Cadmium Sorption Kinetics and Isotherm in a Paddy Soil Treated with Magnesium Chloride-Modified Rice Husk Biochar

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• B. Abolfazli Behrooz ¹
• S. Oustan ²
• H. Mirseyed Hosseini ¹
• H. Etesami ¹

¹ Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

² Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2024.86341.1368

Abstract

Introduction
Cadmium (Cd) contamination has been a widespread concern in paddy soils because of its subsequent transfer to the food chain. Biochar amendment is proposed to stabilize Cd in the contaminated soils. However, the pristine biochar shows limited functionality towards Cd sorption in practice. Recently, Mg-modified biochars have attracted much attention for their low toxicity. These biochars are coated by MgO or Mg(OH)₂ precipitates during the pyrolysis process. Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂)-modified biochars have been used widely in the removal of heavy metals from the aqueous solutions. However, there is little literature about their performance in soils. The present study therefore was conducted to investigate the effects of application of unmodified and MgCl₂-modified rice husk biochars on the kinetics and isotherms of Cd sorption in a calyey paddy soil.
 
Materials and Methods
The unmodified and MgCl₂-modified biochars were produced from rice husk at 600°C. Some relevant characteristics of the produced biochars (including elemental composition, pzc, pH_1:10, ash content and BET surface area) were determined. Moreover, the studied soil was taken from a paddy field (0-20 cm) in the Qaemshahr region of Mazandaran province. The biochars (< 0.5 mm) were added to the soil samples at three levels (0, 3, and 5% w/w) and the amended soils were incubated at 25°C for 45 days. Then, the kinetic experiments of Cd sorption at a concentration of 375 mg Cd/L at times of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours and the isothermal experiments of Cd sorption at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 350, 400, 600 and 800 mg Cd/L were performed. In both kinetic and isotherm experiments, a 0.01 M KCl solution was used as the background electrolyte. Finally, the relevant kinetic and isotherm models were fitted to the sorption data and their parameters were calculated.
 
Results and Discussion
Biochar characterization indicated that modification with MgCl₂ resulted in an increase of the O/C ratio (from 0.27 to 0.48) and pH (from 7.67 to 8.60). This modification also increased the H/C ratio (from 0.032 to 0.071) and the specific surface area (from 195.6 to 231.2 m²/g). As a result, the MgCl₂-modified biochar was more hydrophilic and less carbonized than the unmodified one. Moreover, the characteristic peaks of the MgCl₂-modified biochar (3700, 1428 and 500 cm^-1) were present in its FTIR spectrum. The results revealed that about 74 to 89% of the Cd sorption by the soils occurred in times less than 2 hours. With MgCl₂-modification, the sorption equilibration time was reduced from 48 hours to 24 hours. In contrast, the unmodified biochar had no considerable effect on the Cd sorption kinetics. Among the kinetic models, the Elovich model with lower SEE was the best to fit the Cd sorption kinetic data. The intra-particle diffusion model was not satisfactory for Cd sorption on the biochars. Freundlich model with lower SEE well described the Cd sorption isotherms. Application of 3% and 5% MgCl₂-modified biochar increased the Freundlich K_F parameter by 2.4 and 2.8 times as compared to the control. Moreover, the aforementioned treatments increased the heterogeneity parameter of the Freundlich model (n) from 3.48 to 6.08. The Temkin model could not reasonable fit the sorption data. In contrast, the unmodified biochar did not show any considerable effect on the Cd sorption capacity of the clayey soil used in this research. This finding means that the unmodified biochar could not improve the sorption performance of negatively charged soil clay particles.
 
Conclusion
According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that the Cd sorption behavior of the soil treated with unmodified rice husk biochar was similar to that of the untreated soil. Whereas, the MgCl₂-modification improved both sorption rate and sorption capacity of the soil for Cd. Application of MgCl₂-modified biochar improved the Cd sorption properties of a clayey soil with high intrinsic sorption ability. Thus, this may be a promising approach in remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soils with the aim of reducing Cd mobility and availability. However, there is need to do more research to create awareness about the importance of biomass nature as well as pyrolysis temperature, the ratio of MgCl₂ to biomass, the mechanism of Cd stabilization and the desorption of Cd from soils treated with MgCl₂-modified biochars.
 

Keywords

• Cadmium availability
• Clayey soil
• Elovich model
• Freundlich model

Main Subjects

• Soil science

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

1. Agbovi, H.K., & Wilson, L.D. (2021). Adsorption processes in biopolymer systems: fundamentals to practical applications. p.1-51. In: Kalia S. (ed.) Natural Polymers-Based Green Adsorbents for Water Treatment. Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, India.
2. Al-Ghouti, M.A., & Da'ana, D.A. (2020).Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 393, 122383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383
3. Allard, B., Hakansson K., & Karlsson S. (1986). The importance of sorption phenomena in relation to trace element speciation and mobility in speciation of metals in water, sediment and soil systems. p. 99-112. In Landner L. (ed.) Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, no. 11. Springer, Berlin.
4. Allen, E.R., Ming, D.W., Hossner, L.R., & Henninger, D.L. (1995). Modeling transport kinetics in clinoptilolite‐phosphate rock systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59(1), 248-255. https://doi.org/2136/sssaj1995. 03615995005900010039x
5. Allison, L.E., & Moodie, C.D. (1965). Carbonates. p. 1379-1396. In: Black C.A. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA & SSSA, Madison, Wis., USA.
6. Ardean, C., Ciopec, M., Davidescu, C.M., Negrea, P., & Voda, R. (2020). Kinetics and thermodynamics studies for cadmium (II) adsorption onto functionalized chitosan with hexa-decyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride. Materials, 13(23), 5552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235552
7. Azhar, M., ur Rehman, M.Z., Ali, S., Qayyum, M.F., Naeem, A., Ayub, M.A., ul Haq, M.A., Iqbal, A., & Rizwan, M. (2019). Comparative effectiveness of different biochars and conventional organic materials on growth, photosynthesis and cadmium accumulation in cereals. Chemosphere, 227, 72-81. https://doi.org/1016/ j.chemosphere.2019.04.041
8. Bansal, R.C., Donnet, J.B., & Stoeckli, F. (1988). Active carbon. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA.
9. Bashir, S., Rizwan, M.S., Salam, A., Fu, Q., Zhu, J., Shaaban, M., & Hu, H. (2018). Cadmium immobilization potential of rice straw-derived biochar, zeolite and rock phosphate: extraction techniques and adsorption mechanism. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicolgy, 100, 727–732. https://doi.org/1007/s00128-018-2310-z
10. Boostani, H.R., Najafi-Ghiri, M., & Hardie, A.G. (2019). Single and competitive adsorption isotherms of some heavy metals onto a light textured calcareous soil amended with agricultural wastes-biochars. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 65(3), 360-373. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1503651
11. Chapman, H.D. (1965). Cation Exchange Capacity. p. 891-901. In: Black C.A. (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA & SSSA, Madison, Wis., USA.
12. Creamer, E., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A., & Harris, W. (2018). Biomass-facilitated production of activated magnesium oxide nanoparticles with extraordinary CO₂ capture capacity. Chemical Engineering Journal,334, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.035
13. Deng, Y., Li, X., Ni, F., Liu, Q., Yang, Y., Wang, M., Ao, T & Chen, W. (2021). Synthesis of magnesium modified biochar for removing copper, lead and cadmium in single and binary systems from aqueous solutions: adsorption mechanism. Water, 13(5), 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050599
14. Gao, X., Peng, Y., Zhou, Y., Adeel, M., & Chen, Q. (2019). Effects of magnesium ferrite biochar on the cadmium passivation in acidic soil and bioavailability for packoi (Brassica chinensis). Journal of Environmental Management, 251, 109610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109610
15. Gee, G.W., & Or, D. (2002). Partical Size Analysis. p. 201–214. In: Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C. (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. ASA & SSSA, Madison, Wis., USA.
16. Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M.S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(11), 3782 https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17113782
17. Golami, H., & Rahimi, G. (2020). The effect of carrot pulp derived biochar on the adsorption of cadmium and lead in an acidic soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 27(2), 1-23. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22069/JWSC. 2020.16807.3230
