Effect of the Compost of Trees Pruning Wastes on Some Microbiological Indices of a Calcareous Soil in the Presence of Mycorrhiza under Rhizobox Conditions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Roghayeh Vahedi ¹
• Mirhasan Rasouli-Sadaghiani
• mohsen barin ²

¹ urmia university

² urmia

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i5.71736

Abstract

Introduction: Trees pruning wastes by turning into compost and adding to soil improves the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Soil biological indices are important aspects of soil quality, so soil quality is measured using different biological properties. The organic compounds are regularly released from plants into the rhizosphere, which increase the activity of the soil microbial community and improve the health of the soil. The organic matter such as compost, stimulates microbial activity like the enzymatic activity and microbial biomass in the soil. Another method to improve soil quality is the use of the microorganisms potential. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil can stimulate and increase soil microbial activity and also improve the activity of enzymes and microbial biomass in soil. The application of microorganisms and the addition of the organic matter to the rhizosphere can change the microbial communication composition of the rhizosphere. The Limiting roots to investigate the biological and chemical changes and the extent of these properties in the rhizosphere are challenges that have been less addressed. The rhizobox is one of the used tools to study the rhizosphere changes. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the compost prepared from pruning wastes of apples and grapes trees and also pruning wastes of apples and grapes trees on soil quality, in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in rhizosphere of the wheat under the rhizobox conditions.
Materials and Methods; The present study was carried out in a completely randomized factorial design with three replications in rhizobox under greenhouse condition. The factors included the organic matter (compost of trees pruning wastes, trees pruning wastes and control) and soil (the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil) in mycorrhizal inoculation conditions. The soil sample with light texture and low available phosphorus was prepared. The pruning wastes of apple and grape trees were collected from urmia orchards. Also, the compost of trees pruning wastes was prepared from the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The compost and pruning wastes were ground and crushed and then passed through a 0.5 mm sieve for the greenhouse experiment. The plants were planted in the rhizobox with the dimensions of 20 × 15 × 20 cm (length × width × height). The compost and pruning wastes were added to the boxes based on 1.5% pure organic carbon (each box contained 5.799 kg of soil). Glomus fasciulatum as mycorrhizal inoculation was used. The control treatments contained sterile soil with mycorrhizal inoculation and without organic matter. The wheat seeds (Triticumae stivum L.) of Pishtaz cultivar were grown in rhizoboxes. At the end of the growth period, organic carbon (OC) by Walkley-Black method, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) by fumigation extraction method, metabolic quotient index (qCO2) (microbial respiration per unit of biomass), microbial quotient index (microbial biomass carbon per unit of organic carbon), carbon availability index (CAI) (substrate-induced respiration/microbial biomass ratio), colonization Percentage of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and acid (ACP) and alkaline (ALP) phosphomonoesterase enzymes activities by spectrophotometry method, were determined.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of compost significantly increased organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass phosphorus and decreased MBC/MBP compared with the control treatment. Furthermore, compost increased the organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil by 8.08, 45.79 and 37.18 % compared with the non-rhizosphere soil, respectively. The pruning wastes increased 1.45, 1.26 and 1.30 fold metabolic quotient, carbon availability and acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the rhizosphere compared with non-rhizosphere soil, respectively.The highest activity of the alkaline phosphomonoesterase enzyme and the percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization were also related to pruning waste treatments in rhizosphere soils.
Conclusions: Different characteristics of the organic matter and the microbial inoculation led to an increase in the biological indices in the rhizosphere zone compared with non-rhizosphere soils. The application of organic matter in the soil, along with microbial inoculation, will accelerate the biological activity of the soil and thus contributes to a better cycle of nutrients in the soil. Following the application of organic matter, microorganisms rapidly grew and led to an increase in biological activity, such as increase activity of phosphomonoesterase enzymes, carbon and phosphorus of microbial biomass in the rhizosphere. It could be argued that increased activity of phosphomonoesterases and the microbial biomass and decreased metabolic quotient in the soil were influenced by the application of the organic materials and mycorrhizal inoculation. The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice. Therefore, the use of the organic materials and biological potential of the microorganisms are one of the most important tools to maintain organic carbon balance of the soil, contributing to the stimulation of soil microbiological activities.

