اثر متقابل کادمیم و روی بر رشد و ترکیب شیمیایی ذرت

صادقی, سیروس; اوستان, شاهین; نجفی, نصرت اله; ولیزاده, مصطفی; منیری‌فر, حسن

doi:10.22067/jsw.v31i3.50980

اثر متقابل کادمیم و روی بر رشد و ترکیب شیمیایی ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ دانشگاه مراغه

² دانشگاه تبریز

³ مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان‌شرقی

10.22067/jsw.v31i3.50980

چکیده

دو فلز Zn وCd رفتار ژئوشیمیایی مشابهی دارند؛ از اینرو، اثر Zn بر تجمع Cd در گیاهان حائز اهمیت است. در این تحقیق، برای بررسی اثر متقابل Cd و Zn بر رشد و ترکیب شیمیایی ذرت (Zea mays cv. single cross 704)، آزمایش گلخانه‌ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور Cd در هشت سطح (صفر، 5/0، 5/2، 5، 10، 20، 40 و mg kg-1 80) از منبع 3CdSO4.8H2O و Zn در هشت سطح (صفر، 5، 25، 50، 100، 200، 400 و mg kg-1 800) از منبع ZnSO4.7H2O، در سه تکرار با کشت گیاه ذرت در یک خاک شن لومی اجرا شد. بعد از 60 روز، وزن خشک بخش هوایی و ریشه و غلظت‌های Cd ، Zn ، Fe، Mn و Cu در این دو بخش اندازه‌گیری شدند. در سطوح 5/0، 5/2، 20 و mg Cd kg-1 80 (به استثنای تیمار Cd0.5-Zn25)، کاربرد 5 تا mg Zn kg-1 50 در مقایسه با سطح صفر Zn باعث افزایش وزن خشک بخش هوایی شده و در سطوح بالاتر Zn، کاهش این صفت مشاهده شد. در سطوح 5 و mg Cd kg-1 10، کاربرد 5 تا mg Zn kg-1 100، باعث افزایش وزن خشک بخش هوایی شده و در سطوح بالاتر Zn، کاهش این صفت مشاهده شد. در سطح mg Cd kg-1 40، کاربرد 5 تا mg Zn kg-1 200، باعث افزایش وزن خشک بخش هوایی شد و با کاربرد mg Zn kg-1 400، کاهش این صفت مشاهده شد. در سطح mg Cd kg-1 5/0، کاربرد تمامی سطوح Zn باعث افزایش غلظت Cd بخش هوایی شد؛ اما در سطح mg Cd kg-1 80، مصرف 5 تا mg Zn kg-1 200 باعث کاهش غلظت Cd بخش هوایی شد. در همین سطح Cd، مصرف mg Zn kg-1 400 باعث افزایش غلظت Cd بخش هوایی گردید. با توجه به نتایج، در سطوح پایین Cd، مصرف Zn در هر سطح باعث افزایش غلظت Cd بخش هوایی و ریشه شد، اما در سطوح بالای Cd، مصرف سطوح پایین Zn باعث کاهش غلظت Cd بخش هوایی و ریشه گردید و با مصرف سطوح بالای Zn، افزایش این صفت مشاهده شد. به‌طور کلی، در تمامی سطوح Cd، کاربرد مقادیر متوسط Zn از انباشت Cd در بخش هوایی جلوگیری کرد، ولی مصرف مقادیر کم و زیاد Zn باعث تشدید این انباشت گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Cadmium and Zinc Interactions on Growth and Chemical Composition of Corn (Zea mays cv. single cross)

نویسندگان [English]

siros sadeghi ¹
Shahin Ostan ²
Nosratollah Najafi ²
Mostafa Valizadeh ²
Hassan Monirifar ³

