دوماه نامه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

چکیده

ارزیابی دقیق از میزان تبخیر تعرق (ET) برای اختصاص مقدار مناسب آب و بهبود کارایی مصرف آب برای گیاهانی که با اهداف مختلف کاشت می­شوند، بسیار با اهمیت است. در این راستا، میزان تبخیر تعرق، ضریب گیاهی (Kc)، عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب در درختان چهار ساله عناب (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) از طریق آزمایش لایسیمتری در شرایط اقلیمی یزد در سال زراعی 1396-1397 تعیین گردید. آزمایش با استفاده از 18 لایسیمتر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تیمار آبیاری 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی (شاهد)، 30  و 60 درصد کم آبیاری ( به ترتیب 70 و 40 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و در 6 تکرار انجام شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که تبخیر تعرق، عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب در درختان چهار ساله، تحت تأثیر میزان رطوبت خاک بوده، بگونه­ای که تیمارهای مختلف رطوبتی از اختلاف معنی­داری برخوردار بودند. میزان تبخیر تعرق سالانه عناب در شرایط اقلیمی یزد در تیمارهای شاهد، 30 و 60 درصد کم آبیاری به ترتیب، 1/828، 1/514 و 0/386 میلی­متر اندازه­گیری شد. بیشترین میزان تبخیر تعرق در هر سه تیمار مربوط به دوره توسعه رشد گیاه از اواخر فروردین تا اوایل تیرماه بود. عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب، تحت تأثیر تیمارهای کم آبیاری قرار گرفت و کاهش یافت. در مجموع می­توان بیان داشت که هر چند عناب را به عنوان یک گونه دارویی درختی مقاوم به خشکی معرفی کرده­اند، با این وجود تنش آبی بویژه در دوره توسعه رشد که مصادف با گلدهی، تشکیل و رشد اولیه میوه است، به شدت بر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب تأثیر منفی دارد. توصیه می­شود برای تعیین نیاز آبی درختان عناب، از ضریب گیاهی (Kc) سالانه 45/0 که از اعمال تیمار شاهد حاصل گردید، استفاده شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Different Levels of Irrigation on Evapotranspiration (ET), Crop Coefficient (Kc) and Yield of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Under Lysimetery Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • M.H. Rad
  • M.H. Asareh
  • M.R. Vazifeshenas
  • A.R. Kavand
  • M. Soltani Gerdeframarzi

AREEO

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Although jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is known as a medicinal plant and is less important than other fruit trees, it has received more attention in recent years due to its significance in traditional Iranian medicine. There is no study on the actual water need for jujube trees and the impact of irrigation on yield and water use efficiency in the country. However, some studies emphasized on the need of regular watering and irrigation to improve the quality and quantity of jujube fruit. Given the importance of jujube in China, extensive researches have been conducted on water requirements, plant strategies to save water, impact of drought stress on plant morpho-physiological behaviors, impact of appropriate water distribution on soil quantity and quality of plant development, root distribution patterns and its impact on the amount of water consumed. In all cases, it has been emphasized that the mechanisms of water consumption in jujube differ by climate, genotype, irrigation method and management. In order to improve the quantity and quality of jujube fruit, it is necessary to balance the soil moisture condition and keep the plant away from stress. However, dehydration in jujube is a serious issue that should be addressed with the aim of saving water and improving fruit quality. In this study, the actual water requirement of the plant, the effect of different levels of deficit irrigation on evapotranspiration (ET) and crop coefficient (Kc) rate, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in jujube trees were investigated. The moisture stress was applied through all stages of plant growth by deficit irrigation.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the lysimeter experiment site of Yazd (Shahid Sadoghi Desertification Research Station) with 20 weighing drainage lysimeters (170 cm in height and 121 cm in diameter) was used. To measure evaporation from the soil surface, one lysimeter without plant was used. Note that the moisture content in this lysimeter was always maintained at the field capacity. For the measurement of reference ET (ET0), one lysimeter was used and it compared with ET0 calculated by Penman-Monteith-FAO. After preparing the lysimeters and providing the conditions for planting seedlings, we planted one tree per lysimeter. Trees collected from the villages of Alqoor, Flarg and Gyuk (South Khorasan Province). The suckers were two-years-old with the same size and shape. Trees were irrigated with 50 liters water on a weekly basis for six months. At the beginning of autumn of 2018, treatments including complete irrigation (field capacity), 30% and 60% of deficit irrigation were conducted in a completely randomized design with six replications. Soil moisture measurement during the experiment was performed by TDR. Soil moisture was recorded at 4 depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm) and their mean was considered as an index of soil moisture status to compensate the irrigation fraction. During the experiment and at the end, indices such as different stages of plant growth, ET, ET0, Kc, yield and WUE were determined. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical package SPSS ver. 16.0, and the mean values were also compared using LSD multiple range test (α = 0.05).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the jujube trees began their vegetative growth from late March (leaves appear) until the end of November (leaves fall) over 2017-2018 agronomic year in Yazd. During this time, which lasted about 235 days, four major and important stages were evident. The steps cited were in FAO's recommendation for deciduous fruit trees (in Issue 122 of the Iranian Irrigation and Drainage National Committee). The results of these studies showed that the length of different growth periods of jujube trees (including early stage, plant development stage, mid stage and end stage) was different with another deciduous fruit trees. ET values in three irrigation regimes showed that the highest ET was observed in July and the lowest in March. Annual ET in control, 30% and 60% of deficit irrigation treatments were 828.06, 514.04 and 386.04 mm, respectively, with 0.45, 0.28 and 0.21, annual Kc, respectively. The results of ET and Kc computed at different growth stages showed that the reproductive growth development period (flowering, fruit set beginning of fruit growth) had the highest ET. In control treatment, the lowest ET (60.81 mm) and Kc (0.27) were observed in early growth period with less than 10% of crown cover. The highest ET (316.22 mm) and Kc (0.60) were found in growth development period with full crown cover. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference (P <0.0001) between the different irrigation treatments in terms of dry matter yield. There was a significant difference for WUE (P <0.001) between different irrigation treatments. Each of different irrigation regimes had a significant difference in yield. The highest yield for each tree was found for the control treatment with 229.36 g and the lowest yield with 57.90 g was observed for 60% deficit irrigation regime. There was no significant difference between control and 30% deficit irrigation treatment in WUE. The value of WUE decreased with increasing the drought stress. In 60% deficit irrigation treatment, WUE was 0.366 g fruit dry weight per liter denoting the significant difference between this irrigation treatment and the others.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that jujube trees were susceptible to drought stress in all four stages of growth, especially the period of growth coinciding with flowering, fruit set and early fruit growth. Hence, jujube trees yield and WUE seem to decrease under drought.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Deficit irrigation
  • Fruit
  • water requirement
  • Water use efficiency
1- Hajar Sh., Malekzadeh shafaroodi S., Ghoss K., and Shahriari F.A. 2010. Evaluation of genetic diversity of Iranian Jujube (Ziziphus spp.) Collections by Marker (ISSR). National Conference on Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi Mashhad University. (In Persian with English abstract)
2- Zargari A. 1996. Medicinal Plants, Volume 1, University of Tehran Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
3- Hosain Ava S. 2003. Jujube, Extension Journal, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, 19 p. (In Persian)
4- Mill G.P. 2009. Demonstration of the psychotropic effect of mother tincture of Ziziphus jujuba. Phytotherapie 7(1): 31- 36.
5- FAO. 2013. Jujube; http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ae017e/ae017-12.htm.
6- Daghighii S., Tehranifar A., Davarinejad G.H., Nakhayi A., Jahanii M., and Malekzadeh Shafaroodii. 2015. The Effect of irrigation period on mycorrhiza rate of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill). Plant Production Research 21(3): 191-202.
7- Wojdyło A., Carbonell-Barrachina A.A., Legua P., and Hernandez F. 2016. Phenolic composition, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant capacity of Spanish jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) fruits. Food chemistry 201: 307-314.
8- Ismail S.M., and Almarshadi M.H.S. 2013. Effect of water distribution patterns on productivity, fruit quality and water use efficiency of Ziziphus jujuba in arid regions under drip irrigation system. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 11(1): 373-378.
9- Cui N., Du T., Li F., Tong L., Kang S., Wang M., Liu X., and Li Z. 2009. Response of vegetative growth and fruit development to regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages of pear-jujube tree. Agricultural Water Management 96(8): 1237-1246.
