تأثیر باکتری های PGPR و قارچ های میکوریزا- آربوسکولار بر رشد و برخی ویژگی های فیزیولوژیک خارزن بابا در خاک آلوده به کادمیم

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• میرحسن رسولی صدقیانی
• حبیب خداوردیلو
• محسن برین
• سولماز کاظم علیلو

دانشگاه ارومیه

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v30i2.40077

چکیده

باکتری های افزاینده رشد گیاه (PGPR) و قارچ ریشه های آربوسکولار (AMF) سبب بهبود رشد گیاهان در تنش های محیطی می‌شوند. در این پژوهش نقش برخی گونه هایPGPR (ترکیبی از گونه های Pseudomonas شامل سویه های P. fluorescens ، P.putida و P. aeruginosa) و AMF (ترکیبی از گونه های Glomus شامل G. mosseae، G. intraradices و G. fasciculatum) بر برخی عناصر و همچنین برخی شاخص های فیزیولوژیک، توسط گیاه خارزن بابا (Onopordon acanthium L) بررسی شد. این مطالعه در شرایط گلخانه‌ای به صورت فاکتوریل با دو فاکتور غلظت کادمیم (صفر، 10، 30 و 100 میلی گرم کادمیم بر کیلوگرم) و تیمار تلقیح میکروبی، در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش غلظت کادمیم در خاک رشد گیاه، غلظت آهن، روی و مس در شاخساره، مقادیر کلروفیل‌ها و کاروتنوئیدها، ارتفاع، تنفس میکروبی و محتوای نسبی آب برگ (RWC) کاهش و مقادیر غلظت کادمیم در گیاه به طور معنی داری (05/0P≤) افزایش یافت. مایه زنی میکروبی سبب کاهش تاثیر نامطلوب کادمیم بر رشد گیاه شد. عملکرد شاخساره گیاه به طور میانگین در تیمارهای PGPRو AMFبه ترتیب بیش از 1/2 و 7/2 و تنفس میکروبی به ترتیب بیش از 17/2 و 01/2 برابر تیمارهای مشابه شاهد بود. چنین نتیجه گیری می‌گردد که مایه زنی میکروبی سبب افزایش بردباری گیاه و کاهش تاثیر نامطلوب کادمیم بر رشد گیاه می شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تلقیح میکروبی
• خارزن بابا
• شاخص های فیزیولوژیکی
• سمیت کادمیم
• فلزات سنگین

20.1001.1.20084757.1395.30.2.9.1

عنوان مقاله [English]

Influence of PGPR Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and some Physiological Parameters of Onopordon acanthium in a Cd-Contaminated Soil

نویسندگان [English]

• MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani
• Habib Khodaverdiloo
• Mohsen Barin
• Solmaz Kazemalilou

Urmia University

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Heavy metals (HMs) are serious threat for environment due to their dangerous effects. These metals as contaminants that can be accumulated in soil and after absorption by plants, finally will be found in food chains. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the dangerous HMs that threats the health of plants, living organisms and human. Physicochemical remediation methods may cause large changes in different characteristics of soils . Recently environmental-friendly strategies including phytoremediation have been emphasized by researchers. Phytoremediation that refers to the use of plants and their assistance with microorganisms for remediation of contaminated soils is an effective and low cost method for reclamation of heavy metals polluted soils. The most important limitation of phytoremediation is low availability of heavy metals and sensitivity of plants to contamination. There are evidences that soil microbes can help to overcome these limitations through several ways. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth and survival in heavy metal contaminated soils through different mechanisms including producing promoting metabolites, auxin, siderophore and antibiotics. In this study the role of some strains of PGPR (a mixture of Pseudomonas species including P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa) and AMF (a mixture of Glomus species including G. intraradices, G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum), on uptake and accumulation of Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu as well as some physiological properties of Onopordon (Onopordon acanthium L) were evaluated.
Materials and Methods:This study was carried out under greenhouse condition as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with two factors including Cd concentration (four levels) and microbial treatment (three levels) in three replications. Consequently, a soil was selected and spiked uniformly with different concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 30 and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil) at greenhouse of agricultural college in Urmia University. The contaminated soils were then sterilized and subsequently inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (a mixture of Glomose species including G. intraradices, G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (a mixture of Pseudomonas species includeing P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa). The seeds of Onopordon plants were grown in 2.5 kilogram pots under greenhouse condition. At the end of growing season the shoot dry weight, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu concentration and element contents and some of physiological parameters of plant as well as microbial properties were analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of soil Pb level on population, activity and efficiency of the inoculated microbes was studied.
Results and Discussion: Significant difference was observed for plants’ dry weights. At different Cd levels, the yield of inoculated plants was higher than that of control plants. Furthermore, at elevated Cd concentration, plant height, biomass, relative yield, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, relative water content (RWC) decreased significantly (P < 0.05), however, plants inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed considerable amount of dry matter, chlorophyll a, b as well as RWC. Mycorrizal and bacterial inoculation and Cd treatment also had significant effect on leaf photosynthetic pigments concentration and plant relative water content. In general, concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and RWC were higher in inoculated plants at every level of soil Cd. The microbial inoculation effectively decreased the inhibitory effects of Cd on plant growth. Shoot yield of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria plants increased by 2.7 and 2.1 times as well as microbial respiration increased by 2.17 and 2.01 times compared to control treatment. The results showed inoculated plant absorbed more Cd than non-inoculated plants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria were more effective than arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in shoot Cd concentration. Cd contamination reduced soil microbial population and basal respiration. Results showed that with increasing soil Cd concentration shoot Fe, Zn and Cu concentrations significantly decreased. Root colonization rates decreased significantly with 10 mg kg-1 Cd addition for AMF treatments, and drastically with 100 mg kg-1 Cd added. Plant roots in the control and PGPR treatment were not colonized.
Conclusion: It is concluded that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation could be sustained and promoted plant growth in phytoremediation processes. Therefore, under Cd contamination it can be use PGPR and AMF as growth promoters and finally enhance phytoremediation efficiency.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Cd Toxicity
• Heavy metals
• Microbial Inoculation
• Onopordon acanthium
• Physiological Properties

