دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Optimal Allocation of Surface Storage Tanks Using Fuzzy Hierarchy Method
(Case Study: Shahrchay Storage Dam in Urmia)تخصیص بهینه مخازن ذخیره سطحی با استفاده از روش سلسله مراتب فازی (مطالعه موردی: سد مخزنی شهرچای ارومیه)7787634137910.22067/jsw.2021.68472.1018FAالهام رضاییدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع آب گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه ارومیهمجید منتصریاستاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه ارومیهحسین رضاییاستاد گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article20210122<strong>Introduction</strong>: Prioritization of optimal water allocation of surface flow storage dams for different applications (drinking, agriculture, industry, environment, etc.) in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran due to the range of changes, high flow uncertainty Reservoir inlets, and the occurrence of intermittent droughts are of great importance. For this purpose, the Fuzzy Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is proposed and used as a suitable formulation method in prioritizing water allocation in the water resources system. Therefore, in this study, prioritization of water allocation for different purposes of Shahrchai reservoir dam located upstream of Urmia metropolis has been done in a field study using fuzzy hierarchical method.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A fuzzy hierarchical process based on quantitative and qualitative effective factors has been developed. In the first stage, the problem structure was designed by determining the priority of water allocation of users, criteria, sub-criteria, and other factors. Then the decision-making hierarchy based on the problem structure (purpose, criteria, sub-criteria, factors, and options in the first to fifth levels, respectively) was defined. In the mentioned prioritization structure, the goal was determined at the first level, ie the optimal or appropriate allocation of Shahrchay reservoir dam water for different operators, and at the second level, three economic, social and environmental criteria were considered as the main criteria. At the third level, " cultivation area and gross income" and "employment and population" were considered as sub-criteria of two economic and social criteria, respectively. The main beneficiaries, namely agriculture, urban drinking, recreation and tourism, industry, environmental needs of Lake Urmia and groundwater fourth level (options) have formed the problem structure. At the next step, based on the field data or questionnaires, criteria, sub-criteria, and factors were compared in pairs using the proposed linguistic and fuzzy comparisons, and the priority of water consumption over each criterion or sub-criterion or factor were compared based on fuzzy triangular numbers. The weights were determined and ranked each using the Chang development method. At the third stage of the final ranking, the priority of water allocation was determined based on the final weight of criteria or priorities at the previous stage and the superior option was determined. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the weight change of the criteria and the decision-making process of the problem has been performed.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong>: A decision model based on a fuzzy approach is presented to rank the different options using Shahrchay dam water. For this purpose, firstly, using the opinions of experts and researchers, the results of a questionnaire, criteria and sub-criteria and important options in allocating water to Shahrchai Dam were determined. Secondly, using Chang's development analysis, different options were evaluated based on the mentioned criteria, sub-criteria, and factors. From a scientific point of view, because the questionnaires were presented to experts, the economic criterion is a high priority, so it is possible to attach great importance to the general conclusion about the criteria in economic attitudes and related issues. In addition, the allocation of water to the urban drinking sector with a weight of 0.33 was as the top priority, agriculture, Lake Urmia, industry, groundwater, and recreation were in the next priorities, respectively. Therefore, economic criteria and drinking water supply were recognized as the main objectives of planning and managing water resources in the metropolis of Urmia. The drinking sector is a vital factor for the survival of a community and because the drinking water of Urmia city is supplied through Shahrchai dam, so the allocation of water to this sector should be considered as the top priority. The agricultural sector was also given the second priority with less importance. The supply of water to this sector has a significant direct effect on the economy of the agricultural sector and indirectly on the entire economy of the region, which indicates the importance of the agricultural sector in the economy, living conditions of the region and the allocation of water to this sector. Comparing agricultural and industrial activities in Shahrchai catchment area, the most activity in the region is agriculture and industry is in a lower priority, which is also shown by the hierarchical results. Since Shahrchai River is one of the suppliers of water to Lake Urmia, the allocation of water to this section improves the condition of the lake and, consequently, it improves the environmental, economic, and social conditions of the region. The results also indicate the importance of Lake Urmia in relation to industry and its higher status indicates the attention of officials to the drying crisis of the Lake Urmia.اولویتبندی تخصیص بهینه آب مخازن ذخیره جریان سطحی برای مصارف مختلف (شرب، کشاورزی، صنعت، محیطزیست و ...) در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک مانند ایران به دلیل دامنه تغییرات و عدم قطعیت بالای جریانهای ورودی به مخزن و وقوع خشکسالیهای متناوب از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار میباشد. بدین منظور روش سلسله مراتب فازی (FAHP) بهعنوان یک روش فرمولبندی مناسب در اولویتبندی تخصیص آب در سیستم منابع آبی پیشنهاد و استفاده میشود. لذا در این مطالعه اولویتبندی تخصیص آب برای مصارف مختلف سد مخزنی شهرچای واقع در بالادست کلانشهر ارومیه، در یک مطالعه میدانی و با استفاده از روش سلسله مراتبی فازی انجام پذیرفته است. این مطالعه میدانی بر اساس پرسشنامه از متخصصان و صاحبنظران صنعت آب منطقه بوده و مدل تصمیمگیری بر اساس دادههای میدانی در یک فرآیند سلسله مراتبی فازی به ازای عوامل مؤثر کمی و کیفی توسعهیافته است. در فرایند مذکور، سه معیار اصلی اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیستمحیطی و چهار زیرمعیار درآمد، سطح زیر کشت، اشتغالزایی و جمعیت برای شش گزینه از آببران کشاورزی، شرب، نیاز زیستمحیطی دریاچه ارومیه، تغذیه آب زیرزمینی، صنعت و تفریحی در نظر گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان داد که معیار اقتصادی با وزن 47/0 نسبت به دو معیار اصلی دیگر بیشترین اهمیت را دارد. افزون بر آن تخصیص آب به بخش شرب شهری با وزن 33/0 در اولویت اول، کشاورزی، دریاچه ارومیه، صنعت، آب زیرزمینی و تفریحی به ترتیب در اولویتهای بعدی قرار گرفتند. نتایج مذکور نشان از وابستگی شدید اقتصاد منطقه به توسعه صنعت کشاورزی و تولیدات آن بوده و تأمین آب شرب و کشاورزی و همچنین دریاچه ارومیه به ترتیب جهت تأمین آسایش، نیاز اصلی فعالیتهای اقتصادی و حفظ اکوسیستم منطقه دارای اولویت اصلی در برنامهریزی و مدیریت سد شهرچای ارومیه هستند.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41379_ee0b08b524a7faf07cecebac51f0c072.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Comparison of Rice Direct Seeding and Transplanting Methods under Different Irrigation Methodsمقایسه روشهای کشت مستقیم و نشائی برنج تحت روشهای مختلف آبیاری7907794078610.22067/jsw.2021.69302.1036FAعلیرضا کیانیاستاد بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، سازمان تات، گرگان، ایرانمحمد رضا یزدانیاستادیار بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تات، رشت، ایرانمحمد تقی فیض بخشاستادیار بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، سازمان تات، گرگان، ایرانJournal Article20210308<strong>Introduction: </strong>In Golestan province, despite the lack of water resources, traditional rice cultivation, a crop with high water consumption, is increasing due to economic justification. This issue has become one of the main problems of the province's agricultural sector in recent years. In order to prepare the planting bed (puddled transplanting) in the traditional method of rice production, a significant amount of irrigation water is used before planting the seedlings in the main land. Moreover, the plant is in the water during the growing season, which causes high water losses by surface water evaporation and deep penetration. Rice direct seeding cultivation is a method that has been considered in the world for various reasons, including higher water productivity. Currently, reports indicate that more than 50% of groundwater resources are extracted and allocated annually for rice cultivation in the region investigated. In general, field information and observations indicate that the level of paddy cultivation is increasing in the province. In the past few decades, agricultural policymakers have sought to restrict and ban rice cultivation in the country, except in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. The rationale behind this decision is high water consumption, declining groundwater aquifers and long-term instability of water resources. The developed strategy did not work effectively, as it did not consider the benefits of the farmers in the short run. The increasing trend in the area under paddy fields from 1995 to 1500 hectares per year shows the unsuccessfulness of this up-to-down strategy.