Keywords

• Mycorrhiza
• pruning waste
• Rhizobox
• Soil quality

20.1001.1.20084757.1397.32.6.10.4

References

1. Aghababaei F., Raiesi F., and Hosseinpur A. 2014.The Influence of earthworm and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity in a soil contaminated with cadmium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation. Journal of Water and Soil, 27: 949-962. (in Persian with English abstract)

2. Anderson T.H., and Domsch K.H. 1990, Application of eco-physiological quociente (qCO2 and Dq) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22: 251–255.

3. Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A.A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36: 1737-1746.

4. Babalola O.A., Adesodun J.K., Olasantan F.O., and Adekunle A.F. 2012. Responses of some soil biological, chemical and physical properties to short-term compost amendment. International Journal of Soil Science, 7: 28-38.

5. Balik J., Pavlikova D., and Vanĕk V. 2007. The influence of long-term sewage sludge application on the activity of phosphatases in the rhizosphere of plants. Plant and Soil Environmental, 53: 375–381.

6. Benizri E., Nguyen C., Piutti S., Slezack-Deschaumes S., and Philippot L. 2007.Additions of maize root mucilage to soil changed the structure of the bacterial community. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39: 1230–1233.

7. Borken W., Muhs A., and Beese F. 2002. Changes in microbial and soil properties following compost treatment of degraded temperate forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34: 403–412.

8. Brookes P.C., Powlson D.S., and Jenkinson D.S. 1982. Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 14:319-329.

9. Bunemann E.K., Schwenke G.D., and Van Zwieten L. 2006. Impact of agricultural inputs on soil organisms-a rewiew. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 44(4):379-406.

10. Bustamante M.A., Perez-Murcia M.D., Paredes C., Moral R., Pe´rez-Espinosa A., and Moreno-Caselles J. 2007. Short-term carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in soil amended with winery and distillery organic wastes. Bioresource Technology, 98: 3269–3277.

11. Cavagnaro, T.R. 2015. Biologically regulated nutrient supply systems: compost and arbuscular mycorrhizas-a review. Advances in Agronomy Journal, 129: 293–321.

12. Chauhan B.S., Stewart J.W.B., and Paul E.A. 1981. Effect of labile inorganic phosphate status and organic carbon additions on the microbial uptake of phosphorus in soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 61: 373–385.

13. Cheng W., Coleman D.C., Carroll C.R., and Hoffman C.A. 1993. In situ measurements of root respiration and soluble carbon concentrations in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25: 1189-1196.

14. Das P., Samantaray S., and Rout G.R. 1997. Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. Environmental Pollution Journal, 98: 29-36.

15. De Neergaard A., and Magid J. 2001. Influence of the rhizosphere on microbial biomass and recently formed organic matter. European Journal of Soil Science, 52: 377-384.

16. Duong T.T.T., Penfold C., and Marschner P. 2012. Differential effects of composts on properties of soils with different textures. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48, 699–707.

17. Eghball B., Ginting D., and Gilley J.E. 2004. Residual effects of manure and compost applications on corn production and soil properties. Agronomy Journal, 96: 442- 447.

18. Fang S., Liu D., Tian Y. Deng S., and Shang X. 2013. Tree Species Composition Influences Enzyme Activities and Microbial Biomass in the Rhizosphere: A Rhizobox Approach. PLoS ONE, 18: e61461.

19. Fierer N., Schimel J.P., and Holden P.A. 2003. Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 167–176.

20. Gil-Sotres F., Trasar-Cepeda C., Leiros M.C., and Seoane S. 2005. Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37:877–887.

21. Herrick J.E. 2000. Soil quality: an indicator of sustainable land management. Applied Soil Ecology, 15: 75-83.

22. Imbeah M. 1997. Composting Piggery Waste: A Review. Bioresource Technology, 63: 197-203.

23. Jenkinson D.S., and Ladd J.N .1981. Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In: Powl EA, Ladd JN (eds) Soil biochemistry. Dekker, New York, 415–417.

24. Kojima T., Hayatsu M., and Saito M. 1998. Intraradical hyphae phosphatase of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 26(4): 331-335.

25. Kourtev P.S., Ehrenfeld J.G., and Häggblom M .2003. Experimental analysis of the effect of exotic and native plant species on the structure and function of soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 895- 905.

26. Labidi S., Nasr H., Zouaghi M., and Wallander H. 2007. Effects of compost addition on extra-radical growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Acacia tortilis ssp. raddiana savanna in a pre-Saharan area. Appl. Soil Ecology, 35: 184–192.

27. Li H., Shao H., Li W., Bi R., and Bai Z. 2012. Improving soil enzyme activities and related quality properties of reclaimed soil by applying weathered coal in opencast-mining areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Clean Soil Air Water, 40:233–238.

28. Liang Y., Nikolic M., Peng Y., Chen W., and Jiang Y. 2005. Organic manure stimulates biological activity and barley growth in soil subject to secondary salinization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37: 1185–1195.

29. Mäder P., Edenhofer S., Boller T., Wiemken A., and Niggli U. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31:150-156.

30. Marinari S., Masciandaro G., Ceccanti B., and Grego S. 2000. Influence of organic and mineral fertilisers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresource Technology, 72: 9-17.

31. Marschner P., Solaiman Z.M., and Rengel Z. 2005. Growth phosphorus uptake and rhizosphere microbial community composition of a phosphorus-efficient wheat cultivar in soils differing in pH. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168: 343-351.

32. Martens R., 1991. Methoden zur quantitative Bestimmung und Charakterisierungder mikrobiellen biomasse in Böden. Eigenverlag des institutes für Bodenbiologie der FAL Braunschweig.

33. Norris J.R., Read D.J., and Varma AK. 1992. Methods in Microbiology, Volume 24, Techniques for the Study of Mycorrhiza, Academic Press, London.

34. Pane C., Piccolo A., Spaccini R., Celano G., Villecco D., and Zaccardelli M. 2013. Agricultural waste-based composts exhibiting suppressivity to diseases caused by the phytopathogenic soil-borne fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor. Applied Soil Ecology, 65: 43–51.

35. Rasmussen P.E., and Albrecht S.L. 1998. Crop management effects on organic carbon in semi-arid Pacific Northwest soils. In: Lal, R., et al. (Eds.), Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 209–219.

36. Redel Y., Escudey M., Alvear M., Conrad J., and Borie F. 2011. Effects of tillage and crop rotation on chemical phosphorus forms and some related biological activities in a Chilean Ultisol. Soil Use Management, 27: 221–228.

37. Ruiz-Lozano J.M., and Azcon R. 2000. Symbiotic efficiency and infectivity of an autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus sp. from saline soils and Glomus deserticola under salinity. Mycorrhiza, 10: 137-143.

38. Santos J.A., Nunes L. A.P.L., Melo W.J., and Araujo A.S.F. 2011. Tannery sludge compost amendment rates on soil microbial biomass of two different soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 47: 146–151.

39. Sheklabadi M., Khademi H., Eghbal M., and Nourbakhsh F. 2007. Effects of climateand long-term grazing exclusion on selected soil biological quality indicators in rangelandsof central Zagros.Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 41:103–116. (in Persian with English abstract)

40. Sinha S., Masto R.E., Ram L.C., Selvi V.A., Srivastava N.K., Tripathi R.C., and George J. 2009. Rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species in a coal mining ecosystem, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41: 1824–1832.

41. Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H., Soltanpour P.N., Tabatabai M.A., Johnston C.T., and Sumner M.E. 1996. p.1390. Methods of soil analysis Part 3- Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America Book Ser. 5, Madison, Wiscons in, USA.

42. Tabatabai M.A., and Bremner J.M. 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1: 301-307.

43. Tarafdar J.C., and Jungk A. 1987. Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 3:199-204.

44. Tanwar A., Aggarwal A., Yadav A., and Parkash V. 2013. Screening and selection of efficient host and sugarcane bagasse as substrate for mass multiplication of Funneliformis mosseae. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 29: 107–117.

45. Tejada M., and Gonzalez J.L. 2006. Crushed cotton gin compost on soil biological properties and rice yield. European Journal of Agronomy, 25: 22–29.

46. Valarini P. J., Curaqueo G., Seguel A., Manzano K., Rubio R., Cornejo P., Borie F. 2009. Effect of compost application on some properties of a volcanic soil from central South Chile. Journal of Agricultural Research, 69: 416–425.

47. Waldrop M.P., Zak D.R., Sinsabaugh R.L., Gallo M., and Lauber C. 2004. Nitrogen deposition modifies soil carbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications. 14(4): 1172-1177.

48. Zaman M., Matsushima M., Chang S., Inubushi K., Nguyen L., Goto S., Kanek O.F., and Yoneyama T. 2004. Nitrogen mineralization, N2O production and soil microbiological prosperities as affected by long-term application of sewage sludge composts. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 40: 101 – 109.

49. Zhao Q., Zeng D., and Fan Z. 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in the rhizosphere of three tree species in a nutrient-poor sandy soil. Applied Soil Ecology, 46: 341-346.