تاثیر روش های مختلف خاک ورزی بر روی مقدار پتاسیم قابل جذب خاک با عصاره‌گیرهای مختلف در یک خاک با سطح ویژه زیاد

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 دانشگاه زابل

چکیده

به منظور بررسی تاثیر شدت خاک ورزی بر روی پتاسیم قابل جذب خاک در خاک های حاوی رس ایلایت و با محدودیت پتاسیم قابل جذب در منطقه گلستان پژوهشی در قالب طرح بلوک کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و 4 تکرار، طی سال زراعی 89- 88 در اراضی زراعی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان واقع در سید میران اجرا گردید. پنج روش مختلف خاک ورزی شامل شخم با گاوآهن برگرداندار سوار به عمق (25-20 سانتیمتر) به همراه یک شخم با دیسک، رویتواتور (17-12 سانتیمتر)، دیسک (10-8 سانتیمتر)، چیزل (30-25 سانتیمتر) و نظام بدون خاک ورزی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که مقدار پتاسیم خاک با همه عصاره‌گیرها (تترافنیل بران سدیم، استات آمونیوم، اضافه بار پتاسیم و پتاسیم محلول) در تیمار خاک ورزی گاوآهن برگرداندار نسبت به سایر روش های خاک ورزی کمتر بود. زیرا مقاومت مکانیکی در تیمار گاوآهن برگرداندار نسبت به سایر روش های خاک ورزی کمتر شد در نتیجه رشد و توسعه ریشه و جذب پتاسیم توسط گیاه افزایش و در نتیجه پتاسیم خاک کاهش یافت. افزایش شدت خاک ورزی بر غلظت پتاسیم با عصاره گیرهای مختلف فقط در مرحله قبل از خوشه دهی تأثیر معنی داری داشت. خاک ورزی با استفاده از گاوآهن برگرداندار در خاک مورد مطالعه با محدودیت پتاسیم با افزایش تراکم ریشه و سطح تماس ریشه با خاک موجب افزایش جذب پتاسیم توسط گیاه و افزایش تعداد خوشه در واحد سطح و عملکرد گردید. زمانی می توان از عصاره گیرهای خاک برای پیش بینی جذب عناصر توسط گیاه و عملکرد استفاده کرد که رشد ریشه با تیمارهای مختلف یکسان و همبستگی غلظت عناصر غذایی خاک با جذب آنها یک همبستگی مثبت و معنی دار باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Available Soil Potassium Measured by Various Extractors in a Soil with High Specific Surface Area

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Hosseini 1
  • S.A.R. Movahedi Naeini 2
  • A. Bameri 3
1 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
3 University of Zabol
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The effects of any tillage method on soil properties, depends on location (soil, water and air) and the number of (years) their implementation. Soil compaction reduces yield through increased soil mechanical resistance against root growth and lower water and nutrient use efficiency (Gamda et al. 18 & Ishagh et al 23). Soil surface and sub surface compaction both reduce yield due to limited root growth and plant potassium uptake (Doulan et al. 14). Sabt et al. (50) reported that in the study area, which the lands are mostly illite clay (high specific surface area) with sufficient nitrogen, soil potassium is the most important limiting factor for the growth of wheat.Considering the point that loess soils in Golestan Province have a high specific surface area,they can provide potassium for plants to produce crop, but for a higher production, potassium fertilizers should be used. Previous studies indicated that production of wheat is limited due to potassium deficiency (4, 49, 54 and 57). In these soils with a high specific surface area, the speed of movement of potassium from the soil solution is low, and doing solimits wheat yield.In loess soils containing high illite and high specific surface area (eg, soilsin the series of Rahmat Abad of Gorgan), ammonium acetate measured potassium on exchange and solution surfaces, which is highly correlated with grain yield (54) . There is a high correlation between grain yield with overload of potassium and Na TPB extraction (57). The aim of this study was to absorb potassium (limiting factor for plant growth) with different tillage systemsat different depths. International recommendations towards reducing the depth and intensity of tillage (from minimum tillage to no-tillage) in order to reduce erosion and oxidation of organic substances plays an important role in determining the amount of greenhouse gases. If potassium absorption does not reduceafter reducing tillage intensity,low or no-tillage methods are preferred. Otherwise no choice but to continue conventional tillage. The second objective is to assess the effects of the treatments (different tillage systems) on the growth and size of the roots and to predict nutrient uptake by plants.
