تأثیر آبیاری قطره‌ای و کپسولی توأم با ابرجاذب بر گیاه اوستئوسپرموم (Osteospermum ecklonis (DC) Norl) در دیوار سبز

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فاطمه فتحی خشویی
• محمدرضا نوری امامزاده‌ایی
• احمد رضا قاسمی
• مسعود قاسمی قهساره

دانشگاه شهرکرد

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i2.65722

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه تأثیر دو روش آبیاری قطره‌ای و کپسولی رسی همراه با چهار سطح صفر، 3/0، 6/0 و 9/0 درصد وزنی پلیمر ابرجاذب بر شاخص‌های رشد و کارایی مصرف آب گیاه اوستئوسپرموم در دیوار سبز به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملا تصافی با چهار تکرار، انجام شد. محاسبه حجم آب مصرفی بر اساس روش سنجش رطوبت خاک و با استفاده از دستگاه رطوبت‌سنج تتاپروپ صورت گرفت. در طی آزمایش تعداد گل و در پایان آزمایش وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی، سطح برگ، میانگین طول شاخه، طول ریشه، کلروفیل برگ، محتوای نسبی آب برگ و کارایی مصرف آب اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی، سطح برگ، میانگین طول شاخه و آماس نسبی مربوط به تیمار 6/0 درصد وزنی پلیمر و آبیاری قطره‌ای و بیشترین تعداد گل و کارایی مصرف آب مربوط به تیمار 6/0 درصد پلیمر و آبیاری کپسولی بود. تیمار 9/0 درصد پلیمر و آبیاری کپسولی بیشترین طول ریشه و محتوای کلروفیل را داشت. کارایی مصرف آب در آبیاری کپسولی (2 کیلوگرم بر متر مکعب) بیشتر از آبیاری قطره‌ای (8/1 کیلوگرم بر متر مکعب) بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد آبیاری کپسولی همراه با کاربرد 6/0 درصد وزنی پلیمر ابرجاذب می-تواند بهترین تیمار برای گیاه اوستئوسپرموم در دیوار سبز باشد. این تیمار با بیشترین افزایش تعداد متوسط گل نسبت به شاهد، بالاترین کارایی مصرف آب را نیز ایجاد کرده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آبیاری
• اوستئوسپرموم
• پلیمر ابرجاذب
• دیوار سبز
• کارآیی مصرف آب

20.1001.1.20084757.1397.32.2.3.9

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Drip and Capsule Irrigation along with Super Absorbent Polymer on Osteospermum Plant in Green Wall

نویسندگان [English]

• fateme fathi
• Mohammad reza Nori Emamzadeie
• ahmad reza ghasemi
• Masoud Ghasemi Ghahsareh

University of Shahrekord

چکیده [English]

