آب و خاک

دوماه نامه

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

دستورالعمل کلی ارسال مقاله

چک لیست ارسال مقاله

ارسال مقاله

دریافت فایل های راهنما

راهنمای داروان

اسامی داوران

تأثیر ضربه قطرات باران بر تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک از شیارهای شخم تحت شدت‌های مختلف باران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

ضربه قطرات باران یکی از عوامل مؤثر بر تخریب ساختمان خاک و فرسایش آبی است. اطلاعات کافی در مورد نقش این عامل در تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک از شیارها به‌ویژه در خاک­های مناطق نیمه‌خشک موجود نیست. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر ضربه قطرات باران بر تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک از شیارها تحت شدت‌های مختلف باران در برخی خاک­های منطقه نیمه‌خشک در استان زنجان انجام شد. برای این منظور آزمایش در دو خاک با بافت مختلف ( لوم‌رسی و لوم‌شنی) تحت چهار شدت‌ بارندگی ( 30، 50، 72 و 83 میلی‌متر بر ساعت) در دو حالت بارندگی (تحت ضربه قطرات و حذف اثر ضربه قطرات باران) در فلوم فرسایشی تحت شیب 10 درصد انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که تولید رواناب تحت تأثیر ضربه قطرات باران در خاک لوم‌رسی و لوم‌شنی به‌ترتیب 44 و 36 درصد افزایش یافت (01/0>p) و هدررفت خاک نیز در این دو خاک به‌ترتیب 52 و 62 درصد بیشتر از حالت بدون ضربه قطرات بود (01/0>p). تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک بین دو حالت باران به شدت باران وابسته بود؛ به‌طوری‌‌که با افزایش شدت باران، نقش ضربه قطرات به ویژه در خاک لوم‌شنی تغییرات زیادی یافت. با افزایش شدت باران هدررفت خاک نسبت به تولید رواناب دچار کاهش بیشتری شد که این موضوع نشان‌دهنده مقاومت اندک خاکدانه‌ها به اثر ضربه قطرات باران در شدت‌های بارندگی بالا است. با توجه به ساختمان ناپایدار خاک‌های مناطق نیمه‌خشک، حفظ پوشش سطحی برای جلوگیری از تأثیر ضربه قطرات باران بر تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Raindrop Impact on Runoff and Soil Loss from Rills under Different Rainfall Intensities

نویسندگان [English]

  • A.R. Vaezi
  • R. Bigdeli

Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Rill erosion is one of the main factors of soil degradation, especially in rainfed lands in semi-arid regions. These soils have relatively lower organic matter content with weakly-aggregated units, which increases their susceptibility to water erosion processes. Conventional tillage systems are adversely affect on soil structure and surface soil cover in rainfed lands. Raindrop energy and flow shear stress are the main erosive factors in the slope lands. The raindrop impact destroys soil structure and changes it to erodible unites; micro-aggregates and single particles, and so makes them to more detachment. A few studies have been done on the role of raindrop impact to soil erosion by water. Nevertheless, there is no sufficient information on the effect of raindrop impact on soil loss in the rills particularly in semi-arid regions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of raindrop impact on soil loss from rills in various soil textures under different rainfall intensities.
 
Materials and Methods
 A laboratory experiment was performed on two soil textures (clay loam and sandy loam) under four rainfall intensities (30, 50, 72 and 83 mm.h-1) in two rainfall conditions (under raindrops impact and without raindrops impact). Soil samples (0-30 cm) were taken from a semi-arid region in Zanjan province in 2020. The experiments were set up in an erosion flume with 100 cm long and 60 cm width and 15 cm depth which were exposed to simulated rainfalls for 30 min duration. Runoff and soil loss were measured at three rills under slope gradient 10% in the two rainfall conditions for each rainfall intensity. Soil loss from rills was determined as the mass of sediment collected from rill outlet per rill surface area (g.m-2). Under raindrop impact, the soil was exposed directly to raindrop impact and under without raindrop impact, a metal mesh sheet was used to eliminate raindrops impact to soil surface. The role of raindrops impact to runoff and soil loss was computed from the difference of runoff and soil loss under raindrops impact and without raindrops impacts. A t-test was used to assess the role of raindrops impact between the two rainfall conditions for the soils and rainfall intensities.  
 
