بررسی رابطه خاک- لندفرم در جنوب هرات، غرب افغانستان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فرسیلا محمودیان ¹
• علی رضا کریمی ²
• امیر لکزیان ¹

¹ دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

² فردوسی مشهد

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i5.68495

چکیده

خاک به عنوان یکی از اجزای اصلی لندفرم‌ها، تغییر و تحولات آنها به یکدیگر وابسته است و شناسایی رابطه خاک- لندفرم، پایه مطالعات شناسایی خاک است. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی فرایندهای ژئومورفیک و خاک‌سازی تغییر و تحول خاک‌های در جنوب هرات افغانستان بود. بدین منظور، 5 خاکرخ در امتداد یک برش از سطوح ژئومورفیک مخروط افکنه، حد واسط مخروط افکنه و دشت دامنه‌ای، دشت دامنه‌ای و دشت سیلابی تشریح و نمونه‌برداری شد. ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی، کانی‌شناسی رس و ویژگی‌های میکرومورفولوژیکی خاک‌ها تعیین شد. متکامل‌ترین خاک با افق آرجیلیک– کلسیک (Btk) در سطح ژئومورفیک مخروط افکنه مشاهده شد. در سطوح ژئومرفیک دیگر، به دلیل اضافه شدن رسوبات، خاک تکامل نداشته است. در اراضی حد واسط مخروط افکنه- دشت دامنه‌ای و بخش از دشت دامنه‌ای، به دلیل گود افتادگی این اراضی، املاح، در سطح تجمع پیدا کرده‌اند و هدایت الکتریکی خاک‌ها تا بیش از 40 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر می‌رسید. در دشت سیلابی به دلیل نوسانات آب زیر زمینی، خاک‌ها شرایط احیایی و اکسیدی را نشان می‌دادند. ایلیت، کلریت، اسمکتیت، کائولینیت، پالیگورسکیت کانی‌های غالب در بخش رس خاک می‌باشند. وجود پوشش‌های رسی روی نودول‌ کربنات‌های ثانویه در افق Btk نشان دهنده دوره‌های تناوب خشک و مرطوب اقلیم می‌باشند. تغییر و تحولات خاک در منطقه مورد مطالعه در جنوب هرات، با خاک‌های مناطق خشک ایران مشابهت دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تغییر و تحول خاک
• تشکیل خاک
• کانی‌شناسی رس
• مخروط افکنه

20.1001.1.20084757.1397.32.5.5.7

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of the Soil-Landform Relationship in South of Herat, Western Afghanistan

نویسندگان [English]

• Farsila Mahmoudian ¹
• Ali reza Karimi ²
• Amir Lakzian ¹

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² ferdowsi university of mashhad

چکیده [English]