Materials and Methods: This research was a field experiment during 2009-2010 in estates of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (Seyed Miran Area) with 5 treatments and 4 replications which used completely randomized block design. Treatments were 5 tillage methods including moldboard-ploughing (20-25 cm depth) followed by disking, rotivator (12-17 cm depth), disking (8-10 cm depth), chisel (25- 30 cm depth) and no-tillage. Row spacing, distance between seeds in a rowand the amount of seeding was 20 cm 1.5 cm and 268.5 kg ha respectively (planting was done by hands). The consumption of fertilizers based on soil test results and the results reported by other researchers were added to the soil surface before planting (54). In all treatments, 350 kg per hectare of ammonium phosphate and 200 kg of potassium sulfate before planting and by hands were added. For treated moldboard,rotary cultivator, disc and chisel were used, and for no-tillage system by disc plow and sweep were used.Main parameters measured were soil mechanical resistance at 6 stages during wheat growth using a cone penetrometer (0-8 cm soil depth), soil potassium at two stages during plant growth (before heading and harvest) using sodium tetraphenyl boron(12), ammonium acetate(28) and ammonium nitrate as extractents and using potassium surface excess(8) determination method and also bulk soil solution potassium concentration(2). Yield of wheat and its components were also determined at harvest. Data analysis include the analysis of variance and mean comparisons using LSD and correlations which carried out using SAS software.
Results and Discussion: Results show there was a significant difference between treatments with respect to extractible soil potassium using sodium tetraphenyl boron at 5 percent level and ammonium acetate at 1 percent level, both before wheat heading. Soil potassium content did not differ significantly in this stage when potassium excess method was used. With all methods of soil potassium determination, soil potassium did not differ significantly at harvest. Soil potassium with moldboard-ploughing was less than all other tillage methods at before plant heading. Thomas et al. (55) and Martin Rhoda et al.(40) also stated that soil potassium was greater with no-tillage method. Lopez Phando & Pardo. (34) similarly stated that soil potassium with no-tillage method was greater than moldboard ploughing. According to results of the current experiment, soil mechanical resistance was further reduced as tillage intensity was increased. Soil mechanical resistance with moldboard ploughing was less than other tillage methods between early heading stage and harvest. Lower mechanical resistance with increased tillage intensity increased root growth and soil potassium uptake by wheat grain and straw, leading to greater yield production in accordance with results by Fakori (16).
Conclusions Soil tillage with moldboard ploughing reduced mechanical resistance, increased root density (and possibly soil-root contact surface area) and soil potassium uptake which results a greater wheat head density and yield and also a lower soil potassium with different methods (potassium excess determination and bulk soil solution potassium concentration methods and also using soidium tetraphenyl boron, ammonium acetate extractants) at before heading which is the stage for maximal growth and nutrient accumulation rate. Soil extractants maybe used for plant nutrient uptake and yield predictions in a plant canopy, when plant nutrient uptake has a positive significant correlation with soil potassium and treatments do not affect root growth and the mentioned correlation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain and straw yield
  • Potassium uptake with grain and straw
  • Soil potassium
Alaeddin M.Z. 2011. Physical and chemical parameters affecting plant available potassium in some soils of Golestan and Tehran Provinces. M.Sc. thesis, Soil Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2-Ali-Ahyai M., and Behbahani Zadeh, A.A. 1993. Methods of Soil Analysis Descriptions. Soil and Water Research Institute. Technical Paper, No. 893. Tehran.
