Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Ph.D. Student of Agronomy Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
3 Professor of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Rice is a staple food source and the most important grain in developing countries, which is most commonly consumed by more than 90 percent of the world populations. Moreover, this plant is produced and consumed in Asia. However this major crop faces severe limitations such as water scarcity and other environmental stresses. Limited water resources along with climate change effects, have increased attention to methods which improve water use efficiency in crops such as rice cultivation. On the other hand, traditional irrigation methods for rice production often waste considerable fraction of irrigation water. Therefore, it is necessary to modify irrigation and other farming methods. Furthermore, using biochar and nitrogen fixing bacteria as organic biofertilizers can be effective methods to improve water use efficiency and yield attributes of rice plant. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar and Azosprillum lipoferum rhizobacteria on yield and water use efficiency on Tarom Hashemi rice cultivar of under flooded and alternating irrigation regimes.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the research fields of the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2017 and 2018. The experimental site is located at 36º 39ʹ42ʺ N latitude and 53º03´54ʺ E longitude with -11 m above sea level. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm before land preparation. The experiment was done in factorial split-split plot arrangement with complete randomized blocks based design with three replications. Treatments included two irrigation management methods (flooding and irrigation regimes) in combination with nine fertilizers levels (100% of recommended nitrogen or N100, N100+ 10 ton biochar or biochar 10, N100+ biochar 20, N75, N75+ biochar 10, N100+ biochar 20, N50, n50+ biochar 10 and N100+ biochar 20) as main plots and seedling inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum bacteria (without inoculation was also included as control) as sub plots.Plot ridges were covered by plastic sheets and inserted into the soil at 50 cm to prevent water flowing from one plot to the others. The plots were then leveled and 3-4 leaf seedlings stage. A specific number of seedlings were gently washed and placed for 30 minutes in a pan containing 10 L of water mixed with 1 L of bacterial inoculum. Carboxymethyl cellulose, 15 g, was added to increase adhesion of bacteria into the plant roots. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied according to the results of soil analysis. Weeds and pests were controlled mechanically or by hand and no herbicides or pesticides were used.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that biochar and nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation methods, and seedling inoculation with bacteria had significant effects on water use efficiency indices. Comparison of means of interaction effects showed that the highest paddy yield (5950.43 and 5330.78 kg/ha, respectively) were observed by flooding irrigation method in combination with N50 + biochar 20 treatment and inoculated by Azospirillum lipoferum bacteria and alternating irrigation management method which was along with N50 + biochar 20 without inoculation. Alternating irrigation plots experienced water shortage in some growth stages and therefore slightly lower paddy yield is acceptable. Application of biochar 20 and flooding or alternating methods which treated by N75 and N50, respectively showed 49.1% increase in economic efficiency index.
Conclusion: In general, application of 20 ton biachar along with 75% nitrogen fertilizers led to 42.8% increase in economic advantages in alternating irrigation method as compared to the flooding systems. These observation indicates beneficial effect of fertilizer in economic advantage enhancement in rice cultivation.
Keywords
-
1- Akhtar S.S., Andersen M.N., and Liu F. 2014. Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agric. Water Manage 138: 37-44.
2- Alburquerque J.A., Calero J.M., Barron V., Torrent J., Del Campillo M.C., Gallardo A., and Villar R. 2012. Effects of biochars produced from different feed stocks on soil properties and sunflower growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177:16–25.
3- Arabi Yazdi A., Alizadeh A., and Mohammadian F. 2010. Investigation of water ecological footprints in iranian agriculture. water and soil Journal 23(4): 15-1. (In Persian with English abstract)
4- Arabzade B. 2006. Investigation of low irrigation in Fajr cultivar. Publishing Department of Rice Research Institute of Iran. 24 pages.
5- Arabzade B., and Aghajani S. 2003. Rice, Vegetation, Water Requirements, Pests and diseases and weed Management.
6- Anderson C.R., Condron L.M., Clough T.J., Fiers M., Stewart A., Hill R.A., and Sherlock R.R. 2011. Biochar induced soil microbial community change: Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Pedobiologia 54: 309–320.