10- Ma F., Kang S., Li F., Zhang J., Du T., Hu X., and Wang M. 2007. Effect of water deficit in different growth stages on stem sap flux of greenhouse grown pear-jujube tree. Agricultural Water Management 90(3): 190-196.
11- Feng Y., Cui N., Du T., Gong D., Hu X., and Zhao L. 2017. Response of sap flux and evapotranspiration to deficit irrigation of greenhouse pear-jujube trees in semi-arid northwest China. Agricultural Water Management 194: 1-12.
12- Chen D., Wang Y., Liu S., Wei X. and Wang X. 2014. Response of relative sap flow to meteorological factors under different soil moisture conditions in rain fed jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) plantations in semiarid Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management 136: 23-33.
13- Li J., Liu Y., Fan L., Ai L., and Shan L. 2011. Antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Zizyphus Jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao. Carbohydrate Polymers 84(1): 390-394.
14- Cui N., Du T., Kang S., Li F., Zhang J., Wang M., and Li Z. 2008. Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees. Agricultural Water Management 95(4): 489-497.
15- Rad M.H., Assareh M.H., and Soltani M. 2019. Water requirement and water use efficiency in Eucalyptus flocktoniae Maiden and E. leucoxylon F. Muell. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research 25(3): 441-451. (In Persian with English abstract)
16- Vaziri J., Salamat A.R., Entesari M.R., Meschi M., Hidari N., and Dehghani Sanich H. 2009. Crop Evapotranspiration (Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements), Published by Arrangement with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, ISBN: 978-964-6668-69-0, 362P.
17- Xu X., Zhang R., Xue X., and Zhao M. 1998. Determination of evapotranspiration in the desert area using lysimeters. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29(1-2): 1-13.
18- Sun H., Shao L., Liu X., Miao W., Chen S., and Zhang X. 2012. Determination of water consumption and the water-saving potential of three mulching methods in a jujube orchard. European Journal of Agronomy 43: 87-95.
19- Adnan S., and Khan A.H. 2009. Effective rainfall for irrigated agriculture plains of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology 6(11): 61-72.
20- Liu S., Wang Y., Wei X., Wei X., Wang X., and Zhang L. 2013. Measured and Estimated Evapotranspiration of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Forests in the Loess Plateau, China. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 15(5): 811-819.
21- Sun S., Meng P., Zhang J., and Wan X. 2011. Seasonal variation in water use of Ziziphus jujuba in the south aspect of Taihang mountains with deuterium isotope signature. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 47(5): 46-53.
22- Dos Santos T.P., Lopes C.M., Rodrigues M.L., De-Souza C.R., Ricardo-da-Silva J.M., Maroco J.P., Pereira J.S., and Chaves M.M. 2007. Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines. Scientia Horticulturae 112(3): 321-330.
23- Cui N., Du T., Li F., Tong L., Kang S., Wang M., Liu X., and Li Z. 2009. Response of vegetative growth and fruit development to regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages of pear-jujube tree. Agricultural Water Management 96(8): 1237-1246.
24- Fereres E., and Soriano M.A. 2007. Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of Experimental Botany 58(2): 147-159.
25- Girona J., Mata M., Goldhamer D.A., Johnson R.S., and DeJong T.M. 1993. Patterns of soil and tree water status and leaf functioning during regulated deficit irrigation scheduling in peach. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118(5): 580-586.
26- Yoo C.Y., Pence H.E., Hasegawa P.M., and Mickelbart M.V. 2009. Regulation of transpiration to improve crop water use. Critical Reviews in Plant Science 28(6): 410-431.
27- Tavousi M., Kaveh F., Alizadeh A., Babazadeh H., and Tehranifar A. 2015. Effects of drought and salinity on yield and water use efficiency in pomegranate tree. Journal Mater Environment Science 6(7): 1975-1980.
28- Yang H., Du T., Qiu R., Chen J., Wang F., Li Y., Wang C., Gao L., and Kang S. 2017. Improved water use efficiency and fruit quality of greenhouse crops under regulated deficit irrigation in northwest China. Agricultural Water Management 179: 193-204.
CAPTCHA Image