3-Amini S., and Movahedi Naeini, S.A.R. 2013. Effects of Paper Mill Sludge Application on Physical Properties of an Illitic Loess Slowly Swelling Soil With High Specific Surface Area And Wheat Yield In a Temperate Climate. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1:295-313.
4-Amini S. 2007. The effect of paper mill sludge on soil fertility and wheat growth. M.Sc. thesis, Soil Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
5-Asghar M., Lack D.W., Cowie B.A., and Parker J.C. 1996. Effects of surface soil mixing after long-term zero tillage on soil nutrient concentration and wheat production. p. 88–91. In: Asghar, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Australian Agronomy Conference, the Australian Society of Agronomy Inc. Toowoomba, Queensland.
6-Balesdent J., Chenu C., and Balabane M. 2000. Relationship of soilorganic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil and Tillage Research, 53: 215–230.
7-Behbood M., Golchin A., and Besharati H. 2011. Effects of soil compaction and phosphorous on potato yield. Soil and Water Journal, 11-19.
8-Bolt G.H. 1978. Soil chemistry. p. 281. Physico-Chemical Models. Part B. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsredam.
9-Carter D. L., Mortland M. M., and Kemper W. D. 1986. Specific surface area. p. 413-423. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edn (ed. A. Klute). Part 1. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
10-Cassel D.K., Raczkowski C.W., and Denton H.P. 1995. Tillage effects on corn production and soil physical properties. Soil Science Society of America. Journal, 59: 1436–1443.
11-Cllement C.R., and Williams T.E. 1964. Leys and soil organic matter. I. The accumulation of organic carbon in soil under different lays. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 63:377-383.
12-Cox A.E., Joern B.C., and Roth B.C. 1996. Nonexchangeable Ammonium and Potassium Determination in soils with a Modified SodiumTetraphenylboron Method. WI: Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60: 114-120.
13-DeMaria I.C., Nnabude P.C., and DeCastro O.M. 1999. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on soil chemical properties of a Rhodic Ferralsol in southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 51: 71-79.
14-Dolan M.S, Dowdy R.H., Voorhees W.B., Johnson J.F., and Bidwellschrader A.M. 1992. Corn phosphorus and potassium uptake in response to soil compaction. Agronomy Journal, 84: 639-642.
15-Dwyer L.M., Stewart D.W., Hayhoe H.N., Balchin D., Culley J.L., and McGovern M. 1996. Root mass distribution under conventional and conservation tillage. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 76: 23–28.
16-Fakouri V. 2012. Short term Tillage Effects on Some Soil Chemical Properties and macro and micro element uptake by corn. M.Sc. thesis, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran.
17-Ferreras L., Costa J., Garcia F., and Pecorar C. 2000. Effect of no-tillage on some soil physical properties of a structural degraded Petrocalcic Paleudoll of the southern ``Pampa'' of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research, 54: 31-39.
18-Gameda S., Raghavan G.S.V., McKyes E., Watson A.K., and Mehuys G. 1991. Long-term effects of a single incidence of high axle load compaction on a clay soil in Quebec. Soil and Tillage Research, 29: 173–177.
19-Guzman J.G., Godsey C.B., Pierzynski G.M., Whitney D.A., and Lamond R.E. 2006. Effects of tillage and nitrogen management on soil chemical and physical properties after 23 years of continuous sorghum. Soil and Tillage Research, 91: 199–206.
20-Havlin J.L., Beaton J.D., Tisdale S.L., and Nelson W.L. 2005. Soil Fertility and Fertilizer. Prentice Hall, U.S.A.
21-Henderson C.W. 1989. Lupin as a biological plough: evidence for and effects on wheat growth and yield. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 29: 99–102.
22-Imami A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Technical paper No. 982. Soil and Water Research Institute. Research, education and extension organization, Agricultural Ministry. 128p.
