تعیین مؤثرترین جزء خاکدانه در برآورد پایداری ساختمان خاک با بهره گیری از روش زمین آمار

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سعیده بردسیری زاده
• عیسی اسفندیارپور بروجنی
• علی اصغر بسالت پور
• پیمان عباس زاده دهجی

ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v31i2.54438

چکیده

خاکدانه به‌عنوان واحد ساختمانی خاک، بیانگر مجموعه‌ای از ذرات اولیه است که پیوستگی‌شان به یکدیگر بیش از پیوستگی آن‏ها به ذرات خاک اطراف این مجموعه می‌باشد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، تعیین مهمترین جزء اندازه‌ای خاکدانه‌ (درشت و یا ریز) در برآورد میزان پایداری ساختمان خاک در منطقه‌ی رابر کرمان با بهره‌گیری از زمین‌آمار می‌باشد. تعداد 90 نمونه‌ی خاک سطحی (10-0 سانتی‌متر) به روش شبکه‌ای منظم و با فواصل تقریبی 200 متر، از منطقه برداشت و هواخشک شد. پس از عبور نمونه‌ها از الک چهار میلی‌متری، درصد پایداری خاکدانه‌ها در سه بخش خاکدانه‌های کل، درشت و ریز در دو حالت خشک و مرطوب محاسبه شد. سپس، مطالعات زمین‌آماری شاخص‌های پایداری محاسبه‌شده، در قالب دو مرحله‌ی واریوگرافی و تخمین انجام گرفت و نقشه‌های کریجینگ پایداری خاکدانه‌ها ترسیم شد. به‌منظور تعیین میزان همخوانی نقشه‌های کریجینگ شاخص پایداری محاسبه‌شده برای خاکدانه‌های درشت و ریز با شاخص محاسبه‌شده برای کل خاکدانه‌ها، پس از تشکیل ماتریس خطا، صحت عمومی آن‌ها محاسبه شد. براساس نتایج حاصل،بیش‏ترین درصدپایداری کل خاکدانه‌ها (9/89 درصد) در موقعیت‌های شمال و جنوب‌شرقی منطقه‌ که بیش‏ترین مقدار ماده‌ی آلی (2/3 درصد) را به خود اختصاص داده بودند، در حالت خشک دیده شد. درصد صحت عمومی حاصل از تقاطع نقشه‌های کریجینگ کل خاکدانه‌ها و خاکدانه‌های درشت در حالت خشک (75/51 درصد)، بیش از حالت مرطوب (17/32درصد) بود. در مقابل، درصدصحت عمومی محاسبه-شده برای تقاطع نقشه‌های کریجینگ کل خاکدانه‌ها و خاکدانه‌های ریز در حالت مرطوب (31/17 درصد)، بیش از حالت خشک (93/10 درصد) بود. به-طور کلی، مطالعه‌ی تغییرات مکانی پایداری خاکدانه‌های درشت و ریز می‌تواند در راستای مدیریت بهینه‌ی اراضی برای مطالعات آتی مفید واقع شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پایداری خاکدانه
• کاربری اراضی
• کریجینگ
• ماتریس خطا

عنوان مقاله [English]

Use of Geostatistical Methodto Determinethe Most Effective Aggregate Component for Estimating Soil Structural Stability

نویسندگان [English]

• Saeideh Bardsirizadeh
• Isa Esfandiarpour Borujeni
• Ali Asghar Besalatpour
• Peyman Abbaszadeh Dahaji

Vali-e-Asr University of rafsanjan

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Aggregate, as the basic unit of soil structure,represents a collection of primary particles which their adherence to each other is more than their connection to environ soilparticles. Aggregate stability is a highly complex parameter influencing a wide range of soil properties, including carbon stabilization, soil porosity, water infiltration, aeration, compatibility, water retention, hydraulic conductivity andresistance to erosion by water and overland flows. Maintaining high stability of soil aggregate is essential for preserving soil productivity, minimizing soil erosion and degradation and thus minimizing environmental pollution as well. Nevertheless, aggregate stability is described as one of the soil properties that can serve as an indicator of soil quality.The main purpose of this study is to determine the most important component of soil aggregate (macro and/ormicro) in estimating the soil structural stability in the Rabor region, Kerman province, using geostatistical method.
Materials and Methods: Ninetysurface soil samples (0 to 10 cm) were taken on a 200 m square sampling grid in the study area for the geostatistical studies.After air drying the soil samples and passing them through a 4 mm sieve, the percentage of aggregates belong tothree parts of total, macro, and micro classes and aggregate staility were calculated in both dry and wet conditions.Some stability indices were calculated and their spatial variabilities were investigated using two variography and estimation stages methods. Finally, the kriged map of each aggregate stability indicator was produced. To determine the compatibility of kriged maps of the soil aggregates stability indices calculated for the macro and micro aggregates with aggregates stability index (i.e., AS index) calculated forthe total aggregates, the overall accuracy related to each aggregate component (i.e., macro and micro) was calculatedafter creating an error matrix.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that total aggregate stability in the dry condition and macro aggregate stability in the wet condition had the lowest and highest coefficients of variability,respectively. The highest percentage of total aggregate stability (i.e., 89.90 %)was observed in the north and southeast positions of the study areain the dryconditionwhich had the highest amount of organic matter(i.e., 2.30 %). Also, the variograms of all investigated variables were exponentially and their ranges were varied between 380 to 450 m. Although the obtainedranges were different, a sampling distance more or less equal to 420 m is reasonable to study the most of the variables in the area. This can be a good indicator to decrease the sampling tasks for monitoring of these parameters in future.An overall look at the obtained root mean square standardized error (RMSSE) values indicated a high correlation between the measured and estimated values of all investigatedvariables (except for macro aggregate stability in the wet condition). However, all variables had a strong spatial correlation class. The percentage of overall accuracy obtained from crossing the total and macro aggregate kriged maps in the dry condition (i.e., 51.75 %), was more than its percentage for similar maps in the wet condition (i.e., 32.17 %). In return, the percentage of overall accuracy obtained from crossing the total and micro aggregate kriged maps in the wet condition (i.e., 17.31 %)was greater than its percentage for the mentioned maps in the dry condition (i.e., 10.93 %). Because of macro aggregate sensitivities to the amount of pressure imposed on them (as in the wet sieving method, the aggregates are under pressure caused by water energyin addition to tensions related to mechanical motion of sieving), the conformities of above two mentioned maps were less than those in the dry sieving method.
Conclusions: In general, the soil aggregates stability depends strongly on the amount of pressure imposed on them. Besides, the study of spatial variability of macro and micro aggregate stabilities and relative effects of each on the soil structure stability can be useful for choosing proper land management activities in future studies. According to theeffect of aggregation on nutrient cycling, capture, storage and water movement, and also other soil characteristics affecting plant growth and sustainable agriculture on one hand, and the effect of organic matter on aggregation on the other hand, it can be concluded thatall human activities that have a role in reducing or removing organic matter from the soil (e.g., grazing, deforestation, and intensive cultivation etc.) may reduce soil aggregate stability and finally can jeopardize human life in a near future.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Aggregate stability
• Error matrix
• land use
• Kriging

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