¹ University of Maragheh

² University of Tabriz

³ East Azarbayjan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Heavy metal contamination not only adversely affects the chemical properties, availability of nutrients and biological activity of the soils, but also causes serious risk to the human health from entering the food chain. Cadmium as an unnecessary heavy metal is highly toxic to plants. Cadmium toxicity inhibits plant growth and even death. Metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration are disturbed due to cadmium toxicity. Among the heavy metals, zinc is an important nutrient in many biological processes such as photosynthesis, activity of antioxidant enzymes, proteins, hormones and other activities. Because of the similar chemical behavior of cadmium and zinc, interaction between the two metals is of interest to many researchers.
Materials and Methods: In this study, to investigate the interaction effects of cadmium and zinc on shoot and root dry matter and chemical composition of corn (Zea mays cv. single cross 704), a factorial experiment as a randomized complete block design in triplicate with eight levels of cadmium (zero, 0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg Cd kg-1) and eight levels of zinc (zero, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg Zn kg-1) was conducted in a loamy sand soil under greenhouse conditions. After 60 days, the plants were harvested and dry weights of shoots and roots were determined. Moreover, after wet digestion, the concentrations of cadmium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper in these tissues were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Shimadzu-6300).
Results and Discussion: Treatments with 800 mg Cd kg-1 showed symptoms of cadmium and or zinc toxicity at early stages of the growth. These plants died after 10 to 20 days of germination. The results showed that the cadmium and zinc interactions on shoot and root dry weights were significant. At 0.5, 2.5, 20 and 80 mg Cd kg-1 (except for Cd0.5-Zn25), application of 5 to 50 mg Zn kg-1 increased shoot dry weight. Higher levels of zinc supplementation exhibited adverse effects. At 5 and 10 mg Cd kg-1, supply of 5 to 100 mg Zn kg-1 was associated with an increase in shoot dry weight, but shoot growth was reduced at higher zinc levels. At 40 mg Cd kg-1, application levels of 5 to 200 mg Zn kg-1 increased shoot dry weight, whereas 400 mg Zn kg-1 showed adverse effects. Moreover, the cadmium and zinc interactions on chemical composition of corn were significant. Based on the results, at low levels of cadmium, zinc supplementation at each level increased the shoot and root cadmium concentrations, while at high levels of cadmium, low and high zinc supply caused a decrease and increase in the shoot as well as root cadmium concentrations, respectively. The concentration of a particular trend was observed on the shoot and root. Supplementation of zinc at each level of cadmium (except for 80 mg Cd kg-1), first increased and then decreased the iron concentration of shoots and roots. Application of zinc at each level of cadmium decreased manganese and copper concentrations in shoots and roots.
Conclusions: According to the results, the ecological tolerance of corn to zinc was found to be 800 mg Zn kg-1. Also, the application level of zinc with positive effect on shoot dry weight increased with an increase in cadmium level. At all levels of cadmium, supplementation of zinc at medium levels prevented the accumulation of cadmium in shoots, while high and low levels of zinc intensified the cadmium accumulation. The highest accumulation of cadmium in roots was occurred at highest level of zinc. Zinc supplementation at each level of cadmium first increased and then decreased iron concentration in shoots and roots. However, zinc supply at each level of cadmium decreased copper and manganese concentrations in shoots and roots. As a conclusion, zinc at low levels diminished toxic effects and accumulation of cadmium, meanwhile high levels of zinc not only did not control cadmium but showed deleterious effects. The critical level of poisoning for cadmium in aerial parts of both plants in lower density in the soil (up to 90 mg kg-1 ) showed very little changes, but in higher density, it decreased in brassica napus and increased in zea mays. The critical level of poisoning on the aerial parts of both plants showed very little change with increasing the total density of cadmium in the soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Accumulation
Cadmium
Shoot and root dry weights
Zinc

مراجع

1- Adiloglu A., Adiloglu S., Gonulsuz E., and Oner N. 2005. Effect of zinc application on cadmium uptake of maize grown in zinc deficient soil, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(1): 10-12.