مراجع

1- Abou-Shanab R.A., Angle J.S., and Ghaney R.L. 2006. Bacterial inoculants affecting nickel uptake by Alyssum murale from low, moderate and high Ni soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38: 2886-2889.

2- Alipour Z., and Malakouti M.J. 2003. The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on plant growth and health. Technical Buletin No. 309, Soil and Water Research Institute, 12 pp. (in Persian)

3- Andrade S.A., Silveira A.P., Jorge R.A., and Abreu M.F. 2008. Cadmium accumulation in sunflower plants influenced by arbuscular mycorrhiza. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10: 1-13.

4- Arriagada C.A, Herrera M.A., and Ocampo J.A. 2005. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal and saprobe fungi to the tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus to Pb. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 166: 31-47.

5- Arshad M, Saleem M., and Hussain S. 2007. Perspectives of bacterial ACC deaminase inphytoremediation. Trends Biotechnology, 25: 356–362.

6- Awotoye O.O., Adewole M.B., Salami A.O., and Ohiembor M.O. 2009. Arbuscular mycorrhiza contribution to the growth performance and heavy metal uptake of Helianthus annuus LINN in pot culture. African Journal Environment Science and Technology, 3: 157-163.

7- Balestrasse K.B., Gardey L., Gallego S.M., and Tomaro M.L. 2001. Response of antioxidant defence system in soybean nodules and roots subjected to cadmium stress. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 28: 497-504.

8- Barcelo J., and Poschenrieder C. 1990. Plant water relations as affected by heavy metal stress: A reaview. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 13: 1-37.

9- Bar-Ness E., Hadar Y., Chen Y., Shanzer A., and Libman J. 1992. Iron uptake by plant from microbial siderophores. Plant Physiology, 99: 1329-1335.

10- Burd G.I., Dixon D.G., and Glick B.R. 2000. Plant growth-promoting bacteria that decrease heavy metal toxicity in plants. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 46: 237-245.

11- Cariny T. 1995. The Reuse of Contaminated Land. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Publisher. P. 219.

12- Carneiro M.A.C., Siqueira J.O., and Moreira F.M.D. 2001. Establishment of herbaceous plants in heavy metal contaminated soils inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 36: 1443-1452.

13- Carter M.R., and Gregorich E.G. 2008. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (2nd ed). CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. P.1204.

14- Chellappan P., and Selvaraj T. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizae: Adiverse personality. Review Paper. Central European Agriculture Journal. 7: 349-358.

15- Clark R.B., and Zeto S.K. 2000. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Journal Plant Nutrition, 23: 867-902.

16- Colpaert J.V., and van Assche J.A. 1987. Heavy metal resistance in some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Functional Ecology, 1: 415-421.