7- Arif M., Ali A., Umair M., Munsif F., Ali K., Inamullah M.S., and Ayub G. 2012. Effect of biochar FYM and mineral nitrogen alone and in combination on yield and yield components of maize. Sarhad Journal Agriculture 28(2): 191-195. (In Persian with English abstract)
8- Atkinson C.J., Fitzgerald J.D., and Hipps N.A. 2010 Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: A review. Plant and Soil 337: 1–18.
9- Bobojonov I., Berg E., Franz-Vasdeki J., Martius Ch., and Lamers John P.A. 2016. Income and irrigation water use efficiency under climate change: An application of spatial stochastic crop and water allocation model to Western Uzbekistan, Climate Risk Management, ISSN 2212-0963, Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.], 13: 19-30.
10- Bouman B.A.M., Lampayan R.M., and Tuong T.P. 2007. Water management in irrigated rice: coping with water scarcity. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 54 p.
11- Bouman B.A.M., Peng S., Castaneda A.R., and Visperas R.M. 2005. Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agricultural Water Management 74: 87-105.
12- Brantley K.E., Brye K.R., Savin M.C., and Longer D.E. 2015. Biochar source and application rate effects on soil water retention determined using wetting curves. Open Journal of Soil Science 5(01): 1.
13- Chaudhry U.K., Shahzad S., Naqqash M.N., Saboor A., Yaqoob S., Abbas M.S., and Saeed F. 2016. Integration of biochar and chemical fertilizer to enhance quality of soil and wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 9(1): 348-358.
14- Cornelissen G., Martinsen V., Shitumbanum V., Alling V., Gijs D., Breedveld G.D., Rutherford D.W., Sparrevik M., Hale S.E., Obia A., and Mulder A. 2013. Biochar effect on maize yield and soil characteristics in five conservation farming sites in Zambia. Agronomy (3): 256-274.
15- Egamberdiyeva D., Juraeva D., Poberejskaya S., Myachina O., Teryuhova P., Seydalieva L. and Aliev A. 2004. Improvement of wheat and cotton growth and nutrient uptake by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Proceedings of the 26th Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Raleigh, North Carolina, June 8-9, P. 58-66.
16- Gebremedhin G.H., Haileselassie B., Berhe D., and Belay T. 2015. Effect of biochar on yield and yield components of wheat and post-harvest soil properties in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Fertilizers and Pesticides 6: 158-162.
17- Glab T., Palmowska J., Zaleski T., and Gondek K. 2016. Effect of biochar application on soil hydrological properties and physical quality of sandy soil. Geoderma 281: 11-20.
18- Hua L., Lu Z., Ma H., and Jin S. 2014. Effect of biochar on carbon dioxide release, organic carbon accumulation, and aggregation of soil. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 33(3): 941-946.
19- Ibrahim O.M., Bakry A.B., El Kramany M.F., and Elewa T.A. 2015. Evaluating the role of biochar application under two levels of water requirements on wheat production under sandy soil conditions. Global Journal of Advanced Resarch 2(2): 411-418.
20- IRRI, PhilRice, NIA and BASC. 2005. Aerobic Rice: A water-saving technology in development. www.irri.com.
21- Jvan J., and Fal Soleyman M. 2008. Water crisis and the need to pay attention to agricultural water productivity in dry areas Case Study: Birjand Plain, Geography, Development, Sh.
22- Karer J., Wimmer B., Zehetner F., Kloss S., and Soja G. 2013. Biochar application to temperate soils: effect on nutrient uptake and corn yield under field conditions. Agricultural and Food Science 22: 390-403.
23- Kheyri Shalamzari, K. And Borumabdsab, S. 2014. Effect of different levels of superabsorbent 200A on the physical and hydraulic properties of silty loam soil. Irrigation Science and Engineering, 36 (4): 63-71.
24- Kinney T.J., Masiello C.A., Dugan B., Hockaday W.C., Dean M.R., Zygourakis K., and Barnes R.T. 2012. Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures. Biomass and Bioenergy 41: 34-43.
25- Lehmann J., and Joseph S. 2009. Biochar for Environmental Management- an Introduction. In: Lehmann J. and Joseph S. (Eds). Biochar for Eenvironmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, pp. 1–11.
26- Lehmann J., Cheng C. H., Thies J.E., Burton S.D., and Engelhard M.H. 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry 37: 1477-1488.