2- Alcantara E., Romera F.J., Canete M., and De la Guardia M.D. 1994. Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of root Fe (III) reductase in Fe-deficient cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Plants, Journal of Experimental Botany. 45(12): 1893-1898.

3- Allison L.E., and Moodie C.D. 1965. Carbonate. p. 1379-1396. In C.A. Black et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil analysis. Part 2, Agron. Monogr 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

4- Alloway B.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. 2nd ed. Blackie Academic & Professional Publishers, London.

5- Alloway B.J. 2008. Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. 2nd ed. Published by IZA and IFA, France.

6- Anonymous. 2008. Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI.

7- Aravind P., and Prasad M.N.V. 2003. Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L.: a free floating freshwater macrophyte, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 41: 391–397.

8- Benton Jones J. 1997. Hydroponics a Practical Guide for the Soilles Grower, St. Lucie Press., Florida.

9- Boisson J., Ruttens A., Mench M., and Vangronsveld J. 1999. Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metal immobilizing soil additive for the remediation of polluted soils, Part 1. Influence of hydroxyapatite on metal exchangeability in soil, plant growth and plant metal accumulation. Environmental Pollution, 104(2): 225-233.

10- Bower C.A., Reitemeier R.F., and Fireman M. 1952. Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils, Soil Science, 73(4): 251-261.

11- Burton K.W., King J.B., and Morgan E. 1986. Chlorophyll as an indicator of the upper critical tissue concentration of cadmium in plants, Water, Air and Soil pollution, 27(1): 147-154.

12- Cakmak I., Welch R.M., Erenoglu B., Römheld V., Norvell W.A., and Kochian L.V. 2000. Influence of varied zinc supply on re-translocation of Cadmium (109Cd) and rubidium (86Rb) applied on mature leaf of durum wheat seedlings, Plant and Soil, 219(1): 279-284.

13- Cataldo D.A., and Wildung R.E. 1978. Soil and plant factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals by plants, Environmental Health Perspective, 27: 149-159.

14- Cherif J., Mediouni C., Ammar W.B., and Jemal F. 2011. Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants (Solsnum lycopresicum), Journal of Environmental Sciences. 23(5): 837-844.

15- Chizzola R. 2001. Micronutrient composition of Papaver somniferum L. grown under low cadmium stress conditions, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24(11): 1663–1677.

16- Ciecko Z., Kalembasa S., Wyszkowski M., and Rolka E. 2004. Effect of soil contamination by cadmium on potassium uptake by plants, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(3): 333-337.

17- Das P., Samantaray S., and Rout G.R. 1997. Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: A review, Environmental Polluttion, 98(1): 29-36.

18- Davis R.D., and Beckett P.H.T. 1978. Upper critical levels of toxic elements in plant. II. Critical levels of copper in young barley, wheat, rape, lettuce and ryegrass, and of nickel and zinc in young barley and ryegrass, New Phytologist, 80: 23-32.

19- Dong J., Wu F., and Zhang G. 2006. Influence of cadmium on antioxidant capacity and four microelement concentrations in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum), Chemosphere, 64(10): 1659-1666.

20- Ebbs S.D., and Kochian L.V. 1997. Toxicity of zinc and copper to brassica species: implications for phytoremediation, Journal Environmental Quality, 26: 776–781.

21- Erdem H., Tosun Y.K., and Ozturk M. 2012. Effect of cadmium-zinc interactions on growth and Cd-Zn concentration in durum and bread wheats, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 21(5): 1046-1051.

22- Fontes R.L.S., and Cox F.R. 1998. Zinc toxicity in soybean grown at high iron concentration in nutrient solution, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(8): 1723–1730.

23- Gao X., and Grant C.A. 2012. Cadmium and zinc concentration in grain of durum wheat in relation to phosphorus fertilization, crop sequence and tillage management, Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2012: 1-10.