18. Hansen, J.C., & Strawn, D.G. (2003). Kinetics of phosphorus release from manure-amended alkaline soil. Soil Science,168(12), 869-879. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000106408.84926.8f
19. Ho, Y.S., & McKay, G. (1998). A comparison of chemisorption kinetic models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 76(4), 332-340. https://doi.org/10.1205/ 095758298529696
20. Hussain, B., Ashraf, M.N., Abbas, A., Li, J., & Farooq, M. (2021). Cadmium stress in paddy fields: Effects of soil conditions and remediation strategies. Science of The Total Environment, 754, 142188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142188
21. Jedynak, K., & Charmas, B. (2021). Preparation and characterization of physicochemical properties of spruce cone biochars activated by CO₂. Materials, 14, 3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143859
22. Jiang, D., Chu, B., Amano, Y., & Machida, M. (2018). Removal and recovery of phosphate from water by Mg-laden biochar: batch and column studies. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 558, 429-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.016
23. John, M. (1972). Cadmium adsorption maxima of soils as measured by the Langmuir model. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 52, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss72-046
24. Khan, Z.H., Gao, M., Qiu, W., & Song, Z. (2021b). Mechanism of novel MoS₂-modified biochar composites for removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 34979–34989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13199-9
25. Khan, M.A., Khan, S., Ding, X., Khan, A., & Alam, M. (2018). The effects of biochar and rice husk on adsorption and desorp-tion of cadmium on to soils with different water conditions (upland and saturated). Chemosphere, 193, 1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.110
26. Khan, S., Naushad, M., Lima, E.C., Zhang, S., Shaheen, S.M., & Rinklebe, J. (2021a). Global soil pollution by toxic elements: Current status and future perspectives on the risk assessment and remediation strategies–A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 417, 126039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126039
27. Kolodynska, D., Wnetrzak, R., Leahy, J.J., Hayes, M.H.B., Kwapinski, W., & Hubicki Z. (2012). Kinetic and adsorptive characterization of biochar in metal ions removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 197, 295-305. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.025
28. Krantev, A., Yordanova, R., Janda, T., Szalai, G., & Popova, L. (2008). Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 165(9), 920-931. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.11.014.
29. Kubier, A., Wilkin, R.T., & Pichler, T. (2019). Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review. Applied Geochemistry, 108, 104388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104388
30. Kumar, P.S., Ramakrishnan K., Dinesh Kirupha, S., & Sivanesan, S. (2010). Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution onto rice husk. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27(2), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322010000200013
31. Kumar, P.S., Ramalingam, S., Sathyaselvabala, V., Kirupha, S.D., Murugesan, A., & Sivanesan, S. (2012). Removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by agricultural waste cashew nut shell. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering,  29(6), 756-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-011-0259-2
32. Li, Hongbo, Dong, X., da Silva, E.B., de Oliveira, L.M., Chen, Y., & Ma, L.Q. (2017). Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: Biochar characteristics and modifications. Chemosphere,178, 466–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2017.03.072
33. Li, Y., Yu, H., Liu, L., & Yu, H. (2021). Application of co-pyrolysis biochar for the adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated environmental substrates. Journal of Hazardous Materials,420, 126655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126655
34. Li, L., Long, A., & Fossum, B. (2023). Michael Kaiser effects of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on biochar characteristics pertinent to soil carbon and soil health: A meta-analysis. Soil Use and Management 39, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12848
35. Lindsay, W.L., & Norvell, W. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(3), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
36. Liu, , Frenkel, A.I., Vairavamurthy, A., & Huang, P.M. (2001). Sorption of cadmium on humic acid: Mechanistic and kinetic studies with atomic force microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 81(3), 337-348. https://doi.org/10.4141/S00-070
37. Loganathan, P., Vigneswaran, S., Kandasamy, J., & Naidu, R. (2012). Cadmium sorption and desorption in soils: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42(5), 489–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10643389.2010.520234
38. Nelson, D.W., & Sommers L.E. (1996). Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter. p. 961-1010. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods. ASA & SSSA, Madison, Wis., USA.
39. Qin, G., Niu, Z., Yu, J., Li, Z., Ma, J., & Xiang, P. (2021). Soil heavy metal pollution and food safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology. Chemosphere, 267, 129205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2020.129205.
40. Qiu, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Fan, Z., Sang, W., Xie, C., & Niu, D. (2019). Adsorption of Cd (II) from aqueous solutions by modified biochars: comparison of modification methods. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4135-8
41. Rhoades, J.D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids. p. 417-43. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods. ASA & SSSA, Madison, Wis., USA.
42. Richards, L.A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline Alkali Soils. Agriculture Handbook no. 60. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
43. Saffari, M., Saffari, V.R., Aliabadi, M.M., Haghighi, M.J., & Moazallahi, M. (2016). Influence of organic and inorganic amendments on cadmium sorption in a calcareous soil. Main Group Metal Chemistry,39(5-6), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgmc-2016-0028
44. Sahoo, S.S., Vijay, V.K., Chandra R., & Kumar, H.(2021). Production and characterization of biochar produced from slow pyrolysis of pigeon pea stalk and bamboo. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 3, 100101. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100101
45. Shan, R., Li, W., Chen, Y., & Sun, X. (2020). Effects of Mg-modified biochar on the bioavailability of cadmium in soil. BioResources,15(4), 8008. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8008-8025
46. Shen, Z., Som, A.M., Wang, F., Jin, F., McMillan, O., & Al-Tabbaa, A. (2016a). Long-term impact of biochar on the immobilisation of nickel (II) and zinc (II) and the revegetation of a contaminated site. Science of the Total Environment, 542, 771–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.057
47. Shen, Z., McMillan, O., Jin, F., & Al-Tabbaa, A. (2016b). Salisbury biochar did not affect the mobility or speciation of lead in kaolin in a short-term laboratory study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 316, 214-220. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.042
48. Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., & Lehmann, J. (2017). Biochar: A guide to analytical methods. Csiro Publishing, Australia.
49. Srivastava, P., Singh, B., & Angove, M. (2005). Competitive adsorption behavior of heavy metals on kaolinite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 290, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.036
50. Sizmur, T., Fresno, T., Akgül, G., Frost, H., & Moreno-Jiménez, E. (2017). Biochar modification to enhance sorption of inorganics from water. Bioresource Technology,246, 34-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.082
51. Soleymanian, S., Norouzi, Z.G., Dorostkar,V., Movahednejad, M.H., & Rezakhazemi, M. (2022). Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models for cadmium removal from polluted water using clay, biochar and their complex. Iran Journal of Soil Water Research, 53(3), 485-500. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2022.333498.669121
52. Song, J., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Zhong, L., Liu, Y., Sun, X., He, B., Li, Y., & Cao, S. (2021). Preparing biochars from cow hair waste produced in a tannery for dye wastewater treatment. Materials, 14(7), 1690. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ma14071690
53. Sparks, D.L. (1989). Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes. Academic Press, New York.
54. Spokas, K.A. (2010). Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios. Carbon Management, 1, 289-303. https://doi.org/4155/cmt.10.32
55. Tao, Q., Li, B., Li, Q., Han, X., Jiang, Y., Jupa, R., Wang, C., & Li, T. (2019). Simultaneous remediation of sediments contaminated with sulfamethoxazole and cadmium using magnesium-modified biochar derived from Thalia dealbata. Science of the Total Environment, 659, 1448-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.12.361
56. Thomas, G.W. (1996). Soil pH and Soil Acidity. p. 475-490. In: Sparks D.L. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods. ASA & SSSA, Madison, Wis., USA.
57. Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Da Silva, M.R., & Montanarella, C. (2016). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International, 88, 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envint.2015.12.017
58. Usman, A.R.A., Sallam, A.Sh., Al-Omran, A., El-Naggar, A.H., Alenazi, K.K.H., Nadeem, M., & Al-Wabel, M.I. (2013). Chemically modified  biochar  produced  from  conocarpus  wastes: An efficient sorbent for Fe(II) removal from acidic aqueous solutions. Adsorption Science and Technology, 31(7), 573-657. https://doi.org/10.1260/0263-6174.31.7.625
59. Wang, H., Gao, B., Wang, S., Fang, J., Xue, Y., & Yang, K. (2015). Removal of Pb (II), Cu (II), and Cd (II) from aqueous solutions by biochar derived from KMnO₄ treated hickory wood. Bioresource Technology, 197, 356-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.132
60. Wu, J.H., Song, Q.M., Zhou, J.Y., Wu, Y.X., Liu, X.W., Liu, J.J., Zhou, L.L., Wu, Z.H., & Wu, W.C. (2021a). Cadmium threshold for acidic and multi-metal contaminated soil according to Oryza sativa Cadmium accumulation: Influential factors and prediction model. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208, 111420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111420
61. Wu, J., Wang, T., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Pan, W.P. (2021b). A novel modified method for the efficient removal of Pb and Cd from wastewater by biochar: Enhanced the ion exchange and precipitation capacity. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142150
62. Xiang, J., Lin, Q., Yao, X., & Yin, G. (2021). Removal of Cd from aqueous solution by chitosan coated MgO-biochar and its in-situ remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Environmental Research,195, 110650. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110650.
63. Xiang, J., Lin, Q., Cheng, S., Guo, J., Yao, X., Liu, Q., Yin, G., & Liu, D. (2018). Enhanced adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution by a magnesium oxide–rice husk biochar composite. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 14032-14042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1594-1
64. Xiao, R., Wang, J.J., Li, R., Park, J., Meng, Y., Zhou, B., Pensky, S., & Zhang, Z. (2018). Enhanced sorption of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solutions by diluted sulfuric acid-assisted MgO-coated biochar composite. Chemosphere, 208, 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.175
65. Xu, Z., Lin, Y., Lin, Y., Yang, D., & Zheng, H. (2021). Adsorption behaviors of paper mill sludge biochar to remove Cu, Zn and As in wastewater. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 23, 101616. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.eti.2021.101616
66. Yin, G., Tao, L., Chen, X., Bolan, N.S., Sarkar, B., Lin, Q., & Wang, H. (2021). Quantitative analysis on the mechanism of Cd²⁺ removal by MgCl₂-modified biochar in aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420, 126487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126487
67. Zhang, J., Hu, X., Yan, J., Long, L., & Xue, Y. (2020). Crayfish shell biochar modified with magnesium chloride and its effect on lead removal in aqueous solution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(9), 9582-9588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07631-9
68. Zhang, L., & Song, F.B. (2005). Sorption and desorption characteristics of cadmium by four different soils in northeast China. Chinese Geographical Science, 15(4), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-005-0023-9
69. Zhu, S., Zhao, J., Zhao, N., Yang, X., Chen, C., & Shang, J. (2020). Goethite modified biochar as a multifunctional amendment for cationic Cd (II), anionic As (III), roxarsone, and phosphorus in soil and water. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119579
70. Zou, M., Zhou, S., Zhou, Y., Jia, Z., Guo, T., & Wang, J.(2022). Cadmium pollution of soil-rice ecosystems in rice cultivation dominated regions in China: A review. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116965. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.envpol.2021.116965