23-Ishaq M., Hassan A., Saeed M., Ibrahim M., and Lal R. 2000.Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab, Pakistan: 1. Soil physical properties and crop yield. Soil and Tillage Research, 1570: 1–9.
24-Joudi, Z., and Movahedi, S.A.R. 2008. The effects of zeolite, LECA and compost on soil water content and temperature. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, special issue: soil, water and air, 21: 35- 46.
25-Jozefaciuk G., Muranyi A., Szatanik-Kloc A., Farkas C., and Gyuricza C. 2001. Changes of surface, fine pore and variable charge properties of a brown forest soil under various tillage practices. Soil and Tillage Research, 59: 127–135.
26-Kirkegaard J.A., Angus J.F., Gardner P.A., and Muller W. 1994. Reduced growth and yield of wheat with conservation cropping. I. Field studies in the first year of the cropping phase. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 45: 511–528.
27-Klute, A. 1986. Methods of soil analysis. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Part I; American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. 1188.
28-Knudsen D., Peterson G.A., and Pratt P.F. 1982. Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. P. 225-246. In: Methods of soil analysis (part II) Chemical and microbiological properties, Page et al. (ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
29-Krik P.L. 1950. Kjeldahl method for total nitrogen. Analytical chemistry. 22: 354-358.
30-Lal R., Logan T.J., and Fausey N.R. 1990. Long-term tillage effects on amollicochraqualf in North-West Ohio. III. Soil nutrient profile. Soil and Tillage Research, 15: 371–382.
31-Lilienfein J., Wilcke W., Vilela L., Do Carmo Lima S., Thomas R., and Zech W. 2000. Effect of no-tillage and conventional tillagesystems on the chemical composition of soil solid phase and soilsolution of Brazilian savanna oxisols. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163: 411–419.
32-Limousin G., and Tessier D. 2007. Effects of no-tillage on chemical gradients and topsoil acidification. Soil and tillage Research, 92: 167-174.
33-Logesdon S. D., Reneau R.B., and Parker J.C. 1987. Corn seeding root growth as influenced by soil physical properties. Agron Journal, 79: 221-224.
34-Lopez-Fando C., and Pardo M.T. 2009. Changes in soil chemical characteristics with different tillage practices in a semi-arid environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 104: 278-284.
35-Lozano-Garcia B., and Parras-Alcantara L. 2011. Soil tillage effects on monovalent cations (Na+ and K+) in vertisols soil solution. Soil and Tillage Research, 84: 61-69.
36-Malakoti M.J., shahabi A.A., and Bazargani K. 2005. Potassium in Iran agriculture. Sana publication, Tehran.
37-Manschadi A.M., Sauerborn J., Stutzel H., Gobel W., and Saxena M.C. 1998. Simulation of faba bean (ViciafabaL.) root system development under Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 9: 259–272.
38-Markewitz D., and Richter D.D. 2000. Long-term soil potassium availabilityfrom a Kanhapludult to an aggrading loblolly pine ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 130: 109–129.
39-Martinez E., Fuentes J., Silva P., Valle S., and Acevedo E. 2008. Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile. Soil and Tillage Research, 99: 232-244.
40-Martin-Rueda I., Munoz-Guerra L.M., Yunta F., Esteban E., Tenorio J.L., and Lucena J.J. 2007. Tillage and crop rotation effects on barley yield and soil nutrients on a Calciortidic Haploxeralf. Soil and Tillage Research, 92: 1–9.
41-Mc Lean E.O. 1982. Soil PH and lime requirement. P. 192-224. In: Methods of soil analysis (part II) Chemical and microbiological properties, Page et al. (ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
42-Olsen S.R., Cole C.V., Watanabe F.S., and Dean L.A. 1954. Estimation of available P in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture, circular, 939: 1-19.
