نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
آگاهی از کیفیت آب هر منطقه در تصمیم گیری های مدیریتی به‌منظور استفاده بهینه از منابع آب ضروری است. یکی از روش های رایج در اظهارنظر در مورد کیفیت منابع آب، استفاده از شاخص های کیفیت منابع آب(WQIs) است. شاخص ها معمولاً دارای محدودیت هایی است از جملهی آن‌ها می توان به‌ضرورت در دسترس بودن کلیه پارامترهای استفاده شده در توسعه هر شاخص اشاره کرد. همچنین برخورد قطعی با مسائل کیفیت آب نقطه ضعف دیگری برای این شاخص ها است. از اینرو برای حل این دو محدودیت در مقاله حاضر با استفاده از سیستم استنتاج فازی (FIS) و بر اساس" استلزام ممدانی" و با کاربرد داده های کیفی آبخوان دشت ساوه، اقدام به توسعه شاخص کیفیت آب فازی (FWQI) شده است. هفت شاخص از نوع FWQI با پارامترهای کیفی مختلف توسعه داده شد. این شاخص ها برای مشخص کردن کیفیت آب 17 چاه از دشت ساوه به کار گرفته شدند. به‌منظور در دسترس بودن معیاری برای قضاوت مقادیر برآوردی آن‌ها با مقادیر پایه و شناخته شده محاسبه شده بر اساس شاخص WQI مقایسه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در غیاب برخی از پارامترها، شاخص های FWQI با دقت بالایی قادر به ارزیابی منابع آب زیرزمینی هستند. همچنین مشخص شد که اگر در میان پارامترهای ورودی، پارامتری که دارای مقداری خارج از محدوده مطلوب خود باشد، حذف شود، در طبقه بندی کیفی آب ایجاد خطا خواهد نمود. بررسی پایش کیفی آب چاه ها نشان داد که وضعیت آب آن‌ها از نظر شرب در شش چاه قابل قبول، در پنج چاه غیرقابل قبول و در شش چاه بسیار نامناسب است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Development of a Fuzzy Water Quality Index (FWQI) – Case study: Saveh Plain
نویسندگان [English]
- S.M. Hosseini-Moghari
- K. Ebrahimi
University of Tehran
چکیده [English]
Introduction: Groundwater resources are the main source of fresh water in many parts of Iran. Groundwater resources are limited in quantity and recently due to increase of withdrawal, these resources are facing great stress. Considering groundwater resources scarcity, maintaining the quality of them are vital. Traditional methods to evaluate water quality insist on determining water quality parameter and comparison between them and available standards. The decisions in these methods rely on just specific parameters, in order to overcome this issue, water quality indices (WQIs) are developed. Water quality indexes include a range of water quality parameters and using mathematical operation represent an index to classify water quality. Applying the classic WQI will cause deterministic and inflexible classifications associated with uncertainties and inaccuracies in knowledge and data. To overcome this shortcoming, using the fuzzy logic in water resources problems under uncertainty is highly recommended. In this paper, two approaches are adopted to assess the water quality status of the groundwater resources of a case study. The first approach determined the classification of water samples, whilst the second one focused on uncertainty of classification analysis with the aid of fuzzy logic. In this regard, the paper emphasizes on possibility of water quality assessment by developing a fuzzy-based quality index even if required parameters are inadequate.
Materials and Methods: The case study is located in the northwest of Markazi province, Saveh Plain covers an area of 3245 km2 and lies between 34º45′-35º03′N latitude and 50º08′-50º50′E longitudes. The average height of the study area is 1108 meter above mean sea level. The average precipitation amount is 213 mm while the mean annual temperature is 18.2oC. To provide a composite influence from individual water quality parameters on total water quality, WQI is employed. In other words, WQI is a weighting average of multiple parameters. The present research used nine water quality parameters (Table 2). In this paper Fuzzy Water Quality Indices (FWQIs) have been developed, involving fuzzy inference system (FIS), based on Mamdani Implication. Firstly, five linguistic scales, namely: Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, and Uselessness were taken into account, and then, with respect to ‘If→then’ rules the FWQIs were developed. Later, the seven developed FIS-based indexes were compared with a deterministic water quality index. Indeed seven FWQIs based on different water quality available parameters have been developed. Then developed indices were used to evaluate the water quality of 17 wells of Saveh Plain, Iran.
Results and Discussion: The present study analysed groundwater quality status of 17 wells of Saveh Plain using FWQI and WQI. Based on the driven results from WQI and its developed fuzzy index, similar performance was observed in most of the cases. Both of them indicated that the water quality in six wells including NO.1, 2, 6, 12, 13, and 17 were suitable for drinking. Due to the fact that the values of both indexes were under 100, the mentioned wells could be considered as drinking water supplies. The indexes illustrated the very poor quality of wells NO.7, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 16. As a result, according to FWQI1 along with WQI, nearly 35% of wells have proper drinking water quality, while approximately 30% and 35% of them suffered from poor and very poor quality, respectively. The overall picture of water quality within the study area was not satisfying, hence, an accurate site selection for discovering water recourses with appropriate quality for drinking purpose must be responsible authorities’ priority. Analysis of FWQI2, FWQI3 and FWQI4 revealed that elimination of the parameters slightly changed the result of FWQI2; however, FWQI3 and FWQI4 did not vary considerably. Thus, Cl influenced the water quality slightly, but Ca and K did not affect the water quality of the plain. The results showed that inexistence of one of the mentioned parameters would not affect the computational process adversely. A glance at FWQI5, FWQI6 and FWQI7 revealed the improper performance of FWQI5 to show wells’ water quality status. Throughout the FWQI5 evaluation process, all the wells’ water quality stood in Excellent category. Due to the considerable values of TDS in the Plain, elimination of this parameter in FWQI5 caused inappropriate evaluation. Hence, whenever a case study deals with a high value of a specific quality parameter, elimination of that parameter would negatively demote validation of the analysis. Figures (3)-(6) represented the results of WQI along with seven FWQIs for 17 utilized wells’ water quality assessment in the study area during the proposed periods.
Conclusion: Throughout the present study, the capability of seven FIS-based indexing procedures in modelling the water quality analysis of 17 wells of Save Plain was discussed. The proposed FWQIs were developed on the basis of Mamdani approach by applying triangular and trapezoidal membership functions to determine the groundwater quality of the case study according to the nine parameters. The results revealed that FWQI1-4 outperformed others. On the other hand, FWQI5-7 which eliminated three out of the nine parameters, did not made a valid contribution to the computational context. This might be related to omitting the effective water quality parameters from the inputs of the model. The results also illustrated that, only six out of 17 wells of the region could be considered as suitable sources for the drinking purpose. The water quality status in five wells was not satisfying, and six wells were plagued by very poor quality of water.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Groundwater
- Mamdani Implication
- fuzzy inference system
- water quality
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله