Document Type : Research Article

Author

Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Salinity stress causes reduction of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and yield. An unsuitable seed planting date can result in negative atmospheric effects, such as temperature stress, during the crop growth period. Consequently, salinity stress and unfavorable climatic conditions during this period interact to reduce crop water uptake. The mentioned conditions effect, should be investigated on crop transpiration amount (actual water requirement) and soil surface evaporation losses. This research results will have a determinative effect on the optimal use of water resources.
 
Materials and Methods
The studied crop in this research was S.C 704 maize. The crop planting was conducted in mini-lysimeters with a diameter of 40 cm and a height of 70 cm. The experiment factors included soil salinity stress and seed planting date. Soil salinity treatments were selected at four levels of 1.7 (S1), 2.5 (S2), 3.8 (S3), 5.9 (S4) dS.m-1. Seed planting date included of 5 May (P1), 25 May (P2) 14 June (P3) and 4 July (P4). Crop growth period for all planting date treatments, was 140 days (FAO-56). Experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with 16 treatments and three repetitions. Variance analysis and average comparison of data was done by SPSS software and with Duncan's multi-range test (at 5% probability level). Daily soil moisture amount was measured by a moisture meter. Irrigation time was determined for without water stress conditions. Readily available water limit was determined 0.4. Irrigation volume was calculated according to soil moisture deficit (up to FC limit), soil density, root depth, leaching fraction and soil surface area. To separate the evapotranspiration components, all treatments were performed in two series of mini-lysimeters. In the first series, soil moisture reduction was related to crop evapotranspiration amount. But in the second series, the plastic mulch was placed on soil surface. Soil moisture reduction in the second series, was only related to crop transpiration amount. Difference of data in the first and second series was equal to the evaporation amount. Linear function of Mass and Hoffman (1977) was used as the function of evapotranspiration-salinity, transpiration-salinity, and evaporation-salinity.
 
Results and Discussion
As salinity increased from S1 to S4 levels, evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation amounts were measured on the planting dates P1, P2, P3, and P4. The measurements were as follows:
Evapotranspiration (mm): 619-548 (P1), 621-549 (P2), 624-547 (P3), and 625-544 (P4)
Transpiration (mm): 429-309 (P1), 421-295 (P2), 418-281 (P3), and 412-265 (P4)
Evaporation (mm): 190-239 (P1), 200-254 (P2), 206-266 (P3), and 213-279 (P4)
These ranges reflect the measured amounts for each variable under increasing salinity levels across the different planting dates. Under the influence of salinity stress, soil water potential decreases, leading to a reduction in water uptake by the crop and subsequently decreased crop transpiration. As a result of this reduction in crop water uptake, the remaining water in the soil is utilized for evaporation. In S4 level and on dates of: P1, P2, P3 and P4, crop transpiration portion decreased to 12.9%, 14.1%, 15.6% and 17.2%, respectively, and evaporation portion increased to the same amount. By adjusting the seed planting date to optimize the utilization of favorable atmospheric conditions during crop growth stages, the increase in the portion of evaporation is prevented. In initial stage of growth period, only 0 to 10% of soil surface is covered by crops (FAO-56) causing the evaporation component to have a dominant portion in the crop evapotranspiration parameter. As a result, placing of initial growth stage in warm days of year caused an increase in evaporation losses. It seems that S1P1 treatment was the optimal condition for transpiration increase and evaporation decrease. The estimated functions showed that (in salinity stress conditions) crop transpiration decreased more than ETc. Therefore, the transpiration rate should be considered as the crop's net water requirement instead of ETc (crop evapotranspiration). According to the Mass-Hoffman function, under stress conditions, the decreasing slope of transpiration and evapotranspiration and the increasing slope of evaporation become more pronounced. For instance, in planting dates of P1, P2, P3, and P4, for each unit (dS.m-1) of increase in soil salinity, the evapotranspiration rates decreased by 2.51%, 2.82%, 3.3%, and 3.65%, respectively. Similarly, the transpiration rates decreased by 6.1%, 7.34%, 8.42%, and 9.2%, respectively, while the evaporation rates increased by 5.5%, 6.7%, 7%, and 7.82%.
 
Conclusion
Salinity and atmospheric temperature stresses had interaction effects on evapotranspiration and components rates. Postponing the seed planting date and not utilizing optimal weather conditions, especially during spring, can lead to damage to transpiration, which is a favorable aspect; however it is unfavorable in evaporation,. Therefore, in irrigated crops, it is advisable not to plant seeds during the warm months of the year, especially in July and August. Consequently, by controlling soil salinity and selecting the appropriate planting date, water can be optimally utilized.
  