43-Oussible M., Crookston R.K., and Larson W.E. 1992. Subsurface compaction reduces the root and shoot growth and grain yield of wheat. Agron Journal, 84: 34–38.
44-Passiora J.B. 1988. Root signal control leaf expansion in wheat seedlings growing in drying soil. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 15: 687-693.
45-Pierret A., Doussan C., Capowiez Y., Bastardie F., and Pages L. 2007. Root functionalarchitecture: a framework for modeling the interplay between roots and soil. Vadoze Zone Journal, 6: 269–281.
46-Polshekan Pahlavan M., Movahedi Naeini S.A.R., Etesam G., Keykha A., and Kuhkan S.A.1997. Soil mechanical resistance with different cultivation methods and irrigation quantities and their effect on wheat yield. Proceedings of 10th Iran soil science congress, Pardis Agricultural and Natural Resources College; Tehran University. Karaj. Iran. In Farsi.
47-Rao C.S., and Takker P.N. 1997. Evaluation of different extract ants for measuring the soil potassium and determination of critical levels for plant available K in semectitic soils for sorghum. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 45:113-119.
48-Rhoton F.E. 2000. Influence of time on soil response to no-till practices. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64: 700–709.
49-Sebti M., Movahedi Naeini S.A.R., Ghorbani N.R., Roshani G.A., and Movahedi M. 2009. Suitable soil potassium extractant for a loess soil with illite dominance in clay fraction and the effects of Azotobacter and vermicompost on rainfed wheat tissue potassium concentration and uptake. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural resources, 16: 59-75.
50-Sebti M., Movahedi Naeini S.A.R., Ghorbani NasrAbadi R., Roshani G.A., and Movahedi M. 2007. The growth of the microbial population and azotobacter by adding Vermicompost to soil and the effect of microbial population on wheat yield and growth. 16: 51-65.
51-Shafiei S.A., Movahedi Naeini S.A.R., Dehghani A.A., and Roshani G.A. 2013. Extractible sodium tetraphenyl boron soil available potassium estimation with artificial neural network using specific surface area of soils in Golestan Province as input. Second National Conference of sustainable Agriculture and safe environment. Technical and Professional University of Hamadan.
52-Shipitalo M.J., Dick W.A., and Edwards W.M. 2000. Conservation tillage and macropore factors that affect water movement andthe fate of chemicals. Soil and Tillage Research, 53: 167–183.
53-Smith S.J., and Scott A.D. 1966. Exchangeable potassium in grundite corn. Agronomy Fact Sheet Series Journal, 84: 850-856.
54-Talebizadeh E. 2009. The effect of calcium, ammonium and potassium based phosphorous fertilizers on potassium uptake by rain-fed winter wheat in a potassium fixing loess soil with a dominance of weathered mica in clay fraction. M.Sc. thesis, Soil Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan , Iran.
55-Thomas G.A., Dalal R.C., and Standley J. 2007. No-till effects on organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient distribution in a Luvisol in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil and Tillage Research, 94: 295–304.
56-Unger P.W. 1991. Organic matter, nutrient, and pH distribution in no and conventional-tillage semiarid soils. Agronomy Journal, 83: 186–189.
57-Vafakhah M. 2011. The effect of calcium bearing amendments on root zone potassium release and wheat uptake in soil dominated by illite in clay fraction and high specific surface. M.Sc. thesis, Soil Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan , Iran.
58-Vafakhah M., Movahedi Naeini S.A.R., Zeinali A., and Ghasemi Chapi A. 2010. Suitable soil potassium extraction methods and their correlation with wheat yield in a loess soil with illite dominance in clay fraction. Second National Agricultural Conference and Sustainable Development, Forthcoming Opportunities and Challenges. Free Islamic University.
59-Wilhelm W. W., Bouzerzour H., and Power J. F. 1989. Soil disturbance residue management effect on winter wheat growth and yield. Agronomy Journal, 81: 581-588.
CAPTCHA Image