27- Lehmann J. 2007. Bio-Energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 381-387.
28- Liu X.H., Han F.P., and Zhang X.C. 2012. Effect of biochar on soil aggregates in the loess plateau: results from incubation experiments, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 14: 975‒979.
29- Malekotti M.J., Ghayibi M.N. 2000. Determining the critical level of effective nutrients in soil, plants and fruits in order to increase the quality and quantity performance of strategic products of the country. second edition. Agricultural Education Publication. 92 p.
30- Martinsen V., Mulder J., Shitumbanuma V., Sparrevik M., Børresen T., and Cornelissen G. 2014. Farmer‐led maize biochar trials: Effect on crop yield and soil nutrients under conservation farming. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177: 681-695.
31- Nassiri M., and Niknejad Y. 2012. Causes of damage in rice fields. Publishing Ward 83 pages.
32- Pirdashti H. 2000. Study of the process of remobilization of dry matter, nitrogen and determination of growth indices of rice cultivars in different dates of masters dissertation. Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran. 158 pages.
33- Pirdashti H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani Z., Nematzadeh G., and Ismail A. 2004. Study of water stress effects in different growth stages on yield and yield components of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, 26 Sept. 1 Oct, Brisbane, Australia.
34- Rezaei M., and Nahvi M. 2004. Effect of irrigation interval on rice yield. Proceedings of the Eleventh Irrigation and Drainage Conference, Tehran.
35- Roderick M., Florencia G.R., Rodriguez G.D.P., Lampayan R.M., and Bouman B.A.M. 2011. Impact of the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water-saving irrigation technique: Evidence from rice producers in the Philippines. Food Policy 36(2): 280-288.
36- Schmidt M.W.I., and Noack A.G. 2000. Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications and current challenges. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14:777–793.
37- Sedaght N., Pirdashti H., Asadi R., and Mousavi Toghani S.I. 2014. The effect of irrigation methods on water productivity in rice. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 28(1): 9-1. (In Persian with English abstract)
38- Smith J.L., Collins H. P., and Bailey V.L. 2010. The effect of young biochar on soil respiration. Soil Biology Biochemistry 42: 2345-2347.
39- Sun Z., Bruun E.W., Arthur E., De Jonge L.W., Moldrup P., Hauggaard-Nielsen H., and Elsgaard L. 2014. Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 50:1087-1097.
40- Tavakoli A. 2002. Low irrigation. Publication of Iran National Irrigation and Drainage Committee.
41- Topoliantz S., Ponge J.F., and Ballof S. 2007. Manioc peel and charcoal: A potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics. Biology and Fertility of Soils 41: 15–21.
42- Uzoma K., Inoue M., Andry H., Fujimaki H., Zahoor A., and Nishihara E. 2011. Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use Manage 27: 205-212.
43- Van Zwieten L., S. Kimber S., Morris K., Chan A., Downie J., Rust S., Joseph and Cowie A. 2010. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant. Soil 327: 235-246.
44- Wang Z., and Huang B. 2004. Physiological recovery of Kentucky bluegrass from simultaneous drought and heat stress. Crop Science 44: 1729-1736 .
45- Warnock D.D., Mummeya D.L., McBride B., Major J., Lehmann J., and Rillig M.C. 2010. Influences of nonherbaceous biochar on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundances in roots and soils: results from growth chamber and field experiments. Applied Soil Ecology 46:450–456.
46- Yoshida S. 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Lagunna, Pilippines.
47- Yu O.Y., Raichle B., and Sink S. 2013. Impact of biochar on the water holding capacity of loamy sand soil. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 4(1): 44-52.
48- Zahir A.Z., Arshad M., Frankenberger W.T. 2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: applications and perspectives in agriculture. Advance in Agronomy 81: 97–168.
49- Zhang A., L. Cui G., Pan L., Li Q., Hussain X., Zhang J., Zheng and D. Crowley., 2010. Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China. Agriculture Ecos. Environment 139: 469-475.
50- Zhang A., Liu Y., Pan G., Hussain Q., Li L., Zheng J., and Zhang X. 2012. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions froma soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain. Plant Soil 351: 263-275.
)
Send comment about this article