that more attention should be paid to heavy metal contamination of atmospheric dusts in Kermanshah, especially in case of Ni.]]>
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1M NH4OAC> 0.25M NH4OAC> AB-DTPA> morgan> 0.1 HNO3> 0.025M H2SO4> 0.01M CaCl2> 1M NaCl> 1M NaOAC> 2M NaCl> 2M HCl. This study showed that 2M NaCl, 0.25M NH4OAC and 1M NaOAC would be suitable as soil testing methods for determining available K for olive in the soils of Fars province. These extractants were the best because of high correlation with plants potassium. In addition, advantages of these extractants are low cost and simplicity. As a recommendation, using of K fertilizers in most olive orchards of the province will improve quantity and quality of the yield.]]>
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muscovite>biotite. Biotite loses its pleochroism and alters first to a mica-vermiculite interstratified clay mineral. Polished sections study showed Fe components were the major and dominate in the sections.
Conclusions: Thin sections results showed the samples contained quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, biotite, calcite, opacity pyroxene and opaque minerals. Polished sections results revealed that Fe components were most common in opaque minerals in the sections. Micromorphological study showed root and other organ residues in Suteh PSF that this showed this soil composed of a mixture of organ residues and organic material.]]>
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