1- Abdelkhalik Ibrahim M.A. 2011. Argillic horizons and clay-sized particles - an alternative interpretation of their dynamics in sola development and across catenas. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, 127p.
2- Bayat O., Karimzadeh H.R., Karimi A., Eghbal M.K., and Khademi H. 2013. Pedogeomorphic evolution of an alluvial fan in central Iran. Journal of Rane and Watershed Management, 66: 192-206.
3- Birkeland P.W. 1999. Soils and Geomorphology, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, New York.
4- Bockheim J.G., and Hartemink A.E. 2013. Distribution and classification of soils with clay-enriched horizons in the USA, Geoderma, 209-210: 153-160.
5- Boixadera J., Poch R.M., Garcia-Gonzalez M.T., and Vizcayno C. 2003. Hydromorphic and clay-related processes in soils from the Llanosde Moxos (Northern Bolivia), Catena 54: 403-424.
6- Bouza P.J., Simon M., Aguilar J., del Valle H., and Rostagno M. 2007. Fibrus-clay mineral formation and soil evolution in Aridisols of northeastern Patagonia, Argentina, Geoderma,139: 38-50.
7- Buck B. J., and Van Hoesen J. G. 2002. Snowball morphology and SEM analysis of pedogenic gypsum. Southern New Mexico. USA, Journal of Arid Environments, 51: 469-487.
8- Chapman H.D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Black, C. A. (ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
9- Chorom M., Baghernejad M., and Jafari S. 2009. Influence of rotation cropping and sugarcane production on the clay mineral assemblage, Applied Clay Science, 385-395.
10- Christenson G.E., and Purcell C. 1985. Correlation and age of Quaternary alluvial fansequences. Basin and Range province. Southwestern United States. in: Weide D.I., Faber M.L.,(Eds.), Soils and Quaternary geology of the Southwestern United States.Geological Society of America Boulder, pp. 115-121.
11- Day P. 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size Analysis. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 edition, Black, C.A. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. Pp: 545-567.
12- Dixon J.B., and Schuzele D. 2002. Soil mineralogy with environmental applications. Soil sciencesociety of America, Madison, Wisconsin. USA.
13- Farpoor M.H., Neyestani M., Eghbal M.K., and Esfandiarpour Borujeni I. 2012. Soil-geomorphology relationships in Sirjan playa, south central Iran, Geomorphology, 138: 223–230.
14- Ghafarpour A., Khormali F., Balsam W., Karimi A., and Ayoubi Sh. 2016. Climatic interpretation of loess-paleosol sequences at Mobarakabad and Aghband, Northern Iran, Quaternary Research, 86: 95-109.
15- Ghasemzadeh Ganjehie M., Karimi A., Zeinadini A., and Khorassani R. 2017. Investigationof clay mineralogy, micromorphology and evolution of soils in Bajestan playa. Journal of Water and Soil, 30: 2046-2059.
16- Gunal H., and Ransom M.D. 2006. Clay illuviation and calcium carbonate accumulation along a precipitation gradient in Kansas. Geoderma, 68: 59-69.
17- Harvey A.M., Mather A.E., and Stokes M. 2005. Alluvial fans geomorphology, sedimentology, dynamics-introduction. A review of alluvial-fan research. in: Harvey, A. M. Mather A. E. and Stokes, M. (Eds.), Alluvial Fans Geomorphology, Sedimentology and Dynamics. Geological Society of London, pp. 1-7.
18- Irannejad M., and Farpoor M.H. 2012. Genesis, clay mineralogy, and micromorphology of paleosols located on Givdary alluvial fan, Rafsanjan. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 19: 761-772.
19- Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
20- Johnson D.L., and Watson-Stegner D. 1987. Evolution model of pedogenesis. Journal of Soil Science, 143: 349-366.
21- Karimi A., Esfandiarpour I., and Ghasemzadeh Ganjehie M. 2017. Description of soil evolution in southern Mashhad city using the conceptual models of Jenny, and Johnson and Watson-Stegner. Pedosphere, In Press.
22- Karimi A., Frechen M., Khademi H., Kehl M., and Jalalian A. 2011. Chronostratigraphy of loess deposits in northeast Iran, Qutaernary International, 234: 124-132.
23- Kehl M. 2010. Loess, loess-like sediments, soils and climate change in Iran, Relief, Boden, Paläoklima, 208p.
24- Khademi H., and Mermut A.R. 1998. Source of palygorskite in gypsiferous Aridisoils and associated sediments from central Iran, Clay Minerals, 33: 561-578.
25- Khormali F., Abtahi A., Mahmoodi S., and Stoops G. 2003. Argillic horizon development in calcareous soils of arid and semi-arid regions of southern Iran, Catena, 53: 273-301.
26- Kittrick J.A., and Hope E.W. 1963. A procedure for particle size separation of soils for x-ray diffraction. Journal of Soil Sciences, 35: 621-629.
27- Mehra O.P., and Jackson M.L. 1960. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite citrate system with sodium bicarbonate, Clays and Clay Minerals, 7: 317-327.
28- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1982. Total Carbon, Organic matter.In: A.L. Page et al. (Ed.), Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2 nd ed., Agron. Monger.No. 9.ASA and SSSA. Madison, WI. 539-577.
29- Owliaie H.R., Abtahi A., and Heck R.J. 2006. Pedogenesis and clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous and calcareous materials, on transect southwestern Iran., Geoderma, 134: 62-81.
30- Page S.E., Wust R.A.J., Wriss D., Rieley J.O., Shotyk W., and Limins S. 2004. A Record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene carbon accumulation and implication for past, present and future carbon dynamics. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19: 625-635.
31- Pope R., Wilkinson K., Skourtsos E., Triantaphyllou M., and Ferrier G. 2008. Clarifying stages of alluvial fan evolution along the Sfakian piedmont, Southern Crete: New evidence from analysis Advance, Soil Science, 1: 172-200.
32- Sanjari S., Farpoor M.H., Karimian Eghbal M., and Esfandiarpoor Borojeni I. 2011. Genesis, micromorphology and clay mineralogy of soils located on different geomorphic surface in Jiroft area. Journal of Soil and Water (Agricultural Science and Technology), 25: 411-425.
33- Schaetzl R.J., and Thompson M L. 2015. Soils Genesis and Geomorphology. 2nd edition, ‎Cambridge University Press, New York.Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th ed. USDA. SCS. Agric. U.S. Gov.Print office. Washington. D.C. 362p.
34- Shankar N., and Achyuthan H. 2007. Genesis of calcic and petrocalcic horizons from Combatore, Tamil Nadu: Micromorphology and geochemical studies, Qauaternary International, 175: 140-154.
35- Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th ed. USDA. SCS. Agric. U.S. Gov. Print office. Washington. D.C. 362p.
36- Stoops G. 2003. Guidelines for the Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, 182p.
37- Tanner L.H. 2010. Continental Carbonates as Indicators of Paleoclimate. In: D. M. Deocampo. Chapter 1 The Geochemistry of Continental Carbonates. Elsevier, 62: 1-59.
38- Ufnar D.F. 2007. Clay coatings from a modern soil chronosequence: A tool for estimating the relative age of well drained paleosols., Geoderma, 141: 181-200.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• alluvial fan
• Clay mineralogy
• soil evolution
• Soil genesis