24- Gee, G.W., and Bauder J.W. 1986. Particle-size analysis. p. 383-411. In A. Klute (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

25- Gilmor, J.T., and Kittrick J.A. 1979. Solubility and equilibria of zinc in a flooded soil, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 43(5): 890-892.

26- Goyer R.A. 1997. Toxic and essential metal interactions, Annual Review of Nutrient, 17: 37–50.

27- Hafeez U.R., Faroog M., and Afzal I. 2007. Late sowing of wheat seed priming, Available in www.DAWN.com.

28- Han S.H., Kim D.H., and Lee J.C. 2010. Cadmium and zinc interaction and phytoremediation potential of seven salix caprea clones, Journal of Ecology and Field Biology. 33(3): 245-251.

29- Hart J.J., Welch R.M., Norvell W.A., and Kochia L.V. 2002. Transport Interaction between cadmium and zinc in roots of bread wheat and durum wheat seedlings, Physiologia Plantarum, 116(1): 73-78.

30- Herren T., and Feller U. 1997. Transport of cadmium via xylem and phloem in maturing wheat shoots: Comparison with the translocation of zinc, strontium and rubidium, Annals of Botany, 80(5): 623-628.

31- Imtiaz M., Alloway B.J., Shah K.H., Siddiqui S.H., Memon M.Y., Aslam M., and Khan P. 2003. Zinc nutrition of wheat: II: Interaction of zinc with other trace elements, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(2): 156-160.

32- Jamali N., Ghaderian S.M., and Karimi N. 2014. Effects of cadmium and zinc on growth and metal accumulation of Mathiola flavida boiss, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13(12): 2937-2944.

332- Jones B.J. 2001. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis, CRC Press LLC, USA.

34- Klute A. 1986. Water retention: laboratory methods. p. 635-660. In A. Klute. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. 2nd ed. Agron. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

35- Knudsen D., Peterson G.A., and Pratt P.F. 1982. Lithium, sodium, and potassium, p. 225-246. In A.L. Page et al. (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis. Part2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monger. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison. WI.

36- Koleli N., Eker S., and Cakmak I. 2004. Effect of zinc fertilization on cadmium toxicity in durum and bread wheat in zinc deficient soil, Environmental Pollution, 131: 453-459.

37- Kuo S. 1996. Phosphorus. p. 869-919. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. 3rd ed. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

38- Kurana M.P.S., and Jhanji S. 2014. Influence of cadmium on dry matter yield, micronutrient content and its uptake in some soils, Journal of Environmental Biology, 35: 865-870.

39- Lagriffoul A., Mocquot B., Mench M., and Vangronsveld J. 1998. Cadmium toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll content, and activities of stressing related enzymes in young maize plants (Zea mays), Plant and Soil, 200: 241-250.

40- Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper, Soil Science Society of America, 42(3): 421-428.

41- Liu W.J., Zhu Y.G., and Smith F.A. 2005. Effects of iron and manganese plaques on arsenic uptake by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture supplied with arsenate and arsenate, Plant and Soil, 277: 127–138.

42- Macnicol R.D., and Beckett P.H.T. 1985. Critical tissue concentration of potentially toxic elements, Plant and Soil, 85: 107-129.

43- Marschner H. 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, Academic press, Germany.

44- McKenna I.M., Chaney R.L., and Williams F.M. 1993. The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the accumulation and tissue distribution of zinc and cadmium in lettuce and spinach, Environmental Pollution, 79(2): 113-120.

45- McLean E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement, p. 199-224. In A.L. Page et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

46- McBride M.B. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press. Oxford.

47- Moustakas N.K., Akoumianaki-Ioannidou A., and Barouchas P.E. 2011. The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the concentration of cadmium and zinc in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(3): 277-282.

48- Nan Z., Li J., Zhang J., and Clieng G. 2002. Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil-crop system wider actual field, Science of the Total Environment, 285(1-3): 187-195.

