کاربرد مدل SSM-iCrop2در شبیه‌سازی عملکرد و بیلان آب برای شرایط مزارع کشاورزان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• صفورا جافرنوده ¹
• افشین سلطانی ¹
• الیاس سلطانی ²
• امیر دادرسی ³
• سمانه رهبان ¹

¹ گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

² گروه علوم زراعی و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، پاکدشت، ایران

³ پژوهشگر مرکز علوم محیطی دانشگاه چالرز، پراگ، جمهوری چک

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2024.84807.1343

چکیده

اطلاع از اجزای بیلان آب و حجم آب کاربردی برای بهینه­سازی مصرف آب در کشاورزی ضروری است از طرفی اندازه­گیری آن­ها پرهزینه و مشکل است. بنابراین استفاده از مدل­هایی که بتواند مؤلفه­های بیلان آب و حجم آب کاربردی را شبیه­سازی کند برای مدیریت آب در کشاورزی اهمیت دارد. مدل SSM-iCrop2 در سال­های اخیر در مطالعات متعدد استفاده شده است. در این مدل مشابه آزمایش­ها، فرض می­شود آفات، بیماری­ها و علف­های هرز و نیز عناصر غذایی در مزرعه به نحو مطلوب مدیریت شده و تأثیری بر رشد و عملکرد ندارند. در حالی‌که در مزارع کشاورزان این عوامل وجود دارند و بر رشد و عملکرد گیاه و نیز مصرف آب اثر می­گذارند. از سوی دیگر در موارد متعددی به برآورد عملکرد و مؤلفه­های بیلان آب و حجم آب آبیاری در شرایط کشاورزان نیاز وجود دارد که طبیعتا مدل­های پارامتریابی شده با آزمایش­ها قادر به شبیه­سازی آن­ها نیستند. در این مطالعه با استفاده از متغیرهایی مانند عملکرد و شاخص برداشت که برای مزراع کشاورزان موجود هستند یا با هزینه کم قابل اندازه­گیری هستند مدل SSM-iCrop2 برای شرایط کشاورزان کالیبره شد. تأثیر عواملی نظیر آفات و بیماری­ها، علف­های هرز و تغذیه، تراکم و تاریخ کاشت نامناسب با کالیبراسیون سه پارامتر کارایی استفاده از تشعشع، حداکثر سطح برگ و حداکثر شاخص برداشت برای مزراع کشاورزان در مدل وارد شد. ابتدا خروجی مدل (میانگین 15 ساله، در شهرستان­های استان گلستان) با استفاده از داده­های عملکرد واقعی (میانگین چند ساله در شهرستان­های مختلف استان گلستان) کالیبره و ارزیابی شد. جذر میانگین مربعات خطا برای برنج و گندم آبی به­ترتیب 6/216 و 6/157 کیلوگرم در هکتار و ضریب تغییرات و ضریب همبستگی برای برنج به­ترتیب 4 و 85 درصد و برای گندم 3 و 94 درصد بود. سپس حجم آب آبیاری برآورد شده مدل با حجم آب آبیاری اندازه­گیری شده در محصولات مختلف (در استان گلستان و در سال­های مختلف) ارزیابی و صحت­سنجی شد. بر اساس نتایج ارزیابی ضریب تغییرات و ضریب همبستگی برای حجم آب آبیاری شبیه­سازی شده در مقایسه با مشاهده شده برابر با 9/8 و 98 درصد به­دست آمد. بخش دیگر این مطالعه شبیه­سازی روزانه و کاربرد مدل در این زمینه نشان داده شده است. این کالیبراسیون برای برنج (شلتوک) و گندم آبی در مزارع شهرستان گرگان انجام شد و شبیه­سازی و اجرای با استفاده از آمار هواشناسی ثبت شده در ایستگاه هواشناسی هاشم­آباد گرگان صورت پذیرفت. با توجه به این­که پس از کالیبراسیون عملکردهای واقعی با دقت خوبی شبیه­سازی شده است فرض شد سایر برآوردهای مدل نیز قابل اعتماد هستند. بدین ترتیب، مدل کالیبره شده با هزینه کم و دقت مناسب آن­ها را برآورد می­کند و می­تواند تکمیل­کننده آزمایش­های مزرعه­ای باشد. یکی از مهم­ترین برآوردهای مدل حجم آب آبیاری در شرایط کشاورزان است که برای برنامه­ریزی­های کشاورزی و سازگاری به کم­آبی حیاتی می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بهره‌وری آب
• تبخیرتعرق
• ردپای آب آبی
• شاخص سطح برگ
• مدل‌سازی

موضوعات

• علوم آب

عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of SSM-iCrop2 Model for Yield and Water Balance Simulation under Farmers’ Conditions s

نویسندگان [English]

• S. JafarNodeh ¹
• A. Soltani ¹
• E. Soltani ²
• A. Dadrasi ³
• S. Rahban ¹

¹ Department of Agronomy, Colleg of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran, respectively.

² Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Aboureyhan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran

³ Researcher in Environmental Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Accurate knowledge of water balance components is necessary to optimize water consumption in agriculture. On the other hand, measuring water balance components is expensive and difficult. Therefore, the use of models that can simulate water balance values is important for water management in agriculture and water used by plants. Crop simulation models have been turned into essential tools for studying plant production systems. In the SSM-iCrop2 models, it is presumed that diseases and weeds are optimally managed and will not affect growth and yield. Additionally, except in cases where the model accounts for specific nutrients such as nitrogen, it is generally assumed that nutrient deficiencies are eliminated through fertilization. Therefore, parameterized and evaluated models are designed to fit these conditions. These factors are present in the field and affect crop growth and yield as well as water use. However, in several cases it is required to estimate yield and water balance components and irrigation water volume under grower conditions. Naturally, models parameterized using experiments are unable to simulate these conditions. Therefore, a model must be prepared so that it can simulate the real conditions of farmers. In this study, the SSM-iCrop2 model has been calibrated for the real conditions of farmers, and the purpose of this study is to use the SSM-iCrop2 model in simulating water performance and water balance for farmers.
 
Materials and Methods
In this study, the SSM-iCrop2 model was calibrated for farmers conditions using variables such as yield and harvest index, which are available for farmers’fields or are cheap to measure. The effect of factors such as pests and diseases, weeds and unsuitable nutrients, density and sowing date entered the model along with the calibration of three parameters of radiation use efficiency, maximum leaf area and maximum harvest index for farmers’ fields. Calibration was done by comparing the performance of farmers against the performance simulated by the model and by changing the parameters of radiation use efficiency (IRUE), maximum leaf area (LAIMX) and maximum harvest index (HIMAX). This calibration was done at Hashem Abad station in Gorgan for irrigated rice (paddy) and wheat. The simulated actual yield was calibrated with the actual yield. Due to the acceptable simulation of actual yields after calibration, it was presumed that other estimates made by the model are also reliable.
 
Results and Discussion
Measurement of water balance and other estimates of the model from growth and yield formation in the grower fields is expensive, but a calibrated model can estimate them at a low cost. In this study, it was shown that with the model calibrated for farmers' conditions, not other easily measured information (such as the irrigation water volume) can be obtained, with the assumption that the model accurately captures this information as well as performance. To evaluate the simulated real performance model, it was compared with the actual performance of farmers (Agricultural Jihad Report) after calibration. In addition to phenology, the SSM model simulates traits related to growth and yield, evapotranspiration values, irrigation water volume, runoff, available soil water during planting and harvesting, cumulative drainage, etc. The output of the model shows the amount of irrigation water is needed for a certain amount of performance in a given place (with specified rainfall and transpiration). The irrigation water volume calculated by the model was compared with the results of field tests from previous studies conducted by researchers at agricultural research centers. It was found that the model's output and the observed values were in good agreement. The root mean square error for rice and wheat was 216.6 and 157.6 kg per hectare, respectively, and the coefficient of variation and correlation coefficient were 4 and 85% for rice and 3 and 94% for wheat, respectively. Then, the irrigation water volume estimated by the model was evaluated and validated with the measured irrigation water volume in different crops (in Golestan province for different years). Based on the results of the evaluation, the coefficient of variation and the correlation coefficient for the simulated irrigation water volume were 8.9 and 98%, respectively, compared with the observed value. This calibration was done for rice (paddy) and irrigated wheat in the fields of Gorgan town, and the simulation and running were done using the meteorological statistics recorded in Hashem Abad weather station, Gorgan. Noting the fact that the actual yield has been simulated with good accuracy after the calibration, it was assumed that the other estimates of the model are also reliable. Thus, the calibrated model estimates them with low cost and appropriate accuracy and can complement field experiments.
 
Conclusion
This study discovered that the SSM_iCrop2 model, when calibrated for the conditions of farmers' fields, can accurately simulate both growth and yield traits as well as water balance characteristics. Notably, the model provides reliable estimates of irrigation water volume in farming scenarios, a crucial factor for agricultural planning and drought adaptation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Evapotranspiration
• Index leaf area
• Modeling
• Water productivity
• Water footprint

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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