مراجع

1. Abdelkhalik Ibrahim M.A. 2011. Argillic horizons and clay-sized particles - an alternative

interpretation of their dynamics in sola development and across catenas. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, 127p.

2. Bayat O., Karimzadeh H.R., Karimi A., Eghbal M.K. and Khademi H. 2013. Pedogeomorphic evolution of an alluvial fan in central Iran, Journal of Rane and Watershed Management, 66: 192-206.

3. Birkeland P.W. 1999. Soils and Geomorphology, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, New York.

4. Bockheim J.G., Hartemink A.E. 2013. Distribution and classification of soils with clay-enriched horizons in the USA, Geoderma, 209-210: 153-160.

5. Boixadera J., Poch R.M., Garcia-Gonzalez M.T. and Vizcayno C. 2003. Hydromorphic and clay-related processes in soils from the Llanosde Moxos (Northern Bolivia), Catena 54: 403-424.

6. Bouza P.J., Simon M., Aguilar J., del Valle H., Rostagno M. 2007. Fibrus-clay mineral formation and soil evolution in Aridisols of northeastern Patagonia, Argentina, Geoderma,139: 38-50.

7. Buck B. J. and Van Hoesen J. G. 2002. Snowball morphology and SEM analysis of pedogenic gypsum. Southern New Mexico. USA, Journal of Arid Environments, 51: 469-487.

8. Chapman H.D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Black, C. A. (ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

9. Chorom M., Baghernejad M. and Jafari S. 2009. Influence of rotation cropping and sugarcane production on the clay mineral assemblage, Applied Clay Science, 385-395.

10. Christenson G.E. and Purcell C. 1985. Correlation and age of Quaternary alluvial fansequences. Basin and Range province. Southwestern United States. in : Weide D.I., Faber M.L.,(Eds.), Soils and Quaternary geology of the Southwestern United States.Geological Society of America Boulder, pp. 115-121.

11. Day P. 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size Analysis. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 edition, Black, C.A. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. Pp: 545-567.

12. Dixon J.B. and Schuzele D. 2002. Soil mineralogy with environmental applications. Soil sciencesociety of America, Madison, Wisconsin. USA.

13. Farpoor M.H., Neyestani M., Eghbal M.K. and Esfandiarpour Borujeni I. 2012. Soil-geomorphology relationships in Sirjan playa, south central Iran, Geomorphology, 138: 223–230.

14. Ghafarpour A., Khormali F., Balsam W., Karimi A. and Ayoubi, Sh. 2016. Climatic interpretation of loess-paleosol sequences at Mobarakabad and Aghband, Northern Iran, Quaternary Research, 86: 95-109.

15. Ghasemzadeh Ganjehie, M., Karimi, A., Zeinadini, A. and Khorassani, R. 2017. Investigationof clay mineralogy, micromorphology and evolution of soils in Bajestan playa, Journal of Water and Soil, 30: 2046-2059.

16. Gunal, H., Ransom, M.D. 2006. Clay illuviation and calcium carbonate accumulation along a precipitation gradient in Kansas. Geoderma, 68: 59-69.

