Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 University of Payam Noor East Tehran

2 Soil and Water Research Institute

3 University of Payam Noor

Abstract

Introduction: sustainable development and the environment are interconnected. Sustainable agriculture is continuous utilization of a farm with respect to various aspects of environmental conditions by using fewer inputs (other than Bio-fertilizers). Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for the plants. Management of soil is possible by using biological fertilizers pillar of sustainable agriculture and providing some of the phosphorus needed by plants via bio-fertilizers. Phosphorus deficiency is extremely effective on the plant growth and productivity. The application of phosphorus fertilizers is expensive and dangerous. In addition, phosphorus in the soilmay become insoluble and will be unavailable to the plants. Studies showed that phosphate solubilizing bacteria in the soil rhizosphere are active and by root exudates solve insoluble phosphates such as tricalcium phosphate, and form absorbable P for plant. Consequently, the use of microbial fertilizers could reduce excessive use of chemical fertilizers and lead to decrease their harmful effects and protect the environment and conservation of available resources. The biological phosphate fertilizer industry uses sugar beet molasses as a binder and drying granules at high temperatures. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the durability of the bacteria in molasses at high temperature.
Materials and Methods: This study was designed as completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement.10 isolates were selected and the ratios of 50%, 25%, 15% and 10% of the apatite, organic matter, sulfur and soluble granule (ratio 1: 1 and 2: 1 bacteria and molasses), respectively, for each isolate was prepared. The final product was dried at 28 and 40 °C and remained for 4 months and population counted at first day and 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the preparing. The population was counted by the serial dilution technique and cultured at Sperber media.
Results and Discussion:Comparing the average logarithm of population of bacteria in the granules indicated the highest proportion in the granules on the first day and the lowest population on 120 days (4 months), andthe ratio of 1: 1 inoculant and molasses had the largest population than the 2:1. The highest population was observed in 1:1 dried granules at 28 °C, but, some of 1:1 dried granules at 40 °C were consistent with the defined standards. Overall, bacteria I2-4, Z4 and C5-1 showed the greatest amount of population and the population had more power to maintain the standards among the isolates. The granules produced according to the defined standard (two-month period, 105 cell per gram of fertilizer) are dried at 28 °C in both 1: 1 and 2: 1 to the end of 4 months in the standard population. Granules dried at 40 °C for 1: 1 ratio of the population by the end of 4 months in the standard range. In the case of the most isolated granules at the ratio of 2:1 until the end of the second month, the population were within the standard range but at the end of the third month, they come lower than standard except I2-4, Z4 and C5-1. The total population of the granules was as following: Granules 1: 1, 28 °C> 2: 1, 28 °C> 1: 1, 40 °C> 2: 1, 40 °C. Considering to the fact that this standard is undefined for four months, but in this study, the population was 104 granules in the fourth month.
Conclusion: Based on the results, some of these conditions could keep their population and population decline was less. In general, it can be concluded that the granular organic fertilizer phosphorus in the industry of phosphate solubilizing bacteria with sugar beet molasses as a binder and drying at 40 °C can be used The results were positive and the granules can be cited to the production of this type of microbial fertilizer. Considering to the results, it was found that the proportion of molasses and inoculant, drying temperature and storage time were effective on viability of bacteria. Also, instead of using a train of bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, a combination of any of these bacteria in a field lead to better results. It is clear that by a comprehensive study, the molecular identification of bacteria, and detection of desire genetic loci and then gene transfer between bacteria for increasing of high temperature resistance by spour production and also, gene transfer between bacteria with high population and non-tolerance to sugerbeet molasses and tolerant bacteria to sugar beet molasses but low population; we can achieve bacteria with high population and high tolerance to sugar beet molasses and consequently achieve to favorable results. This result could decrease chemical phosphate fertilizers usage and their harmful effects and help to protect the environment and available resources.