Keywords

Main Subjects

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

  1. Abaza, A., Elshamly, A., Alwahibi, M., Elshikh, M., & Ditta, A. (2023). Impact of different sowing dates and irrigation levels on NPK absorption, yield and water use efficiency of maize. Scientific Reports, 13, 12956. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40032-9
  2. Akhtari, A., Homaee, M., & Hoseini, Y. (2014). Modeling plant response to salinity and soil nitrogen deficiency. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 3(4), 33-49. (In Persian with English abstract)
  3. Alikhani, F., M.Zamani, D., & Yousefi, R. (2015). Determining the probability of proper work days for operations of sewing corn in Qazvin Province. Journal of Bio Systems Engineering, 4(2), 1-19. (In Persian with English abstract)
  4. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation Drainage Paper No.56. Pp. 1-326.
  5. Andarzian, B., Hoogenboom, G., Bannayan, M., & Shirali, M. (2015). Determining optimum sowing date of wheat using CSM-CERES-Wheat model. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2), 189-199. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.04.004
  6. Ayers, R.S., & Westcot, D.W. (1985). Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.29. Pp. 32.
  7. Azizian, A., & Sepaskhah, A.R. (2014). Maize response to water, salinity and nitrogen levels: yield-water relation, water-use efficiency and water uptake reduction function. Journal of Plant Production, 8(2), 183-214. https://doi.org/22069/IJPP.2014.1524
  8. Bazrafshan, A., Shorafa, M., Mohammadi, M.H., & Zolfaghari, A.A. (2020). Maize response to salinity stress using water uptake models in different seasons. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 50(9), 2171-2182. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/ ijswr.2019.281105.668201
  9. Blanco, F.F., Folegatti, M.V., Gheyi, H.R., & Fernandes, P.D. (2008). Growth and yield of corn irrigated with saline water.Journal of Scientia Agricola, 65(6), 574-580. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162008000600002
  10. Choudhary, S., Vadez, V., Hash, C.T., & Kishor, P.K. (2019).Pearl millet mapping population parents: performance and selection under salt stress across environments varying in evaporativeJournal of Biological Sciences, 89(1), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0933-1
  11. Dehghani, A., Kazemeini, S.A., Zarei, M., & Alinia, M. (2017). Effects of salt stress and mycorrhiza fungi on morpho-physiological characteristics of sweet corn. Journal of Crop Production and Processing Isfahan University of Technology, 7(1), 101-113. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.7.1.101
  12. Dehghanisanij, H., Kanani, E., & Akhavan, S. (2018). Evaluation of corn evapotranspiration and its components and relationshipbetween leaf area index and components in surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Journal of Water and Soil, 31(6), 1549-1560. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/JSW.V31I6.64019
  13. Ferreira, M.I., Silvestre, J., Conceic, N., & Malheiro, A.C. (2012). Crop and stress coefficients in rain fed and deficit irrigation vineyards using sap flow techniques. Journal of Irrigation Science, 30, 433–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00271-012-0352-2
  14. Guo, T., Liu, C., Xiang, Y., Zhang, P., & Wang, R. (2021). Simulations of the soil evaporation and crop transpiration beneath a maize crop canopy in a humid area. Journal of Water, 13(14), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141975
  15. Katerji, N., van Hoorn, J.W., Hamdy, A., & Mastrorilli, M.(2004). Comparison of corn yield response to plantwater stress caused by salinity and by drought.Journal of Agriculture Water Management, 65, 95-101. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2003.08.001
  16. Lacerda, C.F., Ferreira, J.F.S., Liu, X., & Suarez, D.L. (2016). Evapotranspiration as a criterion to estimate nitrogen requirement of maize under salt stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 202, 192-202. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/jac.12145
  17. Maas, E.V., & Hoffman, G.J. (1977). Crop salt tolerance: Current assessment. Journal of Irrigation Drainage, ASCE, 103, 115-134.
  18. Saeidi, R., Soultani, M., Liaghat, A.M., & Sotoodehneia, A. (2019). The effect of salinity on maize yield in various growth stages. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 50(8), 1975-1983. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/IJSWR.2019.275824.668125
  19. Saeidi, R. (2021 a). Separation the evaporation and transpiration in maize cultivation and investigation of their response to different irrigation levels. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 52(5), 1263-1273. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/IJSWR.2021.318297.668881
  20. Saeidi, R. (2021 b). Effect of drought and salinity stress in estimation of forage maize yield through of periodic evapotranspiration, with using of different models. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 35(2), 107-121. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2021.355044.876
  21. Saeidi, R., Ramezani-Etedali, H., Sotoodenia, A., Kaviani, A., & Nazari, B. (2021). Salinity and fertility stresses modifies and readily available water coefficients in maize (Case study: Qazvin region). Journal of Irrigation Science, 39, 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-020-00711-1
  22. Saeidi, R. (2022 a). Evaluation of multivariate regression models in estimation of evaporation and transpiration components of maize, under salinity stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 53(1), 71-84. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/IJSWR.2022.335453.669157
  23. Saeidi, R. (2022 b).Determination of salinity stress coefficient in the different growth stages of forage maize. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 36(1), 75-92. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/ jwra.2022.356739.902
  24. Saeidi, R. (2023).The sensitivity effect of maize growth stages on application of water uptake reduction functions, under salinity stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 54(4), 597-612. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/ 10.22059/IJSWR.2023.357997.669488
  25. Sajadi, F., Sharifan, H., Soughi, H., & Abdolhosseini, M. (2023).Investigating the performance and water productivity of wheat cultivars in different sowing dates and irrigation conditions (a case study in Gorgan Plain). Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 30(1), 91-110. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/ 10.22069/jwsc.2023.20969.3609
  26. Soultani, M., Liaghat, A.M., & Sotoodehneia, A. (2012). Conjunctive effect of planting date and time of supplementary irrigation on water productivity of lentil in rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 43(3), 243-248. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/IJSWR.2012.29286
  27. Uossef Gomrokchi, A., Akbari, M., Hassanoghli, A., & Younesi, M. (2020). Monitoring soil salinity and vegetation using multispectral remote sensing data in interceptor drain of salt marsh in Qazvin plain. Journal of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 10(1), 37-52. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22126/GES.2020. 4434.2103
  28. Trout, T.J., & Dejonge, K.C. (2017). Water productivity of maize in the US high plains. Journal of Irrigation Science, 35, 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-017-0540-1
  29. Zhou, S., Liu, W., & Lin, W. (2017). The ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration in a rain fed maize field on the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Water Science and Technology, 17(1), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws. 2016.108

 

 

CAPTCHA Image