17. Harvey A.M., Mather A.E. and Stokes M. 2005. Alluvial fans geomorphology, sedimentology, dynamics-introduction. A review of alluvial-fan research. in: Harvey, A. M. Mather A. E. and Stokes, M. (Eds.), Alluvial Fans Geomorphology, Sedimentology and Dynamics. Geological Society of London, pp. 1-7.

18. Irannejad M. and Farpoor M.H. 2012. Genesis, clay mineralogy, and micromorphology of paleosols located on Givdary alluvial fan, Rafsanjan, Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 19: 761-772.

19. Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw-Hill, New York.

20. Johnson D.L., Watson-Stegner, D. 1987. Evolution model of pedogenesis. Journal of Soil Science, 143: 349-366.

21. Karimi, A., Esfandiarpour, I., Ghasemzadeh Ganjehie, M. 2017. Description of soil evolution in southern Mashhad city using the conceptual models of Jenny, and Johnson and Watson-Stegner. Pedosphere, In Press

22. Karimi A., Frechen M., Khademi H., Kehl M. and Jalalian A. 2011. Chronostratigraphy of loess deposits in northeast Iran, Qutaernary International, 234: 124-132.

23. Kehl M. 2010. Loess, loess-like sediments, soils and climate change in Iran, Relief, Boden,

Paläoklima, 208p.

24. Khademi H., Mermut, A.R. 1998. Source of palygorskite in gypsiferous Aridisoils and associated sediments from central Iran, Clay Minerals, 33: 561-578.

25. Khormali F., Abtahi A., Mahmoodi S. and Stoops, G. 2003. Argillic horizon development in calcareous soils of arid and semi-arid regions of southern Iran, Catena, 53: 273-301.

26. Kittrick J.A. and Hope E.W. 1963. A procedure for particle size separation of soils for x-ray diffraction, Journal of Soil Sciences, 35: 621-629.

27. Mehra O.P. and Jackson, M.L. 1960. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite citrate system with sodium bicarbonate, Clays and Clay Minerals, 7: 317-327.

28. Nelson D.W. and Sommers L.E. 1982. Total Carbon, Organic matter.In: A.L. Page et al. (Ed.), Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2 nd ed., Agron. Monger.No. 9.ASA and SSSA. Madison, WI. 539-577.

29. Owliaie H.R., Abtahi A. and Heck R.J. 2006. Pedogenesis and clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous and calcareous materials, on transect southwestern Iran., Geoderma, 134: 62-81.

30. Page S.E., Wust R.A.J., Wriss D., Rieley J.O., Shotyk w. and Limins S.2004. A Record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene carbon accumulation and implication for past, present and future carbon dynamics. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19: 625-635.

31. Pope R., Wilkinson K., Skourtsos E., Triantaphyllou M. and Ferrier, G. 2008. Clarifying stages of alluvial fan evolution along the Sfakian piedmont, Southern Crete: New evidence from analysis Advance, Soil Science, 1: 172-200.

32. Sanjari S., Farpoor M.H., Karimian Eghbal M. and Esfandiarpoor Borojeni I. 2011. Genesis, micromorphology and clay mineralogy of soils located on different geomorphic surface in Jiroft area, Journal of Soil and Water (Agricultural Science and Technology), 25: 411-425.

33. Schaetzl R.J. and Thompson M L. 2015. Soils Genesis and Geomorphology. 2nd edition, ‎Cambridge University Press, New York.Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th ed. USDA. SCS. Agric. U.S. Gov.Print office. Washington. D.C. 362p.

34. Shankar N. and Achyuthan, H. 2007. Genesis of calcic and petrocalcic horizons from Combatore, Tamil Nadu: Micromorphology and geochemical studies, Qauaternary International, 175: 140-154.

35. Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th ed. USDA. SCS. Agric. U.S. Gov.

Print office. Washington. D.C. 362p.

36. Stoops G. 2003. Guidelines for the Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, 182p.

37. Tanner L.H. 2010. Continental Carbonates as Indicators of Paleoclimate. In: D. M. Deocampo. Chapter 1 The Geochemistry of Continental Carbonates. Elsevier, 62: 1-59.

38. Ufnar D.F. 2007. Clay coatings from a modern soil chronosequence: A tool for estimating the relative age of well drained paleosols., Geoderma, 141: 181-200.