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of rice cultivation and irrigation methods on yield, water consumption and water productivity over two rice cropping seasons (2019–2020) in northern Iran (Gorgan Agricultural Research Station). Irrigation method as the main factor in four levels (permanent flooding, intermittent as wet and dry, sprinkler, tape) and cultivation method in three levels (direct seed in dry bed, non-puddled transplanting and traditional transplanting) in the form of a strip design. The plot was based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The applied water, yield and some yield components and water productivity were measured and calculated during the growing seasons.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion: </strong>The results showed that in all irrigation methods, yield was significantly reduced by changing the traditional seeding transplanting to dry seed. The amount of water applied in sprinkler and drip irrigation methods from traditional seedlings was significantly reduced as compared to direct seed seeding. Dry seed cultivation, however, consumed more water than traditional transplanting in the flood irrigation treatments (wet and dry and permanent). The highest yield (8206 kg/ha) was obtained for traditional seedling cultivation by flood irrigation, and no significant difference was observed between the yields for the other irrigation methods. In general, changing the irrigation systems had a greater effect on water consumption than changing the rice cultivation method. In addition, changing the cultivation method had a greater effect on changing the type of irrigation systems. In traditional transplanting cultivation, the yield decreased by about 14, 9 and 11%, respectively, by changing the irrigation systems from permanent flood irrigation to sprinkler, wet and dry, and drip irrigation. The highest water use was observed for flood irrigation method in direct seeding (12490 m<sup>3</sup>/ha) and direct transplanting (11967 m<sup>3</sup>/ha).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Currently, farmers cultivate rice by transplanting in padded land irrigated by flooding techniques in Golestan province, which results in high water consumption (about 13,000 m<sup>3</sup>/ha). By changing the irrigation method from flood irrigation to drip for traditional transplanting cultivation, water consumption decreased by about 39% and as a result water productivity increased by about 22%, albeit a 11% reduction in yield occurred. With the conversion of traditional transplanting seedling by flood irrigation to non-puddled transplanting by drip irrigation, the yield decreased by about 24% and the amount of water by about 45%, and water productivity in this case reached 0.9 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. This can be considered as the best alternative for conserving both water resources and production. If only reducing water consumption is the main priority (regardless of yield reduction), the best treatments are drip irrigation with direct seeding, non-puddled transplanting and then traditional seedling, respectively. If there is a sprinkler irrigation system in the field, this option is given priority in the direct seeding and non-puddled transplanting. If changing the irrigation system is not considered, the use of intermittent irrigation (as a wet and dry) with non-puddled transplanting, traditional methods and direct seeding are preferred, respectively.چهار روش آبیاری (غرقاب دائم، تناوبی، بارانی، تیپ) و سه روش کشت (مستقیم بذر و مستقیم نشاء بر بستر غیرپادل یا بدون گلخرابی و نشائی سنتی) از نظر عملکرد، مصرف آب و بهرهوری آب برنج در قالب طرح کرتهای نواری بر اساس طرح پایه بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار به مدت دو سال زراعی (1398 و 1399) در گرگان بررسی شدند. مقایسه عملکردهای برنج نشان داد که بالاترین عملکرد ( 8206 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به کشت نشائی سنتی با روش آبیاری غرقابی بود و در بقیه روشهای آبیاری اختلاف معنیداری بین عملکردها مشاهده نشد. در کشت نشائی، با تغییر آبیاری سنتی به آبیاری بارانی، متناوب و آبیاری قطرهای به ترتیب عملکرد در حدود 14، 9 و 11 درصد کاهش داشت. بالاترین مصرف آب مربوط به روش آبیاری غرقابی در کشت مستقیم بذر (12490 متر مکعب در هکتار) و کشت نشائی (11967 متر مکعب در هکتار) بود. با تغییر شیوه آبیاری از غرقاب به قطرهای در کشت سنتی نشاء در زمین پادل شده، اگرچه عملکرد در حدود 11 درصد کاهش یافت ولی در مقابل مصرف آب در حدود 39 درصد کاهش و در نتیجه بهره-وری آب در حدود 22 درصد افزایش داشت. با تبدیل کشت سنتی نشاء و روش آبیاری غرقابی به کشت مستقیم نشاء و روش آبیاری قطرهای عملکرد در حدود 24 درصد و مقدار آب در حدود 45 درصد کاهش یافت و بهرهوری آب در این حالت به 9/0 کیلوگرم در متر مکعب رسید که در شرایط حاضر به عنوان بهترین گزینه برای حفظ توأم منابع آبی و تولید انتخاب میشود.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_40786_6f4f557761be01f62a5e754fabe35113.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Study of the Efficiency of Groundwater Quality Index to Evaluate the Long-term Effects of Inter-Basin Water Transfer Using Non-Parametric Methods and GIS (Case Study Yazd-Ardakan Aquifer)بررسی کارایی شاخص کیفیت آب زیرزمینی (GQI) به منظور ارزیابی بلندمدت تأثیرات انتقال آب بین حوضهای با کمک روشهای ناپارامتری و GIS (مطالعه موردی آبخوان یزد- اردکان)8047914078710.22067/jsw.2021.71571.1073FAحسین سروی صدرآباددانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی0000-0002-0186-5095اصغر زارع چاهوکیاستادیار، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزدJournal Article20210719<strong>Introduction</strong>: Inter-basin water transfer affects the environment, culture and economy of donor and recipient basin. In this regard, one of the most important aspects are the positive and negative effects on the quality of groundwater in the recipient basin. Spatio-temporal changes of groundwater quality as the results of inter-basin water transfer, plays an important role in water resources management. Thus, this study attempts to investigate the temporal trends of groundwater quality parameters using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. In addition, spatial changes of groundwater quality and the effects of inter-basin water transfer were studied.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> In this study, non-parametric methods and interpolation models were used to evaluate the spatio-temporal patterns of groundwater quality parameters in the Yazd-Ardakan plain. Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and Sen's slope were used to examine the temporal trends in the span of 2000 to 2020. The interpolation models and groundwater quality index (GQI) were used to study the spatial patterns and classify the quality of groundwater. The assessment of quality parameters of all studied wells including Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and TDS were studied in equal time periods. Groundwater quality measurements were performed twice a year using a volumetric method, one in spring and the other one in autumn. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard was considered to compare values of different parameters in the plain.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> <strong>A decreasing trend was observed in SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and TDS parameters in most wells and there was an increasing trend for Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Cl<sup>- </sup>parameters. Considering WHO classification standard, all the studied parameters were in the allowable ranges except TDS. The parameter ranking showed that TDS, Cl<sup>-</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> had the greatest impact on the quality of aquifer groundwater. The Mg and TDS parameters had the highest and the lowest changes, respectively during 2000 to 2020. Results of the GQI showed that the total quality of the Yazd-Ardakan aquifer was in the moderate class and acceptable because of relatively large decrease in the groundwater in the span of the studied period. However, the decrease in groundwater quality was negligible. Changes of the quality map showed that the most negative quality changes were related to the Yazd, Taft, Meybod, Ardakan and northern regions (Chah-Afzal desert). This indicates high groundwater pumping in these areas and being located near the desert area. The most positive quality changes belonged to the central and southern part of the aquifer.