49- Narwal R.P., Singh M., Singh J.P., and Dahiya D.J. 1993. Cadmium‐zinc interaction in maize grown on sewer water irrigated soil, Arid Soil Reserch Rehabilitation. 7(2): 125-131.

50- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter, p. 539-579. In A.L. Page et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

51- Oliver D.P., Wilhelm N.S., McFarlane J.D., Tiller K.G., and Cozens G.D. 1997. Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentrations in wheat grain, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 37(6): 677-681.

52- Portman D. 2012. Cadmium and zinc uptake in wheat as affected by nitrogen fertilization and agricultural management, Master thesis. Supervised by. Dr. Susan Tandy. Prof. Dr. Rainer Schulin.

53- Poschenrieder C.H., and Barcelo J. 1999. Water relations in heavy metal stressed plants, p. 207-230. In M.N.V. Prasadet al. (ed.) Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

54- Qureshi M.I., D’Amici G.M., Fagioni M., Rinalducci S., and Zolla L. 2010. Iron stabilizes thylakoid protein-pigment complexes in Indian mustard during Cd-phytoremediation as revealed by BN-SDS-PAGE and ESI-MS/MS, Journal of Plant Physiology, 167(10): 761-770.

55- Rahimi T., and Ronaghi E. 2012. Effect of different sources of zinc on the concentration of cadmium and some trace elements in spinach in a calcareous soil, Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultures, 10: 101-111. (in Persian)

56- Safarzadeh, S., Ronaghi A., and Karimian N. 2013. Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration, uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars, Archives Agronomy and Soil Science, 59(2): 231-245.

57- Skrebsky E.C., Tabaldi L.A., Pereira L.B., Rauber R., Maldaner J., Cargnelutti D., Gonçalves J.F., Castro G.Y., Shetinger M.R.C., and Nicoloso F.T.. 2008. Effect of cadmium on growth, micronutrient concentration, and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and acid phosphatase activities in plants of Pfaffia glomerata, Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20(4): 285-294.

58- Smilde K.W., Van Luit B., and Van Driel W. 1992. The extraction by soil and absorption by plants of applied zinc and cadmium, Plant and Soil, 143: 233-238.

59- Valizadeh Fard F. 2011. The combined effect of Zn and Cd on two varieties of rice (Vandana and Hashemi) in flooded and non-waterlogged conditions, Thesis, University of Tabriz. (in Persian with English abstract).

60- Valizadeh Fard F., Rihani Tabar A., Najafi N., and Oustan S. 2012a. The combined effect of cadmium and zinc in a calcareous soil on the uptake of phosphorus, copper, iron and manganese by two varieties of rice in flooded and non-waterlogged conditions, Journal of Soil and Water Research, 1(43): 207-219.

61- Valizadeh Fard F., Rihani Tabar A., Najafi N., and Oustan S. 2012b. The combined effects of cadmium and zinc on the growth characteristics of rice and zinc, cadmium, iron, manganese and non-waterlogged waterlogged soil moisture conditions, Journal of Soil and Water Research, 3(43): 195-205.

62- Verloo M., Willaert G., and Cottenie A. 1986. Determination of the upper critical levels of heavy metals in plant and soils, Studies in Environmental Science, 29:207-215.

63- Verougstraete V., Lison D., and Hotz P. 2003. Cadmium, lung and prostate cancer: a ystematic review of recent epidemiological data, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, part B: Critical Review, 6: 227-255.

64- Zhao Z.Q., Zhu Y.G., Kneer R., and Smith S.E. 2005. Effect of zinc on cadmium toxicity induced oxidative stressing winter wheat seedlings, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(11): 1947-1959.

65- Zhong-qiu Z., Yong-guan Z., and Yun-long C. 2005. Effect of zinc on cadmium uptake by spring wheat (Triricum aestivum, L.): long-time hydroponic study and short-time 109Cd tracing study, Journal Zhejiang University Science, 6A(7): 643-648.