تأثیر سرباره مس مواد آلی بر شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیک کمبود آهن گیاه سورگوم (Sorghum bicolor)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• الهام میرپاریزی ¹
• مجتبی بارانی مطلق ²
• سید علیرضا موحدی نائینی ²
• رضا قربانی نصرآبادی ³
• سمیه بختیاری ⁴

¹ دانش‌آموخته دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

² دانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

³ استادیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

⁴ استادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی سیرجان

10.22067/jsw.2021.14923.0

چکیده

حدود 8/53 درصد سرباره مس را اکسیدهای آهن به خود اختصاص می­دهند، لذا در این مطالعه تأثیر سرباره مس به همراه ترکیبات آلی بر میزان آهن کل برگ، رنگدانه­های فتوسنتزی، شاخص SPAD، فعالیت آنزیم­های گیاهی (گایاکول پراکسیداز و گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز) و میزان آهن فعال در گیاه سورگوم (Sorghum bicolor) رقم اسپید فید به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار ارزیابی شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 سطح ماده آلی (پوست پسته و کود گاوی در دو سطح 2 و 4 درصد وزنی و نمونه شاهد بدون ماده آلی) و 11سطح آهن (شاهد یعنی بدون کاربرد مواد حاوی آهن (S)، سکوسترینFeEDDHA (Seq)⁶ به میزان 5 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک، سرباره مس به میزان 10 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S₂)، سرباره مس به میزان 20 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S₄)، سرباره مس به میزان 10 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد (S₂S^°)، سرباره مس به میزان 20 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد (S₄S^°)، سرباره مس به به میزان 10 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد و تیوباسیلوس(S₂S^°T)، سرباره مس به میزان 20 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد ((S₄S^°T، سرباره اسیدی شده مس به میزان 10 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S_2a)، سرباره اسیدی شده مس به میزان 20 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک  (S_4a)و محلول‌پاشی برگی آهن از منبع کود کلات (Fe-EDTA⁷) با غلظت 5 در هزار) بودند. نتایج نشان داد تیمار 4 درصد وزنی کود گاوی با سرباره به میزان 20 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (C₄S₄) و تیمار 4 درصد وزنی کود گاوی با سرباره به میزان 20 میلی­گرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد و تیوباسیلوس(C₄S₄S°T)  بیش­ترین تأثیر را در افزایش شاخص­های مد نظر داشتند، به­طوری­که بیشترین میزان آهن فعال برگ­های جوان توسعه یافته (54 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم) در تیمار (C₄S₄S°T) مشاهده شد که در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (17 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم) افزایش معناداری نشان داد. بررسی ضرایب همبستگی نشان داد که آهن فعال برگ­های جوان توسعه یافته گیاه سورگوم در مقایسه با غلظت آهن کل برگ­ها همبستگی بیشتری با شاخص­های فیزیولوژیک گیاه سورگوم نشان داد. لذا می­توان استفاده از غلظت آهن فعال برگ­های جوان توسعه یافته گیاه به­عنوان شاخص تشخیص کمبود آهن در گیاه به جای آهن کل گیاه را توصیه نمود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آنزیم‌های گیاهی
• آهن فعال
• رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی
• سرباره مس

20.1001.1.20084757.1400.35.6.5.0

موضوعات

• علوم خاک

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عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Copper Slag and Organic Matters on Physiological Indices of Iron Deficiency in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

نویسندگان [English]

• E. Mirparizi ¹
• M. Barani Motlagh ²
• S.A. Movahedi Naeini ²
• R. Ghorbani Nasrabadi ³
• S. Bakhtiary ⁴

¹ Ph.D. Graduate Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

² Associate Professors and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

³ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

⁴ Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems of plants in arid and semi-arid soils especially in calcareous soils. Iron is essential to many cellular activities, required for optimum growth and development, however it is insoluble in aerated soils at neutral or basic pH, therefore, iron deficiency is common in these soils. The problem is usually solved by using iron synthetic chelates which is a very expensive option. There is, therefore, a need for cheaper and more effective alternatives to traditional Fe fertilizers. Several reports have shown that application of Fe factory by-product to soil tends to raise the availability of Fe and reduce Fe deficiency in plants. Application of organic compounds to soil may improve the solubility of the minerals containing micronutrients and correct their deficiencies in alkaline and calcareous soils. A large amount of slag is produced annually at the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman Province, Iran. So far, the copper slag, however, has not been tested as an Fe fertilizer in calcareous soils. Since about 53.8% of slag obtained from copper concentrate melting is composed of iron oxides, we, thus, examined the effect of copper slag along with organic compounds on the level of upper leaf iron, photosynthetic pigments, SPAD index, the activity of plant enzymes and the level of active iron in the upper leaves of sorghum by performing a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of copper slag (one of by-products of melting copper concentrate in Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman Province) and organic compounds (cow manure and pistachio skin) on total leaf iron content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll), antioxidant enzymes activity (Guiacol Peroxidase, Glutathione peroxidase) and concentration of active iron of young leaves developed of sorghum, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse with three replicates per treatment. We applied experimental treatments including 5 levels of organic matter (pistachio skin, cow manure at 2 and 4 wt. % and control sample), and 11 levels of iron (copper slag, copper slag with sulfur, copper slag with sulfur and thiobacillus, acidic slag (each 2 levels each), sequesterine, foliar application of EDTA, and control sample) to a soil sample with low iron content. At the end of the incubation period, sorghum bicolor was cultured in the above treatments. Ten seeds were sown in each pot. Seedlings were thinned to 4 when they were about 10 cm high. During the growth period, pots were irrigated with distilled water as needed. Before harvesting, SPAD, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, level of active iron and activity of plant enzymes were also measured in fresh plant samples. Furthermore, the concentration of Fe in the leaves was measured. Analysis of variance was performed using software SAS and significant differences were determined based on LSD (Least Significant Difference Test) at p < 0.05 level.
Results and Discussion: The interaction between slag treatments and organic compounds showed that treatments of 4 wt. % of cow manure with slag of 4 times of recommended soil test value (C₄S₄,  and 4 wt. % of cow manure with slag of 4 times of recommended soil test value with sulfur and thiobacillus (C₄S₄S°T), had significant effects on increasing photosynthetic pigments pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll), SPAD index, activity of plant enzymes (Guiacol peroxidase, Glutathione peroxidase) and active iron. The highest active iron level in the young leaves developed (54.06 mg / kg) was observed in (C₄S₄S°T) treatment which showed a significant increase compared to the control treatment (17.14). Increased concentration of active iron was also observed due to application of treatments (slag, organic compounds and the interaction between treatments) in sorghum young leaves. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll), SPAD index and activity of plant enzymes (Guiacol peroxidase, Glutathione peroxidase) were more correlated with active iron in young leaves developed compared to total iron concentration in these leaves. This indicates that active iron can be used as an index to detect iron deficiency.
Conclusion: The higher level of active iron in the young leaves developed was more associated with physiological indices of sorghum as compared with total Fe concentration in these leaves. Therefore, this parameter can be used as an index to detect iron deficiency. In this study, increasing the level of slag consumed and consequently increasing Fe concentration in the leaf resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and activation of the plant enzymes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Active iron
• Copper slag
• Photosynthetic pigments
• Plant enzymes

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