Introduction: One of the methods of increasing the water use efficiency is the application of water absorbent materials in Soil. Super absorbent polymer increases the water saving in soil and decreases the amount of water used for irrigation. By developing paths in public places creating green wall is very common. Green wall may have an efficient role in reducing cooling and heating energy of building and improving the thermal performance also it leads to biodiversity, reducing noise pollution and air pollution by absorbing CO2, dust and heavy metals. Irrigation requirement in green wall depends on the type of system, plant and climate condition. The plant used in this research was Osteospermum. The benefits of irrigation of capsule clay can be attributed to increase irrigation efficiency, yield and quality indices of products, the abundance of raw materials to make it and the lack of dependence on the currency for the pottery production Also simple and native technology doesn’t need power, reduced energy consumption and pests, diseases and weeds, thereby reducing the consumption of chemical pesticides insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, and the possibility of producing a healthier product, especially in cultivation. The other advantages of the greenhouse products are maintaining soil, preventing traps and the possibility of deploying in arid and semi-arid areas.
So far, many researches about application of superabsorbent polymer have been done increasing the water use efficiency, irrigation interval and production yield but there has been no research conducted on drip and capsule irrigation in green wall. Two methods of drip and capsule irrigation compared with current irrigation methods in the green wall and polymer to reduce the number of irrigation steps was used due to lack and importance of water and introduction of capsule irrigation method as a new method of irrigation in the green wall in order to facilitate the implementation of irrigation system.
This study was conducted in order to compare capsule and drip irrigation along with different levels of polymer on Osteospermum plant.
Materials and Methods: This research was done in Shahrekord University. The experiment region has a semi-arid climate. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in the form of completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were consisting of two types of drip and capsule irrigation and four levels of super absorbent polymer consist of zero, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%. The experiment was done in pots. In order to simulate planting conditions circumstance with green wall, a shelf with four floors and 8 pot capacity in each floor was made from iron. The shelves were embedded so that the plant had a proper and identical condition in terms of growths, receiving light and irrigation. In this study the analysis of obtained data was accomplished with SAS software and for average comparison the LSD test at 5 percent level was used.
Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that clay capsule and drip irrigation with different levels of superabsorbent polymer have a positive and significant effect on water use efficiency, relative water content, total chlorophyll and growth indices of Osteospermum. The results also showed that fresh and dry shoot weight, leaf area, mean shoot length and relative water content are related to the treatment of 0.6% polymer in drip irrigation and maximum flowering therewith water use efficiency is related to 0.6% polymer in capsule irrigation. The treatment of 0.9% polymer in capsule irrigation had the highest root length and chlorophyll content. Water use efficiency in capsule irrigation (2 kg/m3) was higher than drip irrigation (1.8 kg/m3).
Conclusions: The results showed that using capsule irrigation in green wall is applicable, despite its limitations and it can be used an irrigation method in green wall. Water use efficiency and number of flowers in this method were more than the drip irrigation method which enhanced the importance of this method. Accompanying this method with super absorbent polymer, improve the growth and water use efficiency by increasing the air conditioning, porosity and maintaining nutrients in soil. In compare with conducted researches, drip irrigation which is considered as one of the green wall irrigation methods has acceptable water use efficiency; also the existence of polymer had a positive effect on the growth of Osteospermum plant. The results showed the application of 0.6% polymer along with capsule irrigation could be a proper method for Osteospermum in green wall.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Green wall
• Irrigation
• Osteospermum
• Super absorbent polymer
• Water usage efficiency

مراجع

1- Abedi Koupai J., and Mesforoush M. 2009. Evaluation of superabsorbent polymer application on yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2(3): 100-111. (In Persian with English abstract)

2- Akbari Z., Matinkhah S. H., and Akbari Z. 2012. Effect of underground irrigation on growth and development of Haloxylon ammodendron in Isfahan Sejzi area by using clay pots. P. 279-284. The 3th National Conference on Combating Desertification and Sustainable Development of Desert Wetland Iran, September 2012. Arak, Iran.

3- Alizade A. 1995. Water and soil and plant relationships. Astan Ghods Razavi, Iran.

4- Alizade A. 2011. Water and soil and plant relationships. Astan Ghods Razavi, Iran.

5- Arabi Z., Kabousi K., Rezvantalab N., and Tork- Lalehbagh. 2015. Effect of different irrigation levels and superabsorbent hydrogel on morphological characteristics of yield and essential oil of Anisum (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of Crop Production, 8(4): 51-66. (In Persian)

6- Arnon D. I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenoxidase in Baba vulgaris L. Plant Physiol, 45: 1-15.

7- Bai W., Zhang H., Liu B., Wu Y., and Song J. 2010. Effects of super-absorbent polymers on the physical and chemical properties of soil following different wetting and drying cycles. Soil Use Manage, 26: 253–260.

8- Bastani S.H. 1994. Underground irrigation project clay pipes. P. 1-22. The 7th Seminar of the National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, Tehran, Iran.

9- Chang C. Y., Duan B., Cai J., and Zhang L. N. 2010. Superabsorbent hydrogels based on cellulose for smart swelling and controllable delivery. European Polymer Journal, 46: 92–100.