17- Costa G., and Spitz E. 1997. Influence of cadmium on soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids, protein content of in vitro cultured Lupinus albus. Plant Science, 128: 131-140.

18- Dary M., Chamber-Perez M.A., Palomares A.J., and Pajuelo E. 2010. In situ phytostabilisation of heavy metal polluted soils using Lupinus luteus inoculated with metal resistant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria. Hazard Mater, 177: 323-330.

19- Das P., Samantaray S., and Routm, G. R. 1997. Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. Environmental Pollution, 98: 29–36.

20- Dehn B., and Schüepp H. 1989. Influence of VA mycorrhizae on the uptake and distribution of heavy metals in plants.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 29: 79–83.

21- Diaz G., Azcon-Aguilar C., and Honrubia M. 1996. Influence of arbuscular mycorrihza on heavy metal (Zn and Pb) uptake and growth of Lygedum spartum and Anthyllis cytisoides. Plant and Soil, 180: 241-249.

22- Gerdemann J.W., and Nicolson T.W. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet-sieving and decanting method. Transaction of British Mycological Society 46: 235-245.

23- Ghorbani N.R., Salehrastin N., and A. Moeini. 2002. Heavy metals affect the microbial populations and their activities. 17 th WCSS. Thailand, Symposium no. 54, paper no. 223: 1-11.

24- Giovannetti M., and Mosse B. 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84: 489-500.

25- Gogorcena Y., Lucena J.J., and Abadia J. 2002. Effects of Cd and Pb in sugar beets plants grown in nutrient solution: Induced Fe deficiency and growth inhibition. Functional Plant Biology, 29: 1453-1464.

26- Gupta R.K. 2000.Soil, plant, water and fertilizer analysis.Agrobios, New Delhi, India. P: 438.

27- Haghiri F. 1973. Cadmium uptake by plants. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2: 93-96.

28- He L.Y., Chen Z.J., Ren G.D., Zhang Y.F., Qian M., and Sheng X.F. 2009. Increased cadmium and lead uptake of a cadmium hyperaccumulator tomato by cadmium-resistant bacteria. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 1343-1348.

29- Horst V. 2004. Further root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in already mycorrhizal plants in suppressed after a critical level of root colonization. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161: 339-341.

30- Hovsepyan A., and Greipsson S. 2004. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phytoextraction bycorn (Zea mays) of lead-contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 6: 305-321.

31- Huang Y., tao S.A., and Chen Y.j. 2005. The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza on change of heavy metal speciation in rhizosphere of maize in wastewater irrigated agriculture soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17: 276-280.

32- Jalil A., Selles F., and Clarke J.M. 1994. Effect of cadmium on growth and uptake of cadmium and other elements by durum wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 17: 1839-1858.

33- Kabata-Pendias A., and Pendias H. 1993. Biogeochemistry of trace elements. Wyd, Warszawa: 363. (In polish)

34- Kaldorf M., Kuhn A.J., Schröder W.H., Hildebrandt U., .and Bothe H. 1999. Selective element deposits in maize colonized by a heavy metal tolerance conferring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Journal Plant Physiology, 154: 718-728.

35- Kamnev A.A., and Lelie D.V. 2000. Chemical and biological parameters as tools to evaluate and improve heavy metal phytoremediation. Bioscience Reports, 20: 239-258.

36- Karami A., and Zulkifli H.S.H. 2010. Phytoremediation of heavy metals with several efficiency enhancer methods. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9: 3689-3698.

37- Karimi A., Khodaverdiloo H., Sepehri M., and Rasouli Sadaghiani M.H. 2011. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metal contaminated soils. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5: 1571-1576.

38- Kazemalilou S., and Rasouli-Sadaghiani M.H. 2012. Effect of soil cadmium pollution on some physiological parameters of Hyoscyamus plant in presence/absence of growth-promoting microorganisms. Water and Soil Science, 22: 17-30. (in Persian with English abstract)

39- Khalighi A., and Khara J. 2008. The effect of AMF on oxidative stress and some growth and physiological parameters of wheat plant (Azar-2) under cadmium toxicity. Iranian Journal of Biology, 21: 216-230. (in Persian with English abstract)

40- Khan A.G. 2005. Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace element contaminated soils in phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 18: 355-364.

41- Khodaverdiloo H., Rahmanian M., Rezapour S., Ghorbani Dashtaki S.h., Hadi H., and Han F.X. 2012. Effect of wetting-drying cycles on redistribution of lead in some semi-arid zone soils spiked with a lead salt. Pedosphere, 22: 304–313.