Results and Discussion
 Results indicated that runoff production and soil loss were significantly affected by the soil texture and rainfall intensity. Runoff and soil loss under raindrops impact increased in the soils with increasing rainfall intensity. Clay loam showed more runoff production and soil loss than sandy loam which was associated to lower aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. Runoff and soil loss in the two soils and four rainfall intensities were significantly affected by raindrops impact. Runoff production and soil loss except to 72 mm.h-1 rainfall intensity were very higher under raindrop impact than without raindrop impact. It seems under 72 mm.h-1 rainfall intensity, raindrops impact varied the rill’s morphology and prevent more runoff production. Runoff production in clay loam and sandy loam under raindrop impact were increased by 44 and 36 percent, respectively (p< 0.01). Soil loss resulted by raindrop impact in clay loam and sandy loam increased by 53 and 62 percent, respectively (p< 0.01). Raindrops impact had more importance in soil loss rather than runoff production. This result is related to the role of raindrops impact in destroying aggregates and producing more erodible soil particles and closing soil macrospores and declining water infiltration. The role of raindrop impact in runoff production and soil loss varied among the rainfall intensities. A slight reduction in the role of raindrop impact in runoff and soil loss was occurred with increasing rainfall intensity, especially in sandy loam.
 
Conclusion
 The role of raindrop impact in runoff production and soil loss was significantly affected by soil type and rainfall intensity. Raindrops impact has more important in runoff and soil loss in the soils having higher aggregate stability and more hydraulic conductivity. The role of raindrop impact in runoff and soil loss in these soils declines with increasing rainfall intensity. In general, maintain soil surface cover is essential to control raindrops impact and decrease runoff and soil loss in semi-arid areas. The importance of soil surface cover is most obvious under different rainfalls in weakly-aggregated soils which are dominant in many slope lands. Also, soil surface cover has important role in controlling runoff and soil loss under heavy rainfalls in soils with more water-stable aggregates. Prevention from intensive tillage and using conservation tillage systems such as minimum tillage are effective strategies in controlling raindrop impact in rainfed lands in semi-arid regions. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aggregate resistance
  • Rainfall intensity
  • Semi-arid region
  • Soil texture
  • Surface cover
مراجع
  1. Akbari, S., & Vaezi, A.R. (2015). Investigating aggregates stability against raindrops impact in some soils of a semi-arid region, North West of Zanjan. Water and Soil Science, 25(2), 65-77. (In Persian(
  2. An, J., Zheng, F., Lu, J., & Li, G. (2012). Investigating the role of raindrop impact on hydrodynamic mechanism of soil erosion under simulated rainfall conditions. Soil Science 177(8), 517-526.
  3. Angulo-Martínez, M., Beguería, S., & Kyselý, J. (2016). Use of disdrometer data to evaluate the relationship of rainfall kinetic energy and intensity (KE-I). Science Total Environment 568, 83–94. https://doi.org/1016/ j.scitotenv.2016.05.223
  4. Angulo-Martínez, M., Beguería, S., Navas, A., & Machin, J. (2012). Splash erosion under natural rainfall on three soil types in NE Spain. Geomorphology 175, 38-44.
  5. Berger, C., Schulze, M., Rieke‐Zapp, D., & Schlunegger, F. (2010). Rill development and soil erosion: a laboratory study of slope and rainfall intensity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 35(12), 1456-1467.
  6. Beuselinck, L., Govers, G., Hairsine, P.B., Sander, G.C., & Breynaert, M. (2002). The influence of rainfall on sediment transport by overland flow over areas of net deposition. Journal of Hydrology, 257, 145–163.
  7. Blake, G.R., & Hartge, K.H. (1986). Particle density. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 377-382.
  8. Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54(5), 464-465.
  9. Chen, X.Y., Huang, Y.H., Zhao, Y., Mo, B., Mi, H.X., & Huang, C.H. (2017). Analytical method for determining rill detachment rate of purple soil as compared with that of loess soil. Journal of Hydrology, 549, 236-243.
  10. Cheng, Q., Ma, W., & Cai, Q. (2008). The relative importance of soil crust and slope angle in runoff and soil loss: a case study in the hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, north China, GeoJournal, 71(2-3), 117-125.