</strong><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> <strong>Comparison of the interpolation models showed that the geostatistical methods can show better results than the definitive methods in zoning groundwater quality parameters. The Kriging and IDW models were the best models and consistent with the results of the research. The quality of groundwater was acceptable, while the reduction in quality was very low and negligible in the Yazd-Ardakan aquifer during the studied period. The temporal trends of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and TDS had either a negative significant trend or no trend in the Yazd area. Considering ranking maps, TDS, Cl<sup>-</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> had high impacts on determining the GQI. These trends were positive in Yazd city and consequently the GQI maps could not confirm the negative temporal trend and zoning maps. This finding showed that the use of qualitative indicators could neutralize the effects of the parameters on each other and provide a better and acceptable result. In all, the transfer water with appropriate quality could control the increase of the TDS, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, Na and caused an increase in Cl<sup>-</sup> in these areas. There are many effective factors to study water quality, so its description seems to be difficult. Therefore, using water quality indicators can provide total water quality conditions in a concise and understandable way.</strong><br /> <br /><strong> </strong>بررسی روند زمانی و تغییرات مکانی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی متاثر از انتقال آب بین حوضهای در مدیریت منابع آبی نقش مهمی دارد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی روند زمانی پارامترهای کیفی آبزیرزمینی با استفاده از آزمون منکندال و تخمینگر شیب سن و بررسی تغییر مکانی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی و تاثیرات انتقال آب بینحوضهای میباشد. بدین منظور از پارامترهای کل جامدات محلول، کلر، سولفات، سدیم، کلسیم و منیزیم مربوط به 43 چاه در دوره زمانی 1399-1379جهت بررسی روند زمانی و مکانی استفاده شد. نتایج بررسی روند زمانی نشان داد، پارامترهای سولفات، سدیم و کل جامدات محلول در بیشتر چاهها روند کاهشی داشته است، اما شاخصهای کلسیم، منیزیم و کلر دارای روند افزایشی بوده است و همه پارامترها به جز TDS، در دوره زمانی مورد بررسی بر اساس طبقه بندی سازمان بهداشت جهانی در حد مجاز قرار داشتند. نتایج رتبهبندی پارامترها نشان داد، TDS، کلر و منیزیم بیشترین تاثیر را بر کیفیت منابع آب زیرزمینی آبخوان داشتهاند و همچنین پارامتر منیزیم بیشترین و TDS کمترین تغییر را در بین سالهای 1379 تا 1399 دارا بود. کاربرد شاخص کیفیت آب زیرزمینی (GQI) در این پژوهش نشان داد که کیفیت کلی آبخوان یزد- اردکان، حتی با توجه به افت نسبتا زیاد آبزیرزمینی، در ابتدا و انتهای دوره زمانی مورد بررسی در ردهی متوسط (80-60) و قابل قبول قراردارد و کاهش کیفیت در این دوره بسیار کم و قابل چشمپوشی است. نتایج نهایی پژوهش حاضر نشان داد،آب انتقالی با کیفیت مناسب توانسته افزایش میزان کل جامدات محلول، سولفات و سدیم را کنترل کند و موجب افزایش کلر در این مناطق شود. در انتها مشخص شد، تغییرپذیری مکانی آلایندههای مختلف و طیف گسترده پارامترهای اندازهگیری شده و بهطورکلی توصیف کیفیت آب،امری دشوار است؛ بنابراین استفاده ازشاخصهای کیفیت آب میتوانند شرایط کلی کیفیت آب را بهطورخلاصه و قابلدرک ارائه کند.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_40787_1310a18866e330516cf7f3b56fe82bea.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Development of Reverse Hydraulic Flood Routing Method in Ephemeral Rivers Considering Infiltration Rateتوسعه روش روندیابی هیدرولیکی معکوس سیل در خشکرودها با درنظر گرفتن میزان نفوذ یا نشت8228054161510.22067/jsw.2022.73670.1116FAعلی اصغر خسرویکاندیدای دکتری سازههای آبی گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشگاه تهرانعاطفه پرورش ریزیدانشیار، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشگاه تهرانرضا براتیدکتری در مهندسی عمران، رئیس گروه تحقیقات کاربردی، شرکت آب منطقهای خراسان رضویJournal Article20211120<strong>Introduction:</strong> In many cases, after a flood, some information is needed about the flood characteristics at the upstream of a specific location where there is no hydrometric station on the river or flow discharge, and water surface level was not measured at the time of the flood. In reverse flood routing, calculations are performed from the downstream section step by step to the upstream section of the river and inlet hydrograph is produced based on river hydraulic characteristics and downstream hydrograph. During floods in rivers, the volume of floods gradually decreases due to infiltration into the bed and sides. This reduction in flood volume, called transmission losses, is significant in arid areas. Therefore, developed models for flood routing in seasonal rivers in arid and semi-arid regions should provide an appropriate estimate of transmission losses. In the routing process, the governing equations are combined with an equation to account for infiltration or seepage losses into the riverbed or canal. Then, by routing the flood along the interval and examining the resulting hydrographs at different points, the amount of transmission losses is determined. In the present study, which deals with the reverse hydraulic routing of floods in arid areas, the infiltration losses along the river estimated by the Green-Ampt relationship was considered in numerical models so as to perform reverse flood routing with appropriate accuracy and under hydraulic conditions of ephemeral rivers. To the best of our knowledge, so far no study has analyzed transmission losses in reverse hydraulic flood routing.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The equations governing gradual variable flows are known as the Saint-Venant equations, which include the continuity and the momentum equations. In hydraulic flow routing models, the complete form of the continuity equation is used, but the momentum equation is applied in various forms obtained by removing some components. The simplest hydraulic routing model is the kinematic wave model in which the components related to inertial forces and pressure force in the momentum equation are omitted. In the diffusion wave model, the components related to inertial forces are omitted, but the pressure force is taken into account and finally, in the dynamic wave model, the momentum equation is considered completely without simplification. In the present study, separate programs were prepared in MATLAB 2013 software for reverse hydraulic flood routing by Kinematic and dynamic wave methods. In these numerical models, by coupling the Green-Ampt infiltration equation with the continuity equation, the depth and flow rate in different places and times are calculated in the upstream direction of the flow.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> In order to validate the results of the developed numerical models and to evaluate its applicability, a set of measured data known as Lane hydrograph and Bambeichi hydrograph was used. The results showed that both reverse hydraulic flood routing models produced the upstream hydrograph with appropriate accuracy. The results of the Bambeichi hydrograph data were more accurate than the Lane hydrograph due to its shorter length of the interval between upstream and downstream sections. For example, the peak discharge of inlet hydrograph calculated by the dynamic wave method for the Lane hydrograph data had an error of 7% compared to the observed value, while the error obtained for Bambeichi hydrograph data was 2%. Therefore, the accuracy of inverse routing models in estimating the volume of upstream hydrograph and consequently the amount of transmission losses was desirable especially for the Bambeichi hydrograph data. The highest error in estimating losses was 25% for the reverse kinematic model and the data related to the Lane hydrograph.<br />Between the two reverse hydraulic flood routing methods, the performance of the dynamic wave method was more accurate for the most numerical experiments, as the governing equations are completely solved in this method. This difference is more pronounced in the Lane hydrograph, which represents the actual conditions of an ephemeral river.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The accuracy of the developed numerical models was 90% in estimating the peak flow rate of the upstream hydrograph, and between 85% and 97% in estimating the time related to this discharge. The volume of the upstream hydrograph, which indicates the model performance in estimating the infiltration in the flow path, was also modeled with 75 to 98% accuracy. These results show that the numerical models simulate reverse flood routing with acceptable accuracy in ephemeral rivers, where transmission or seepage losses are significant. Due to different approaches in calculating infiltration losses, these methods can make differences for the hydrograph output of numerical models.<br /> در بسیاری موارد بعد از وقوع سیل به اطلاعاتی درباره مشخصات سیلاب در بالادست یک موقعیت مشخص نیاز است و ممکن است رودخانه در آن نقطه فاقد ایستگاه آبسنجی باشد یا دادهبرداری در زمان سیلاب انجام نشده باشد. در روندیابی معکوس، محاسبات از مقطع پاییندست به صورت گام به گام به سمت مقطع بالادست رودخانه صورت میگیرد و هیدروگراف ورودی بر اساس مشخصات هیدرولیکی رودخانه و هیدروگراف پاییندست تولید میشود. در مطالعه حاضر روندیابی معکوس هیدرولیکی سیلاب به روشهای موج سینماتیک و موج دینامیک انجام شد؛ و اعمال مقدار نفوذ یا نشت که در خشک رودها بسیار مهم است، با جفت کردن رابطه نفوذ گرین- آمپت در معادله پیوستگی جریان انجام شده است. باوجود ماهیت ناپایدار مدلهای روندیابی معکوس، به ویژه زمانی که عمق یا دبی اولیه جریان صفر است، با انتخاب پارامترهای وزنی مناسب ورودی به مدل، این فرایند با موفقیت انجام شد. قابلیت کاربرد مدل عددی توسعه یافته با استفاده از دو سری داده اندازهگیری شده و واقعی بررسی شد و نتایج نشان داد مدل عددی پیشنهادی، دبی اوج هیدروگراف ورودی یا بالادست را تا دقت 99 درصد و زمان اوج را تا دقت 97 درصد بازیابی نموده است. این نتایج قابلیت استفاده از مدلهای روندیابی هیدرولیکی معکوس سیلاب در خشکرودها را تایید مینماید.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41615_bdce89c2c776d313b20f94bab401f3a5.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Effects of Copper Slag and Organic Matters on Physiological Indices of Iron Deficiency in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)تأثیر سرباره مس مواد آلی بر شاخصهای فیزیولوژیک کمبود آهن گیاه سورگوم (Sorghum bicolor)8418234140010.22067/jsw.2021.14923.0FAالهام میرپاریزیدانشآموخته دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانمجتبی بارانی مطلقدانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان0000-0003-0934-710Xسید علیرضا موحدی نائینیدانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان0000-0003-0934-710Xرضا قربانی نصرآبادیاستادیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگانسمیه بختیاریاستادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی سیرجانJournal Article20191126<strong>Introduction:</strong> Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems of plants in arid and semi-arid soils especially in calcareous soils. Iron is essential to many cellular activities, required for optimum growth and development, however it is insoluble in aerated soils at neutral or basic pH, therefore, iron deficiency is common in these soils. The problem is usually solved by using iron synthetic chelates which is a very expensive option. There is, therefore, a need for cheaper and more effective alternatives to traditional Fe fertilizers. Several reports have shown that application of Fe factory by-product to soil tends to raise the availability of Fe and reduce Fe deficiency in plants. Application of organic compounds to soil may improve the solubility of the minerals containing micronutrients and correct their deficiencies in alkaline and calcareous soils. A large amount of slag is produced annually at the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman Province, Iran. So far, the copper slag, however, has not been tested as an Fe fertilizer in calcareous soils. Since about 53.8% of slag obtained from copper concentrate melting is composed of iron oxides, we, thus, examined the effect of copper slag along with organic compounds on the level of upper leaf iron, photosynthetic pigments, SPAD index, the activity of plant enzymes and the level of active iron in the upper leaves of sorghum by performing a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In order to study the effect of copper slag (one of by-products of melting copper concentrate in Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman Province) and organic compounds (cow manure and pistachio skin) on total leaf iron content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll), antioxidant enzymes activity (Guiacol Peroxidase, Glutathione peroxidase) and concentration of active iron of young leaves developed of sorghum, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse with three replicates per treatment. We applied experimental treatments including 5 levels of organic matter (pistachio skin, cow manure at 2 and 4 wt. % and control sample), and 11 levels of iron (copper slag, copper slag with sulfur, copper slag with sulfur and thiobacillus, acidic slag (each 2 levels each), sequesterine, foliar application of EDTA, and control sample) to a soil sample with low iron content. At the end of the incubation period, <em>sorghum bicolor</em> was cultured in the above treatments. Ten seeds were sown in each pot. Seedlings were thinned to 4 when they were about 10 cm high. During the growth period, pots were irrigated with distilled water as needed. Before harvesting, SPAD, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, level of active iron and activity of plant enzymes were also measured in fresh plant samples. Furthermore, the concentration of Fe in the leaves was measured. Analysis of variance was performed using software SAS and significant differences were determined based on LSD (Least Significant Difference Test) at <em>p</em> < 0.05 level.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> The interaction between slag treatments and organic compounds showed that treatments of 4 wt. % of cow manure with slag of 4 times of recommended soil test value (C<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, and 4 wt. % of cow manure with slag of 4 times of recommended soil test value with sulfur and thiobacillus (C<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>S°T), had significant effects on increasing photosynthetic pigments pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll), SPAD index, activity of plant enzymes (Guiacol peroxidase, Glutathione peroxidase) and active iron. The highest active iron level in the young leaves developed (54.06 mg / kg) was observed in (C<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>S°T) treatment which showed a significant increase compared to the control treatment (17.14). Increased concentration of active iron was also observed due to application of treatments (slag, organic compounds and the interaction between treatments) in sorghum young leaves. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll), SPAD index and activity of plant enzymes (Guiacol peroxidase, Glutathione peroxidase) were more correlated with active iron in young leaves developed compared to total iron concentration in these leaves. This indicates that active iron can be used as an index to detect iron deficiency.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The higher level of active iron in the young leaves developed was more associated with physiological indices of sorghum as compared with total Fe concentration in these leaves. Therefore, this parameter can be used as an index to detect iron deficiency. In this study, increasing the level of slag consumed and consequently increasing Fe concentration in the leaf resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and activation of the plant enzymes.حدود 8/53 درصد سرباره مس را اکسیدهای آهن به خود اختصاص میدهند، لذا در این مطالعه تأثیر سرباره مس به همراه ترکیبات آلی بر میزان آهن کل برگ، رنگدانههای فتوسنتزی، شاخص SPAD، فعالیت آنزیمهای گیاهی (گایاکول پراکسیداز و گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز) و میزان آهن فعال در گیاه سورگوم (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em>) رقم اسپید فید به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار ارزیابی شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 سطح ماده آلی (پوست پسته و کود گاوی در دو سطح 2 و 4 درصد وزنی و نمونه شاهد بدون ماده آلی) و 11سطح آهن (شاهد یعنی بدون کاربرد مواد حاوی آهن (S)، سکوسترینFeEDDHA (Seq)<sup>6</sup> به میزان 5 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک، سرباره مس به میزان 10 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S<sub>2</sub>)، سرباره مس به میزان 20 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S<sub>4</sub>)، سرباره مس به میزان 10 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد (S<sub>2</sub>S<sup>°</sup>)، سرباره مس به میزان 20 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد (S<sub>4</sub>S<sup>°</sup>)، سرباره مس به به میزان 10 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد و تیوباسیلوس(S<sub>2</sub>S<sup>°</sup>T)، سرباره مس به میزان 20 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد ((S<sub>4</sub>S<sup>°</sup>T، سرباره اسیدی شده مس به میزان 10 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S<sub>2a</sub>)، سرباره اسیدی شده مس به میزان 20 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (S<sub>4a</sub>)و محلولپاشی برگی آهن از منبع کود کلات (Fe-EDTA<sup>7</sup>) با غلظت 5 در هزار) بودند. نتایج نشان داد تیمار 4 درصد وزنی کود گاوی با سرباره به میزان 20 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک (C<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>) و تیمار 4 درصد وزنی کود گاوی با سرباره به میزان 20 میلیگرم آهن در کیلوگرم خاک همراه با گوگرد و تیوباسیلوس(C<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>S°T) بیشترین تأثیر را در افزایش شاخصهای مد نظر داشتند، بهطوریکه بیشترین میزان آهن فعال برگهای جوان توسعه یافته (54 میلیگرم در کیلوگرم) در تیمار (C<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>S°T) مشاهده شد که در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (17 میلیگرم در کیلوگرم) افزایش معناداری نشان داد. بررسی ضرایب همبستگی نشان داد که آهن فعال برگهای جوان توسعه یافته گیاه سورگوم در مقایسه با غلظت آهن کل برگها همبستگی بیشتری با شاخصهای فیزیولوژیک گیاه سورگوم نشان داد. لذا میتوان استفاده از غلظت آهن فعال برگهای جوان توسعه یافته گیاه بهعنوان شاخص تشخیص کمبود آهن در گیاه به جای آهن کل گیاه را توصیه نمود. https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41400_8e183035d8e58fce8abdadb4fc7179da.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Soil Microbial Activity and Bacterial Populations in a Calcareous Soil Using qPCRتأثیر نانو ذرات نقره بر فعالیت میکروبی و جمعیت باکتریایی یک خاک آهکی با استفاده از qPCR8598433994210.22067/jsw.2021.67908.1004FAسکینه بالندهدانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدامیر لکزیاناستاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0003-3972-5802علی جوادمنشاستادیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدJournal Article20201223<strong>Introduction:</strong> Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a broad spectrum of uses, therefore, AgNPs will be released from those products into many different ecosystems. In the last decades, AgNPs have received substantial attention due to their distinctive <em>physical and chemical properties</em> such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity and antimicrobial properties against microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. There are many parameters for assessment effect of toxicity due to AgNPs but soil microbial community is one of which considered being an important target for assessing the impact of manufactured nano-materials on the terrestrial environment. Toxicity of AgNPs is due to the physical interaction of AgNPs with microorganisms and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although as we have been known harmful effects of AgNPs on the soil bacterial community, but the most information about antimicrobial properties of AgNPs come from the routine lab instructions such as soil respiration, substrate induced respiration and microbial biomass and colony forming unite. So, the objective of this paper was to study the effects of silver nanoparticles on microbial activity using the routine lab instructions and compare with the obtained data from the molecular genetic techniques. In this paper, the quantitate population of soil bacterial was estimated using Real time qPCR with the MIQE guidelines.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In order to study the effect of silver nanoparticles on microbial activity and bacterial population in a calcareous soil, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design based on factorial arrangement with three replications. Experimental factors included silver slat forms (AgNPs and AgNO<sub>3</sub>), Ag concentrations (0, 0.5, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg Ag kg<sup>-1</sup> dry soil) and incubation time (7 and 42 days). Soil samples (<em>Typic Haplicambids</em>) with clay loam texture and seven percent of calcium carbonate was collected from Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. The soil samples were amended with different concentrations of AgNPs and incubated at 25<sup>o</sup>C for 42 days. The water content of soil samples was adjusted at 70% WHC during the incubation time. After 7 and 42 days of incubation, the soil substrate-induced respiration (SIR), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and soil urease and dehydrogenase activities were measured. Finally, based on the obtained data, the soil biological quality index was estimated using the soil biological parameters. In order to quantify the total bacterial population, DNA was extracted from soil samples and was estimated using the relative concentration of 16S rDNA gene by a quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), with a minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments (MIQE) guidelines.<br /> <br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> The results showed that with increasing the concentration of both AgNPs and AgNO<sub>3</sub>, the activity of dehydrogenase and urease in soil samples decreased during the incubation times. Microbial substrate induced respiration (SIR) and the total bacterial population in soil samples considerably declined at the end of experiment. Bacterial population in AgNPs treatments decreased compared to AgNO<sub>3</sub> treatments but the reduction was not statistically significant. Over time, soil dehydrogenase activity and soil SIR decreased in both AgNPs and AgNO<sub>3</sub> treatments, while soil urease activity and heterotrophic bacterial populations improved but again in heterotrophic bacterial populations was not statistically significant. The soil biological quality index was estimated from the soil biological data. AgNO<sub>3</sub> treatments reduced the soil biological quality index compared to AgNPs treatments. In other words, the results showed that AgNO<sub>3</sub> was more toxic to soil bacteria activity compared to AgNPs. The lowest soil urease and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil biological quality index were observed in the treatment of 100 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> dry soil AgNO<sub>3 </sub>after 7 days of incubation. The application of 0.5, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg Ag kg<sup>-1</sup> dry soil decreased relative soil bacterial population by 22%, 40%, 59%, 73%, and 82% in AgNO<sub>3 </sub>treatment and 10%, 30%, 68%, 76%, and 86% in AgNO<sub>3 </sub>treatment compared to control after 42 days of incubation, respectively.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles can negatively affect the enzymes involved in the nitrogen and carbon cycle. The AgNPs had less toxicity effect on the soil microbial activity compared to AgNO<sub>3</sub>. However, AgNPs was more toxic to soil bacteria populations compared to AgNO<sub>3</sub>. Different behavior AgNPs and AgNO<sub>3</sub> in calcareous soil needs more investigations but there is no doubt that AgNPs is as an emerging contaminant and it has high toxicity potential for soil microbial community.نانوذرات نقره (AgNPs) به دلیل خاصیت ضد میکروبی خود در بسیاری از محصولات تجاری استفاده میشوند. با توجه به مصرف بالای AgNPs آزاد شدن آن در محیط زیست دور از انتظار نمیباشد. AgNPs به عنوان یک آلاینده نو ظهور پذیرفته شده است و برای اکثر جوامع باکتریایی و قارچی سمی است. اگر چه انتظار میرود رفتار AgNPs در محیط پیچیده خاک تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلفی قرار بگیرد که بر روی خاصیت ضد میکروبی آن تاثیر میگذارد. به دلیل آگاهی از خطرات زیست محیطی و ارزیابی اثرات AgNPs بر فعالیت میکروبی خاک آزمایشی با دو شکل نقره (یونی و نانو) در 2 بازه زمانی انجام شد. غلظتهای 5/0، 5، 10، 50 و 100 میلیگرم AgNPs و AgNO<sub>3</sub> بر مبنای نقره به هر کیلوگرم خاک خشک اضافه و گرماگذاری شد. تاثیر هر دو ترکیب بر تنفس برانگیخته میکروبی، تعداد باکتریهای هتروتروف، فعالیت آنزیم اورهآز و دهیدروژناز و جمعیت همه باکتریهای خاک با استفاده از qPCR برآورد شد. در نهایت با استفاده از شاخصهای زیستی فوق، نمودار شاخص زیستی کیفیت خاک رسم شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش غلظت AgNPs و AgNO<sub>3</sub>، فعالیت دهیدروژناز و اورهآز خاک، تنفس برانگیخته میکروبی و تعداد باکتریایهای خاک کاهش پیدا کرد؛ اما با گذشت زمان فقط فعالیت اورهآز خاک و جمعیت باکتریهای هتروتروف افزایش پیدا کرد. نتایج شاخص زیستی کیفیت خاک نشان داد با افزایش غلظت AgNPs و AgNO<sub>3</sub><sub> </sub>و گذشت زمان این شاخص نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش پیدا کرد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که بازدارندگی نقره به شکل یونی بر فعالیت میکروبی خاک به ویژه فعالیت آنزیم دهیدروژناز بیشتر از شکل نانو آن بود. در حالیکه فراوانی نسبی جمعیت باکتریایی خاک کاهش بیشتری در تیمار AgNPs نسبت به تیمار AgNO<sub>3</sub><sub> </sub> نشان داد.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_39942_e012f28fcaf00c226b363cd0d2609116.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Soil Moisture Estimation Method Using Remote Sensing Technique by Landsat Satelliteروش برآورد رطوبتخاک با استفاده از تکنیک سنجش از دور توسط ماهواره Landsat8728614149110.22067/jsw.2021.71524.1070FAسید فرشید موسوی زادهدانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایرانحسین انصاریاستاد، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایرانعیرضا فریدحسینیدانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران0000-0001-8175-7205Journal Article20210717<strong>Introduction: </strong>In the last decade, satellite-based methods, including remote sensing and microwave methods, have been used in many studies to detect soil surface moisture regionally. Thermal remote sensing method is quite effective for checking moisture for bare soil but shows poor correlation for vegetated surfaces. In addition, there is a widespread use of this method in the presence of temperature differences during the day. Satellite imagery enables the ability to measure humidity according to the environmental conditions at the surface. Thus, compared to field measurements, remote sensing techniques are promising because they are capable of spatial measurements at a relatively low cost. Water supply is one of the main causes of evapotranspiration, which can affect it. Soil moisture can be considered as the most direct and important variable describing drought and is the main parameter describing water circulation and energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere. Scale reduction methods for soil moisture can be divided into three main groups including satellite-based method, GIS data and model-based methods. The same methods have been used extensively in monitoring soil moisture for different spectral patterns at different wavelengths, from visible to microwave remote sensing data. Spectral reflectance decreases with increasing soil moisture in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) range. Therefore, these methods can be used to estimate soil moisture using satellite data for water budgeting and other meteorological and agricultural applications.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this study, using the information provided by Zaki (2013), the measured humidity by the sensor was compared with the humidity obtained from the satellite. The soil moisture were measured in 16 points from an area of 13 hectares from Neyshabour plain of Khorasan Razavi province. The novelty of this study is to provide a simple method for using Landsat 7 satellite imagery to estimate the surface moisture of areas of the Earth to eliminate field sampling and optimal use for agriculture. One of the advantages of this method is the reduction of information obtained from the field as input values for crop modeling that can be used to estimate crop yield, so the moisture measured during the winter wheat crop period from November 2012 to March 2013 was used.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion: </strong>The placement of band numbers 3 and 4 opposite each other to calculate M, the line equation was fitted. Since satellite imagery is not performed daily by satellite, six images were extracted during the growing season. On November 12, which is actually 12 days after planting, the plant is entering the germination stage and the soil is mostly bare. Because the satellite does not receive enough reflected green light, the accuracy of the image in measuring soil moisture decreases, but after the plant grows, the green light is reflected and the amount of digital digit of band 4 is affected, as a result, the amount of moisture in the plant leaves and stem is involved in measuring soil moisture, which is consistent with the results obtained by Petropoulos et al.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, the results of this study showed that the simple and efficient Red-NIR spatial geometry model has a great ability to estimate soil surface moisture in favorable weather conditions and this method can be used for plant modeling as input data.خشکسالی یک فاجعه طبیعی پیچیده است که در سطح جهان زیاد اتفاق میافتد. رطوبتخاک به عنوان مستقیمترین و مهمترین متغیر توصیف خشکسالی، از جمله اطلاعات اساسی برای نظارت از راه دور بر وقایع خشکسالی و تخمین عملکرد محصول میباشد. برای کاهش نمونهبرداری میدانی و استفاده همزمان از مدلهای گیاهی برای تخمین عملکرد محصول استفاده از تصاویر ماهوارهای سهلترین راه حل میباشد. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از روشی رطوبتخاک با فضای بازتاب طیفی نزدیک به مادون قرمز در مقابل باند طیفی قرمز (NIR- Red) تخمین و توسعه داده شد. در ابتدا فضای انعکاس طیفی NIR-Red پس از تصحیحات اتمسفری به صورت نمودار با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره Landsat 7 و سنجنده ETM<sup>+</sup> با روش اصلاح شده هندسی ایجاد شد. سپس با استفاده از معادله خط برازش شده در این نمودارها، مقادیر با محاسبات ریاضی به رطوبت حجمی تبدیل و با میانگین مقادیر رطوبتخاک اندازهگیری شده در دشت نیشابور (خراسانرضوی) در وسعت 13 هکتار در شش روز در طی دوران کشت محصول مقایسه و اعتبارسنجی شد. نتایج نشان داد برآورد رطوبتخاک که با روش هندسه فضایی در سطح خاک صورت گرفت با توجه به تطابق شش تصویر ماهوارهای از لحاظ زمان با اندازهگیریهای میدانی، شاخص آماری NRMSE برابر 18 درصد بدست آمد که میتوان دقت انجام کار را به غیر از زمانهای 28 نوامبر و 30 دسامبر که وضعیت ابرناکی وجود داشت و باعث شد تصویربرداری خطای بیشتری داشته باشد، رضایتبخش دانست. بنابراین نتیجهگیری شد که مدل ساده و کارآمد هندسه فضایی Red-NIR توانایی زیادی برای تخمین رطوبت سطح خاک در شرایط جوی مساعد را داشته باشد و میتوان از این روش برای مدلسازی گیاهی به عنوان اطلاعات ورودی استفاده نمود.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41491_240930822f2010329d7e19dab4b6e4ab.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Increasing the Homogeneity of Soil Map Units Using the Level of Landform Phase in the Geopedologic Approachکاربرد سطح فاز زمینریخت در افزایش خلوص واحدهای نقشه خاک در رودیکرد ژئوپدولوژی8908734142310.22067/jsw.2021.72597.1094FAفاطمه ابراهیمی میمنددانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان ، رشت، ایرانحسن رمضانپوردانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلاننفیسه یغمائیان مهابادیاستادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلانکامران افتخاریعضو هیأت علمی مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب کرجJournal Article20210919<strong>Introduction: </strong>Delineating landscape into homogenous units is fundamental to managing resources and delivering sustainable development. The importance of this has long been recognized as a critical issue in various studies and it has been examined from different aspects. In soil mapping, the geopedologic approach is used for landscape classification, which was defined by Zinck (1989). This approach differentiates landscapes into landforms to increase the purity of soil map units. Therefore, the aim of this study was preparing geopedologic maps of the study area on the level of landform phases intending to make more homogeneous soil units.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>Honam sub-basin in Lorestan province is one of the most important agricultural areas in the Karkheh River watershed. Soil moisture and temperature regimes of the area were Xeric and Mesic, respectively. After a primary interpretation, a geopedology map of the study area at the landform level was prepared according to the geopedologic approach. After soil surveying, 31 profiles were excavated, described, and sampled in the largest delineation of this map. Ultimately, this landform unit was differentiated to the landform phase units using morphometric features and normalized difference vegetation index. Pedodiversity index was computed for each landform phase unit to investigate the credibility of the geopedological approach for this unit. The conditional probability of each soil family was also measured in each landform phase unit to compare statistical differences between landform phase units. Furthermore, statistical comparisons were made between the Shannon indices of each unit.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> The soils of the study area were classified into seven soil families according to Soil Survey Staff (2014). Based on the geopedology map, this area includes two landscapes of Piedmont plains and valleys. These two landscapes were differentiated to 6 and 3 relief/molding, respectively. Geologically, the study area has 5 lithologic units. Finally, 22 landform units were identified in this area. The area of the widest landform with the code of Pi461 was 1223.35 ha. With individual use of NDVI, TRI, and aspect map, this landform unit was differentiated into 3 phases, and with the use of these 3 maps collectively, 11 phases were differentiated. The results showed landform map unit of Pi641 with 31 soil profiles and 7 soil families has the highest value of diversity indices, such as 1.59 for the Shannon index. In addition, this map unit is a compound map unit consisting of several soils, where the highest probability of observing soils is related to soils A and B with 32.5% probability. By differentiating this landform unit into phases, the Pi461 map unit is separated into smaller units that are more homogeneous. For example, when it is separated according to the vegetation characteristics, the three phases Pi4611 (N), Pi4612 (N), and Pi4613 (N) were differentiated that have medium, low, and high vegetation, respectively. In this case, Pi4612 (N) map unit with 75% probability of soil C observation and Pi4613 (N) map unit with 87.50% probability of soil B observation are two homogeneous map units. The Shannon index of these two units is 0.56 and 0.37, respectively, which indicates the purity of these map units. The results also showed that diversity indices and conditional probabilities, respectively, were decreased and increased in most of the landform phase map unit compared to the landform map unit. The use of normalized difference vegetation index compared to other environmental features has been effective in separating the landform phase units and preparation of homogeneous map units. So, the most probability of observing the dominant soils of the study area increased from 32.25% in the landform unit to 52.63, 75.75, and 87.50% in the landform phase unit, and the Shannon index decreased from 1.59 in the landform unit to 1.36, 0.56, and 0.37 in the landform phase units. The use of other environmental features to increase the purity of the landform phase map unit is suggested in future studies.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Results of using geopedological approach at landform level in the study area showed that this level is useful at highest levels of soil classification (from order to great group), but due to the complex nature of soils at lower levels of classification (family and soil series) does not have enough efficiency. Therefore, for improving the geopedology method accuracy and to present more uniform map units at lower levels of classification, landform phase maps were presented according to the environmental characteristics of the selected landform. The statistical comparisons between Shannon indices calculated for each map unit in the landform phase map showed a significant difference at the 90% probability level between most of the units, which indicates an increase in the purity of these units at the soil family level.تفکیک صحیح واحدهای زمیننما گام مهمی در مدیریت منابع اراضی و خاک در جهت نیل به توسعه پایدار و حفظ محیط زیست است. بنابراین در این پژوهش کارایی نقشههای ژئوپدولوژی در سطح فاز زمینریخت با هدف افزایش خلوص واحدهای نقشه، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور پس از تفکیک و ترسیم واحدهای ژئومورفیک طبق ساختار پیشنهادی روش ژئوپدولوژی در سطح زمینریخت، بزرگترین و گستردهترین واحد نقشه با استفاده از ویژگیهای مورفومتری و پوشش گیاهی به سطح فاز زمینریخت تفکیک گردید. پس از حفر، تشریح و طبقهبندی 31 خاکرخ مطالعاتی، پراکندگی خاکهای واقع شده در هر واحد نقشه فاز زمینریخت با استفاده از احتمالات شرطی و شاخصهای تنوع از جمله شاخص شانن، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. با توجه به نرمال بودن توزیع شاخص تفرق شانن محاسبه شده، از آزمون آماری t بهمنظور بررسی معنیدار بودن تفاوت موجود بین واحدهای نقشه تفکیک شده، استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از مطالعه نشان دهنده کاهش شاخصهای تفرق و افزایش احتمالات شرطی در واحدهای فاز زمینریخت در مقایسه با واحد زمینریخت انتخابی بود. نتایج همچنان نشان داد استفاده از ویژگی پوشش گیاهی نسبت به سایر ویژگیهای محیطی در تفکیک واحدهای فاز زمینریخت و ارائه واحدهای نقشههای همگن موثر بوده است. بهطوری که حداکثر احتمال مشاهده خاکهای غالب منطقه مطالعاتی از 25/32 درصد در واحد زمینریخت به 63/52، 75 و 50/87 درصد در واحدهای نقشه فاز زمینریخت افزایش و شاخص تفرق شانن نیز از 59/1 در واحد زمینریخت به 36/1، 56/0 و 37/0 در واحدهای نقشه فاز زمینریخت کاهش پیدا کرده است. استفاده از سایر ویژگیهای محیطی جهت افزایش خلوص واحدهای نقشه فاز زمینریخت در مطالعات آتی پیشنهاد میگردد.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41423_4f7701d803287cd1e46b49ac20e9a16c.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Climatological Analysis of Extreme and Widespread Precipitations in Southeast of Iranتحلیل هواشناختی بارشهای سیلآسا و فراگیر در جنوب شرق ایران9078914166310.22067/jsw.2022.68783.1024FAمازیار محمدیدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمیمهری اکبریدانشیار آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی0000-0001-5711-2490Journal Article20210528<strong>Introduction</strong>: Sistan and Baluchestan Province, in southeast of Iran, is covering about 11 percent of the whole space of the country but is one of the driest provinces in Iran and its average annual rainfall is about 110 mm. The purpose of this study was to identify large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns causing extreme and widespread rainfalls during the warm seasons (spring and summer) in southeast of Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan province).<br /><strong>Data and Methodology</strong>: Precipitation data of 6 synoptic stations of Sistan and Baluchestan province during a 30-year statistical period (1979-1998) were obtained from Meteorological Organization of Iran (IRIMO). The intensity of precipitation based on 90<sup>th</sup> percentile threshold and widespread precipitation index of at least ≥50% of the studied area were calculated. To identify the synoptic patterns of the upper atmosphere, the ERA5 data of the ECMWF European Center of Med-Latitude Weather Forecast with spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° were obtained. The collected atmospheric parameters included mean sea level pressure (mslp), geopotential height (z), specific humidity (q), zonal (U) and meridional (V) wind components, relative vorticity (rv) and omega (w) and maps of the upper atmosphere were drawn at different levels using Gards software in the domain of 10 to 70E and 10 to 90N. Regarding the two selected characteristics, three events of heavy and widespread precipitation were determined.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion</strong>: By analyzing the daily rainfall data over a period of 30 years (2018-1988) during the warm months of the year, the number of days with torrential and widespread rainfall in Sistan and Baluchestan province were determined. According to the index the previously defined floods and mudslides were obtained for 3 days with torrential and widespread floods that often occur in the spring, which are categorized to three main patterns including: 1- Gono Tropical Storm 2- Omega Blocking and 3 – 500 hpa trough system. The results showed that during the maximum 24-hour precipitation, in the first synoptic pattern, the southern cities of the province received the maximum precipitation due to the proximity of the storm’s core, but gradually from southern to northern latitudes, the rainfall declined considerably so that Chahbahar station had the maximum rainfall and Zabol station recorded zero rainfall. The storm is expected to move eastward as it moves to higher latitudes, but the high pressure formed on the Indian subcontinent acted as a barrier and directed the storm to the west, thus affecting the southern regions of Iran. In the second and third pattern, the location of Sistan and Baluchestan province in front of the trough axis and advection of cold weather of the northern latitudes were the main causes of instability that lead to heavy rainfall. The moisture of these rainfalls was obtained from Oman, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean respectively. In the second pattern, the anticyclonic clockwise motions of the Arabian Sea has provided the moisture for extreme precipitation events. Common points of all three precipitation patterns are atmospheric moisture reduction in all three levels of the earth, 850 and 700 hectopascals from south to north of the province. This is mainly due to the distance from moisture sources as well as the arrangement and height of the roughness of Sistan and Baluchestan province, which has caused moisture trapping and prevented the transfer of sufficient moisture for the occurrence of torrential rains. In the second model, the amount of moisture reduction from south to north is less, which indicates the activity of the Arabian Sea high pressure and the power of this high pressure in moisture transfer. In general, with increasing altitude towards the northern regions, mainly rainfall systems have lost their moisture and unevenness has prevented the proper distribution of moisture in the province.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: In southeastern Iran, the spatial distribution of precipitation is strongly influenced by the proximity to the sea and the location of the topographic features. Upper air levels turbulences are the most common cause of air mass rise. The main factor in reducing heavy rainfalls in northern areas of Sistan and Baluchestan is the lack of sufficient water vapor to reach these areas. Extreme rainfall is more likely to occur in spring than in summer due to the appropriate thermal gradient in southeastern Iran. Finally, the results of the study showed that the possibility of precipitation in spring compared to summer due to the appropriate temperature gradient in southeastern Iran and the activity of Siberian and Northern European high pressure, the conditions for fronting in these areas are provided. Since the humidity of the southern oceans through atmospheric rivers has been effective in the occurrence of heavy rainfall in southeastern Iran, rising temperatures in the southern oceans due to global warming can strengthen moisture flows in the future and from this route to affect the intensity of rainfall in southeastern Iran.هدف از این پژوهش تحلیل هواشناختی الگوهای گردشی بزرگ مقیاس جوی بارشهای فراگیر و سیلآسا در نیمه گرم سال در جنوب شرق ایران است. در ابتدا بر اساس دادههای بارش شش ایستگاه سینوپتیک استان سیستان و بلوچستان طی دوره آماری (2018-1979)، برای استخراج روزهای بارشی، شدت بارش با آستانه صدک نودم و فراگیری بارش با رخداد بارش همزمان مساوی یا بیشتر از نیمی از ایستگاهها تعیین شد. فراسنجهای فشار تراز دریا، ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل، رطوبت ویژه، چرخندگی نسبی، مؤلفههای باد در ترازهای مختلف جو از مرکز پیش بینیهای میان مدت اروپایی نسخه بازکاوی شده ERA5 دریافت شد. بررسی شرایط ترمودینامیکی این سامانهها نشان داد که در الگوی اول پر ارتفاع تشکیل شده بر روی شبه قاره هند در تراز میانی به صورت یک مانع عمل کرده و مانع حرکت طوفان به طرف شرق شده و منجر به هدایت طوفان به سمت شرق ایران شده است. الگوی دوم به نحوهی توزیع پراکندگی فشار بر روی زمین در این روز مربوط است. الاکلنگ فشاری ناشی از بلاکینگ امگا مناطق جنوب شرقی ایران را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. الگوی سوم با عمیق شدن تراف میانی اتمسفر و قرارگیری منطقه در زیر محور فرود توام بوده است. منبع رطوبتی الگوی دوم و سوم یک رودخانه اتمسفری بوده که با سوگیری شمال شرقی از استوا به حرکت درآمده و به جنوب شرق ایران رسیده است. در هر سه الگو شار رطوبت از سطح زمین تا تراز 700 هکتوپاسکال برقرار بوده و مقدار رطوبت به علت چینش و ارتفاع ناهمواریها از جنوب به شمال استان کاهش پیدا کرده است. از آنجا که گرمایش جهانی منجر به افزایش دمای سطح آب اقیانوسها و دریاها بعنوان منابع تامین رطوبت بارش شده است، انتظار میرود بر اساس الگوهای شناسایی شده در این پژوهش، در این پژوهش در دهههای آتی شاهد بارشهای سیلآسای بهاره و تابستانهی بیشتری در استان سیستان و بلوچستان خواهیم بود.https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41663_3f39059e61249204237e7a2aff78bb92.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدآب و خاک2008-475735620220220Predicting Changes in Cultivation of Gantar and Halawi Dates in Iran in the 21st Centuryپیشنگری تغییرات قلمروی کشت خرمای گنطار و حلاوی در ایران در قرن بیست و یکم9229094140110.22067/jsw.2021.72036.1083FAسیده مریم افضلیدانشجوی دکتری آب و هواشناسی کشاورزی ، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامهریزی، دانشگاه اصفهانجواد خوشحال دستجردیدانشیار، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامهریزی، دانشگاه اصفهانعزیز تراهیاستادیار پژوهشکده خرما و میوه های گرمسیریJournal Article20210904<strong>Introduction:</strong> One of the most critical human issues globally is producing more food for the world's growing population. The climate of each region is an effective factor in the agricultural sector and the amount of its production. Iran is one of the world's date-producing countries, which ranks second in terms of date production and exports. This plant has 200 genera and 4000 species, each of which can adapt to arid regions and can have the highest production and economic efficiency in its proper place. It is a monocotyledonous plant from the Palmaceae family that needs at least 10 degrees Celsius for continued growth. Growth will stop at temperatures below 10 degrees Celsius, and temperatures below 4 degrees Celsius will encounter cold stress. This plant is sensitive to environmental conditions and cannot live qualitatively and quantitatively in all hot and dry regions. On the other hand, the palm tree is a plant that lives up to several hundred years, and some of its varieties bear fruit up to 200 years old, but their valuable and economic life is on average about 50 years. It is noteworthy that this tree did not produce an economic crop until ten years ago. Dates have an important role in currency exchange, job creation, food security, and strengthening global competitiveness by providing income from non-oil exports. Therefore, the construction of a palm tree is a risky long-term investment in the country. Dates have different varieties, each capable of adapting to a region of arid regions and can produce the most production and economic efficiency in its proper location. Global warming, its impact on different regions of the earth in the future, and the response of the living creatures of these regions in the last century have led planners and scientists of many disciplines, especially climatology researchers, and in particular agricultural climatologists, to understand climate conditions and design long-lived sustainable plants that can survive in future environmental conditions and have good economic returns, design programs, and awareness algorithms.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> One of the best is the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). By applying this algorithm, it can be predicted how the species will exist in different regions based on the presence of the species. The present study was conducted by field method, descriptive, and library statistics. The data used included WordClim site data (bioclimatic variables), presence data of two cultivars of date palm, Gantar and Halawi, daily meteorological data, elevation, and land slope based on the suitable land slope for palm tree cultivation, high and low temperatures, and phonological data. CCSM4 model with quadratic scenarios of 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 was used to predict and estimate different country regions in terms of talent for cultivation of two selected date varieties. Due to the higher value of AUC in Scenario 4.5, this scenario was considered as the selected scenario. This study is different from previous studies using the CCSM4 climatic model, new diffusion scenarios (RCP), and prediction of date distribution concerning its cultivars, while previous studies on prediction of date distribution have not paid any attention to it.<br /><strong>Results and Discussion:</strong> The results showed that the distribution and cultivation area of Gantar and Halawi are different, and in the future, the suitable area of cultivation of Gantar cultivar will decrease, and the suitable area of cultivation of Halawi cultivar will increase. Jacknife test showed that the model successfully predicted the potential of cultivation area based on the AUC criterion and temperature-related biological variables (Bio 1, Bio 6, Bio 8, and Bio 10) had the most significant impact on the distribution modeling of cultivars. Therefore, with the rising temperature, parts of the country, especially the foothills of the plains, become more susceptible to cultivation. So that at present, when the maximum height for the optimal growth of cultivars is about 700 meters, it will reach about 1200 meters in the coming decades. At present, Iranshahr city in Sistan and Baluchestan province has the most desirable area of Gantar and Halawi cultivar cultivation. However, in the next decade, the most desirable cultivation area will be the Gontar cultivar in Ahvaz city and Halawi cultivar in Jask city. It was also found that using WorldClim site data for perennial and especially long-lived plants was not sufficient. Because in these data, high and low temperatures that can destroy the plant during its life or shorten its life and reduce the economic fruit of cultivation are not included, and of course gardening and fruit trees are a long-term investment. The risk of investing should not be increased.یکی از مسائل مهم کنونی بشر تولید مواد غذایی بیشتر برای جمعیت رو به رشد جهان است. اقلیم هر منطقه اهمیت بسزایی در بخش کشاورزی و میزان تولیدات آن دارد. کشور ایران یکی از کشورهای خرماخیز جهان است که از نظر تولید و صادرات خرما در جهان، رتبه دوم را دارا میباشد. این گیاه دارای ۲۰۰ جنس و ۴۰۰۰ گونه است که هر کدام توانایی تطبیق با منطقهای از مناطق خشک را دارد و میتواند در محل مناسب خود بیشترین تولید و بازده اقتصادی را داشته باشد. با توجه به پدیدهی گرمایش جهانی و چالشهای پیشآمده ناشی از آن، برنامهریزان در تلاش هستند با آگاهی از شرایط اقلیمی کنونی و آتی و انتخاب گیاهان پایا با عمر طولانیتر حداکثر بازدهی اقتصادی را از هر منطقه به دست آورند. لذا یکی از بهترین مدلها جهت شناخت رویشگاههای بالقوه کشت، مدل حداکثر آنتروپی است. در تحقیق حاضر، مدل CCSM4 با سناریوهای RCP2.6، RCP4.5، RCP6.0 و RCP8.5 برای پیشنگری و استعدادیابی مناطق مختلف کشور برای دو رقم خرمای حلاوی و گنطار انتخاب و مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. نتایج نشان داد که پراکنش و سطح زیر کشت ارقام خرمای گنطار و حلاوی متفاوت است و در دورههای آتی سطح مطلوب کشت رقم گنطار کاهش و سطح مطلوب کشت رقم حلاوی افزایش خواهد یافت. آزمون جکنایف نشان داد که این مدل در پیشبینی قلمرو مطلوب کشت بر اساس معیار سطح زیر نمودار (<sup>4</sup>AUC) موفق بوده است (بالاتر از ۹۰/۰).https://jsw.um.ac.ir/article_41401_06298465e0b513a1a665b3d1f0662a09.pdf