42- Khodaverdiloo H.S., Ghorbani h., Dashtaki S.h., and Rezapour S. 2011. Lead and cadmium accumulation potential and toxicity threshold determined for land cress (Barbarea verna) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). International Journal of Plant Production, 5: 275-281.

43- Kim C.G., Power S.A., and Bell J.N. 2004. Effects of host plant exposure to cadmium on mycorrhizal infection and soluble carbohydrate levels of Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Environmental Pollution, 131(2): 287-94.

44- Lee E., and Banks M.K. 1993. Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil using vegetation: A microbial study, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 28: 2187.

45- Liao J.P., Lin X.G., Cao Z.H., Shi Y.Q. and Wong M.H.2003. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizae and heavy metals under sand culture experiment. Chemosphere, 50: 847-853.

46- Lichtenthaler H.K., and Wellburn A.R.1985. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b of leaf in different solvents. Biology Society Trans, 11: 591-592.

47- Ma Y, Prasad M.N.V., Rajkumar M., and Freitas H. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils. Biotechnology Advances, 29: 248–258.

48- Malakouti M.J., and Homaee M. 2004. Soil fertility of arid and semi-arid regions, 2nd Edition, Tarbiat Modares University Press, Tehran, Iran, 482pp. (in Persian)

49- Malcova R., Rydlova J., and Vosatka M. 2003. Metal-free cultivation of Glomus sp. BEG 140 isolated from Mn-contaminated soil reduces tolerance to Mn. Mycorrhiza. 13: 151-157.

50- Marschner H., and Romheld, V. 1995. Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron. Plant and Soil, 165: 262-274.

51- Olga M., Jaromir K., and Jitka N. 2002. Some microbiological characteristics and enzymatic activities in soil polluted with heavy metals. 17 th WCSS, Thailand, Symposium no. 792: 1-7.

52- Oudeh M., Khan M., and Scullion J. 2002. Plant accumulation of potentially toxic elements in sewage sludge as affected by soil organic matter level and mycorrhizal fungi. Environmental Pollution. 6: 293–300.

53- Phillips J.M., and Hayman D.S. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Journal, 55: 158–161.

54- Prasad M., and Strazalka K.1999. Impact of heavy metals on phytosyntesis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41: 314-320.

55- Rudawska M., and Leski T. 1998. Aluminium tolerance of different Paxillus involutus Fr. strains originating from polluted and non-polluted sites. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 67: 115-122.

56- Sanita d.I., Toppi L., and Gabbrielli R. 1999. Response to cadmium in higher plants: A review. Environ. Experimental Botany, 4: 105–130.

57- Sara A.L., Andrade D., Adriana P.D., and Silveira D. 2008. Mycorrhiza influence on maize development under Cd stress and P supply. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20: 39-50.

58- Selispour M. 2003. Study on the effectiveness of microbial phosphate fertilizers contains phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms on yield and quality of corn in field condition. The 3rd Iranian national symposium on application of bio-material and proper use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, 21-23 Feb. 2003, Tehran, Iran, 790pp. (in Persian)

59- Shirmardi M., Savaghebi G., Khavazi K., Farahbakhsh M. Rejali F., and Sadat A. 2010. Study on the interaction of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas on leaf water potential and yield of two sunflower genotypes in a saline soil. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 41: 221-228. (in Persian with English abstract)

60- Vassilev A., and Yordanov I. 1997. Reductive analysis of factors limiting growth of cadmium treated plants A review. Plant Physiology, 23: 14-133.

61- Vivas A., Biro B., Campos E., Barea J. M., and Azcon R. 2003. Symbiotic efficiency of autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (G. mosseae) and Bacillus sp. isolated from cadmium polluted soil under increasing cadmium levels. Environmental Pollution, 126:179-189.

62- Vogel-Mikus K., Drobne D., and Regvar M. 2005. Zn, Cd and Pb accumulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of pennycress (Thlaspi praecox) from the vicinity of a lead mine and smelter Slovenia. Environmental Pollution, 133: 233-242.

63- Wallace A., Wallace G.A., and. Cha J.W. 1992. Some modifications in trace elements toxicities and deficiencies in plants resulting from interactions with other elements and chelating agents. The special case of iron. Journal Plant Nutrition, 15: 1589-1598.

64- Yano-Melo A.M., Saggin O.J., and Maia L.C. 2003. Tolerance of mycorrhized banana (Musa sp. cv. Pacovan) plant lets to saline stress. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 95: 343–348.