  11. Choo, H., Park, K.H., Won, J., & Burns, S.E. (2018). Resistance of coarse-grained particles against raindrop splash and its relation with splash erosion. Soil and Tillage Research, 184, 1-10. https://doi.org/1016/j.still.2018.06.009
  12. Fernández-Raga, M.R., Fraile, J., Keizer, M., Teijeiro, V.A., Castro, C., Palencia, C., & Marques, C. (2010). The kinetic energy of rain measured with an optical disdrometer: an application to splash erosion. Atmospheric Research, 96(2): 225-240. https://doi.org/1016/j.atmosres.2009.07.013
  13. Foroumadi, M., & Vaezi, A.R. (2016). Flow characteristics and rill erodibility in relation to the rainfall intensity in a Marl soil. Iran-Watershed Management Science and Engineering 12(40), 11-23. (In Persian with English abstract)
  14. Foroumadi, M., & Vaezi, A.R. (2017). Physical degradation and particle detachment capacity of rill in relation to rainfall intensity and raindrop impact in a Marl soil. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 21(2), 263-277. (In Persian with English abstract)
  15. Foroumadi, M., & Vaezi, A.R. (2018). Investigating temporal variation of rill erosion in an erosion-susceptible soil under different rainfall intensities. Applied Soil Research, 7(2), 135-147. (In Persian with English abstract)
  16. Francos, M., Pereira, P., Alcañiz, M., Mataix-Solera, J., & Úbeda, X. (2016). Impact of an intense rainfall event on soil properties following a wildfire in a Mediterranean environment (North-East Spain). Global and Planetary Change, 145, 11–16.
  17. Fu, Y., Li, G.L., Zheng, T.H., Li, B.Q., & Zhang, T. (2017). Splash detachment and transport of loess aggregate fragments by raindrop action. Catena, 150, 154-160. https://doi.org/1016/j.catena.2016.11.021
  18. Guy, B.T., Dickinson, W.T., & Rudra, R.P. (1987). The roles of rainfall and runoff in the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow. Transactions of the ASAE, 30(5), 1378-1386.
  19. Han, Y., Fan, Y., Xin, Z., Wang, L., Cai, Q., & Wang, X. (2016). Effects of wetting rate and simulated rain duration on soil crust formation of red loam. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(2), 140-149.
  20. He, J.J., Li, X., Jia, L.J., Gong, H.L., & Cai, Q.G. (2014). Experimental study of rill evolution processes and relationships between runoff and erosion on clay loam and loess. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 78(5), 1716-1725. https://doi.org/2136/sssaj2014.02.0063
  21. He, J.J., Sun, L.Y., Gong, H.L., Cai, Q.G., & Jia, L.J. (2016). The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients. Journal of Mountain Science, 13(3), 397-404.
  22. Huo, Y.Y., Wu, S.F., Feng, H., & Yuan, L.F. (2011). Dynamic process of slope rill erosion based on three-dimensional laser scanner. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 9, 32–37.
  23. Jin, K., Cornelis, W.M., Gabriels, D., Baert, M., Wu, H.J., Schiettecatte, W., Cai, D.X., De Neve, S., Jin, J.Y., Hartmann, R., & Hofman, G. (2009). Residue cover and rainfall intensity effects on runoff soil organic carbon losses. Catena, 78(1), 81-86.
  24. Kimaro, D.N., Poesen, J., Msanya, B.M., & Deckers, J.A. (2008). Magnitude of soil erosion on the northern slope of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: interrill and rill erosion. Catena, 75, 38-44.
  25. Kinnel, P.I.A. (2003). Event erosivity factor and errors in erosion predictions by some empirical models. Ausrtalian Journal of Soil Research, 211, 991-1003.
  26. Li, J., Cai, Q.G., & Sun, L.Y. (2010). Reviewing on factors and threshold conditions of rill Progress in Geography, 29(11), 1319-1325.
  27. Lu, J., Zheng, F., Li, G., Bian, F., & An, J. (2016). The effects of raindrop impact and runoff detachment on hillslope soil erosion and soil aggregate loss in the Mollisol region of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research, 161, 79-85. https://doi.org/1016/j.still.2016.04.002
  28. Ma, R.M., Li, Z.X., Cai, C.F., & Wang, J.G. (2014). The dynamic response of splash erosion to aggregate mechanical breakdown through rainfall simulation events in Ultisols (subtropical China). Catena, 121, 279-287.
  29. Mc Kenzie, N., Coughlan, K., & Cresswell, H. (2002). Soil physical measurement and interpretation for land evaluation (Vol. 5). Csiro Publishing.
  30. Meshesha, D.T., Tsunekawa, A., Tsubo, M., Haregeweyn, N., & Tegegne, F. (2016). Evaluation of kinetic energy and erosivity potential of simulated rainfall using laser precipitation monitor. Catena, 137, 237–243. https://doi.org/1016/j.catena.2015.09.017
  31. Momm, H.G., Wells, R.R., & Bennett, S.J. (2018). Disaggregating soil erosion processes within an evolving experimental landscape. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(2), 543-552.