10- Djedjig R., Bozonnet E., and Belarbi R. 2016. Modeling green wall interactions with street canyons for building energy simulation in urban context. Urban Climate, 16: 75-85.

11- Efazati M., Irandoust M., and Rezaie Estakhrouie. 2015. Effect of superabsorbent polymer on growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber under irrigated conditions. Water and Irrigation Management, 5(2): 203-214. (In Persian)

12- Farshi A. A., Siadat H., Darbandi S., Entesari M., Kheyrabi j., Mirlotfi M., Salamat A., and Sadat- Mireie M. H. 2003. Publications of the National Committee on Iran Irrigation and Drainage. Irrigation water management at the farm.

13- Fazeli-Rostampour M., Seghatoleslami M.J., and Mousavi S. Gh. 2010. The effect of drought stress and superabsorbent on relative water content and chlorophyll content and relationship yield in corn. Journal of Crop Physiology, 2(1): 19-31. (In Persian)

14- Ghaeminia A.M., and Rahimian M.H. 2015. Irrigation pot ability under salinity and drought conditions in arid areas. P.1-6. The 1th National Conference of Water Use Optimization, 5-6 March. 2015. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.

15- Ghafari M., Tourchi M., ValizadeM., and Shakiba M. 2015. Sunflower seed physiological characteristics stabilizer function in limited irrigation. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and constant development, 24(4): 97-108. (In Persian)

16- Ghasemi M., and Kaufi M. 2015. Scientific and Practical Floriculture. Iran.

17- Ghasemi M., and Khoshkhoui M. 2007. Effect of superabsorbent polymer on irrigation interval and growth and development of Chrysanthemum. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology of Iran, 8(2): 65-82. (In Persian)

18- Ghasemi M., and Khoshkhoui M., Abedi-Koupai J. 2010. Effect of superabsorbent polymer on water requirement and growth indices of Ficus benjamina L. ‘Starlight’. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33(6) 785-795.

19- Ghorbani Vaghei., H., Bahrami H., and Heshmatpour A. 2015. Effect of subsurface irrigation with porous clay capsules on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the grape plant. Journal of Soil and Water, 29(1): 58-66. (In Persian)

20- Haghighi M., Mozafarian M., and Afifipour Z. 2014. The effect of super absorbent polymer and different levels of deficit irrigation on growth and yield and quality of tomato fruit. Journal of Horticultural Science, 28 (1): 125-133. (In Persian)

21- Harvy J. 2000. Use of hydrogels to reduce leaf loos hasterroot. Establishment Forest Research, 45: 220-228.

22- James L., and Gibson and Brian E. Whipker. 2000. Success with vegetative Osteospermum. Commercial Floriculture Extension and Research. NC State University.

23- Jim C. Y. 2015. Greenwall classification and critical design-management assessments. Ecological Engineering, 77: 348-362.

24- Jim C. Y., and He H. 2011. Estimating heat flux transmission of vertical greenery ecosystem. Ecological Engineering, 37(8): 1112-1122.

25- Karimi A., and Naderi M. 2007. Yield and water use efficiency of forage corn as influenced by superabsorbent polymer application in soils with different textures. Agricultural Research: Water, soil and plants in agriculture, 7(3): 187-198. (In Persian with English abstract)

26- Kaufi M., Zand A., Kamkar B., Sharifi H., and Goldani M. 2002. Plant Physiology. Publications University of Mashhad.

27- Keikhosravi H. R. 2009. Green space irrigation systems and principles Their design. Organization of Municipalities and Villages, Tehran.

28- Khorramdel S., Gheshm R., Aminghafouri A., and Esmaeilpour B. 2013. Evaluation of soil and superabsorbent polymer on agronomic characteristics and yield of Saffron. Journal of Saffron Research,2: 120-135. (In Persian with English abstract)

29- Kuang J., Yuk K. Y., and Huh K. M. 2011. Polysaccharide-based superporous hydrogels with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(1): 284-290.

30- Landschaftsentwicklung F. 2008. Guidelines for the planning, construction and maintenance of green roofing: Green roofing guideline. Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwickung Landschaftsbau.

31- Madani K. 2014. Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? Journal of Environmental Etudies and Sciences, 4(4): 315-328.

32- Majdzadeh B., and Rahnama M. B. 2009. Clay pitcher irrigation system for cucumber in green house. P. 1-5. International Conference on Water Resources. 26–27 May. 2009. Bayview Hotel, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia.

33- Manso M. and Castro-Gomes J.P. 2016. Thermal analysis of a new modular system for green walls. Journal of Building Engineering, 7: 53-62.

34- Manso M., and Castro-Gomes J. 2015. Green wall systems: A review of their characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41: 863-871.

35- Moghadam H. R. T. 2017. Super absorbent polymer mitigates deleterious effects of arsenic in wheat. Rhizosphere, 3: 40-43.

36- Mortezavi S. M., Tavakoli A., Mohammadi M. H., and Afsahi K. 2012. Effect of superabsorbent on physiological traits and yield of wheat Azar2 cultivar under dry farming condition. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh Sazandegi), 106: 188-125. (In Persian)

37- Mosleh-Arani A., Ehghaghi R., Azimzade H., and Zargaran M. 2013. The comparison of some drought resistance parameters in two Calligonum species (Calligonum persicum, C. stenopterum) in natural conditions. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, 21(1): 33-44. (In Persian with English abstract)

38- Nasr Abadi A. 2015. Evidence of environmental water crisis and some of the solutions. Journal of Social and Cultural Strategy, 4(15): 65-89. (In Persian)

39- Renterghem T., Hornikx M., Forssen J., and Botteldooren D. 2013. The potential of building envelope greening to achieve quietness. Build Environ, 61:34–44.

40- Schlemmer M. R., Francis D. D., Shanahan J. F., and Schepers J. S. 2005. Remotely measuring chlorophyll content in corn leaves with differing nitrogen levels and relative water content. Agronomy Journal, 97: 106-112.

41- Sheikh Moradi F., Arji E., Esmaili A., and Abdosi V. 2011. Effect of irrigation and super absorbent polymers on some qualitative features of sports grass. Journal of Horticultural Science, 25(2): 170-177. (In Persian)

42- Taghvaei M., and Shahordian M. 2003. Plannig and design of landscape and the interaction of man and nature. Sepehr Journal, 12: 46-55. (In Persian).

43- Virtudes A., and Manso M. Green façades: as a feature in urban design. ICEUBI 2011. In: International Conference on Engineering. University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.

44- Yang F., Li G., He Y. G., Ren F. X., and Wang G. X. 2009. Synthesis, characterization, and applied properties of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamidegraft copolymer. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78: 95–99.

45- Yoshimi J., and Altan H. 2011. Thermal simulations on the effects of vegetated walls on indoor building environments. In: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011, 12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney.

46- Zangooei Nasab Sh., Emami H., Astaraei A.R., and Yari A.R. 2013. Effects of stockosorb hydrogel and irrigation intervals on some soil physical properties and growth of haloxylon seedling. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 3(1): 167-182. (In Persian with English abstract)

47- Zarabi M., Iliati Z., Khamseh Ashari A., and Aminoeslami Oskouie S. 2015. Study of the role of vertical gardens in urban spaces with sustainable development approach. Second National Conference on Architecture and Sustainable Urban Landscape. 29 May. International Institute of Architecture, Mehazshahr Urban Planning. (In Persian)

48- Zheng Y., Hua S., and Wang A. 2010. Adsorption behavior of Cu 2+ from aqueous solutions onto starch-g-poly (acrylic acid)/sodium humate hydrogels, 263(1): 170-175.

49- Ziaie A., Moghadam M., and Kashefi B. 2016. Effect of superabsorbent polymers on morphological characteristics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) plants under drought stress conditions. Greenhouse Crop Science and Technology, 26: 99-110. (In Persian)