Keywords

1- Ahmed S. 1995. Agriculture-Fertilizer Interface in Asia-Issues of Growth and sustainability, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Private Limite, New Delhi.
2- Asea P. E. A.,Kucey R. M. N. and StewartJ. W. B.1988. Inorganic phosphate solubilization by two penicillium species in solution culture and soil, Soil Biological and Biochemistry, 4:459-464.
3- BrooksR.R.1998.Plants that hyper accumulate heavy metals, United Kingdom: The Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI).publication.
4- DaiJ.,BecquerT.,Rouiller J.,Reversat H.,Bemhard G.andLavelle F. 2004. Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass in Zn-, Cu- and Cd- contaminated soils,A companion journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment,25:99-109.
5- Davarinejad G., HaghniaG. andLakzian A. 2004.Effect of animal fertilizers and enriched compost on wheatyield, Agriculture Technology and Science Journal, 18:101-108. (In Persian with English abstract)
6- Ehteshami S.M.R.,Hakimian F. and Yousefie Rad M.,Chaichi M.R.2012.Effect of the integration in phosphate fertilizer different levels and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on forage quantitative and qualitative of two barley cultivars, Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh&Sazandegi), No:102 pp:141-150. (In Persian)
7- Elliott L.F. and Wildung R.E. 1992. What biotechnology means for soil and water conservation, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 47:17-20.
8- Franco-Correaa M., Quintana A., Duque C., Suarez C., Rodriguez M.X. and Barea J.M. 2010. Evaluation of actinomycete strains for key traits related with plant growth promotion and mycorrhizal helping activities, Applied Soils Ecology, 45:209–217.
9- Garbaye J.1994. Helper bacteria-a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis, New Phytologist, 128:197-210.
10- Khavazi k. 2012.Instructions on how to check bio-fertilizers, Soil and Water Research Institute, Iran. (In Persian)
11- JilaniG.,AkramA.,AliR.M.,HafeezF.Y., ShamsiI.H., ChaudhryA.N.and ChaudryA.G. 2007.Enhancing crop growth, nutrient availability, economic and beneficial rhizosphere microflora through organic and biofertilizers,Annals of Microbiology, 57:177-183.
12- KacarB. and KatkatV. 2010.Bitkibesleme.pp.217-289.4thBaski.Nobel Yaymevi, Ankara.
13- KaderM.K., MmianH. and HoyueM.S. 2002.Effects of Azotobacter inoculants on the yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat, Journal of Biological Sciences, 2: 250-261.
14- KarthikeyanN.,PrasanaR.P.,NainL., and KaushikB.D. 2007.Evaluting the potential of plant growth promothng cyanobacteria as inoculant for wheat, European Journal of Soil Biology, 43:23-30.
15- KhanM.S.,Zaidi A. and WainP.A. 2007.Role of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture –A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Dev.27:29-43.
16- Kiani-rad M. 1995.Evaluation of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and their effects on the reduction of phosphate fertilizers in the cultivation of soy, Master thesis, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)
17- Liu R.J. and Chen Y.L. 2007.Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (in Chinese), Science Press (www.sciencep.com), Beijing.ISBN 978-7-03-017290-7,page 447.
18- Malakoti M.J.1995. sustainable agriculture and increase performance by optimizing the use of fertilizers in Iran, dissemination of agricultural education. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)
19- Malboobi M.A., Behbahani M., Madani H., Owlia P., Deljou A., Yakhchali B., Moradi M., and Hassanabadi H. 2009. Performance evaluation of potent phosphate solubilizing bacteria in potato rhizosphere, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 25:1479-1484.
20- Mehrotra V.S. (ed.). 2005. Mycorrhiza: Role and Applications,Allied Publishers Limited, New Dehli.
21- MehvarzS. and ChaichiM.R. 2008.Effect of Solubilizing Microorganisms sndPhosphrus Chemical Fertilizer on Forage and Grain Quality of Barely(Hordeum vulgar L.), American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 3(6)855-860.
22- MollaM.A.Z.andChowdhuryA.A.1984. Microbial mineralization of organic phosphate in soil, Plant and Soil, 78: 393-399.
23- RaiS.N. and GaurA.C. 1988. Characterization of Azotobacter spp. Effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillum as inoculant on the yield and N-uptake of wheat crop, Plant and Soil, 34:131-134.
24- SafariM.2014.the tendency of conventional agriculture (Intensive Agric.) Sustainable agriculture (Sustainable Agriculture) solutions to improve the quality of soils in semi-arid regions of Iran, 1th national conference on sustainable management of soil resources and the environment, Kerman,martyrBahonar University. (In Persian)
25- SobbaRao N.S. 1986. Soil microorganisms and plant growth, Oxford and IBH publishing Company, put. LTD.
26- SobbaRao N.S. 1988. Biofertilizers in Agriculture, 2nd, Oxford and IBH publishing Company, New Dehli.
27- StevensonF.J.2005. Cycles of Soil: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Micronutrients, John Wiley and Sons, New york.
28- TurkM.A., AssafT.A., HameedK.M., and Al-TawahaA.M. 2006.Significance of Mycorrhiza, World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(1):16-20.
CAPTCHA Image