  32. Moussouni, A., Mouzai, L., & Bouhadef, M. (2014). The effect of raindrop Kinetic energy on soil erodibility. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 8(12), 879-883.
  33. Qin, C., Zheng, F., Wilson, G.V., Zhang, X.J., & Xu, X. (2019). Apportioning contributions of individual rill erosion processes and their interactions on loessial hillslopes. Catena, 181, 104099.
  34. Qin, C., Zheng, F., Xu, X., Wu, H., & Shen, H. (2018). A laboratory study on rill network development and morphological characteristics on loessial hillslope. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(4): 1679-1690.
  35. Rouhipour, H., Farzaneh, H., & Asadi, H. (2004). The effect of aggregate stability indices on soil erodibility factors using rainfall simulator. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 11(3): 235-254. (In Persian(
  36. Shen, H.O., Zheng, F.L., Wang, L., & Wen, L.L. (2019). Effects of rainfall intensity and topography on rill development and rill characteristics on loessial hillslopes in China. Journal of Mountain Science, 16(10): 2299-2307.
  37. Tailong, G., Quanjiu, W.D., & Li, J.Z. (2010). Effect of surface stone cover on sediment and solute transport on the slope of fallow land in the semi-arid region of northwestern China. Soils and Sediment, 10, 1200-1208.
  38. Vaezi, A.R., Ahmadi, M., & Cerdà, A. (2017). Contribution of raindrop impact to the change of soil physical properties and water erosion under semi-arid rainfalls. Science of the Total Environment, 583, 382-392.
  39. Vaezi, A.R., Akbari, S., & Mohammadi, M.H. (2014). Study of rainfall processes in calcareous soils aggregates under laboratory conditions in NW Zanjan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 45(1), 87-94. (In Persian(
  40. Vaezi, A.R., & Besharat, F. (2015). Rainfall during events on runoff and soil loss under simulated rainfalls. Jwmseir, 9(29), 9-18. (In Persian(
  41. Vaezi, A.R., & Heidari, M. (2019). Investigating the effect of wheat straw on soil loss by rill erosion in furrows in different growth stages of rainfed wheat.  Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 33(2), 127-139. (In Persian with English abstract)
  42. Vaezi, A.R., & Vatani, A. (2014). Determination of rill erodibility in some Zanjan soils under rain simulated. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 71, 59-67. (In Persian)
  43. Vaezi, A.R., & Vatani, A. (2015). Determining rill erodibility in some soils in Zanjan province under simulated rainfall. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 19(71), 59-68. (In Persian). https://doi.org/18869/acadpub.jstnar .19.71.59
  44. Valette, G., Prévost, S., Lucas, L., & Léonard, J. (2006). SoDA project: A simulation of soil surface degradation by rainfall. Computers and Graphics, 30(4), 494-506.
  45. Vrieling, A. (2006). Satellite remote sensing for water erosion assessment: A review. Catena, 65(1), 2-18.
  46. Walkley, A., & Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38.
  47. Wei, W., Chen, L., Fu, B., Huang, Z., Wu, D., & Gui, L. (2007). The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area, China. Journal of hydrology, 335(3-4), 247-258.
  48. Wirtz, S., Seeger, M., & Ries, J.B. (2012). Field experiments for understanding and quantification of rill erosion processes. Catena, 91, 21-34.
  49. Wu, H., Xu, X., Zheng, F., Qin, C., & He, X. (2018). Gully morphological characteristics in the loess hilly‐gully region based on 3D laser scanning technique. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(8), 1701-1710.
  50. Yoder, R.E. (1936). A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses 1. Agronomy Journal, 28(5), 337-351.
  51. Zarif, M.S., Sadeghi, S.H.R., & Mirnia, S.KH. (2009). Study on changes in runoff and sediment yield in two difference slope in Kojour forest watershed. Fifth National Conference on Watershed Management Science and Engineering of Iran. Gorgan. 2-3 May, page 2. (In Persian(
  52. Zhang, X.C., & Wang, Z.L. (2017). Interrill soil erosion processes on steep slopes. Journal of Hydrology, 548, 652–664. https://doi.org/1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.046
  53. Zhao, L., Hou, R., & Wu, F. (2018). Effect of tillage on soil erosion before and after rill development. Land Degradation and Development, 29(8), 2506-2513. https://doi.org/1002/ldr.2996

 

ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image
آب و خاک
دوره 37، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 89
مرداد و شهریور 1402
صفحه 383-396
فایل ها
سابقه مقاله
  • تاریخ دریافت: 22 شهریور 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 29 دی 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 10 تیر 1402
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 12 تیر 1402
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار