Investigating the Effect of Partial Root Zone Drying (PRD) Deficit Irrigation at Different Irrigation Intervals on Water Use Efficiency and Growth Parameters of Sunflower Plant

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Mojtaba Cheraghizade ¹
• Ali Shahnazari ¹
• Mirkhaleg Ziatabar Ahmadi ²

¹ Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU)

² Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i3.70224

Abstract

Introduction: According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the country's population between 1957 and 2017, has increased approximately from 19 people to 80 million. With population growth, the water demand is increased and water resources are threatened cumulatively. Agriculture is recognized as the main water consumer in the country. Due to the arid and semi-arid climate of the country, it is essential to use water reduction strategies such as deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) deficit irrigation in agriculture. In case of water shortages, DI is an optimal solution for production, which is usually accompanied by a reduction in product per unit area. The base of PRD is keeping dry the half of root while irrigating the other half. The plant root in the wet area absorbs enough water. The other part of the root in dry soil, with a reaction to dryness and sending symptoms to the stomata, affects their opening size and reduces water losses. Sunflower is one of the four major oil producing plants in the world. The high volume of this product's import causes the country's strong dependence on oil import and the currency's outflow from the country. Although all living and non-living stresses are considered to be major factors in reducing production, water deficit stress is one of the main factors limiting the production of sunflower; Therefore, studying the reaction of this plant to different drought stress conditions and providing a solution to reduce the negative effects of dryness would be essential.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on sunflower plant (Hysun 25) in a research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) in 27 plots (5 × 5 square meters). Each plot consisted of 6 rows of planting at a distance of 75 cm from each other and 5 meters long. Sunflower seeds were planted at a depth of 4 cm from the soil and at a distance of 20 cm from each other. The experiment was conducted by using split-plot design, with three main factor (irrigation interval) and three sub-factor (irrigation water amount) in randomized complete block design in three replication. The irrigation intervals were irrigation after 20, 35 and 50 mm evaporation from class-A evaporation pan (F-20, F-35 and F-50 respectively). The sub-factor was irrigation water in levels of 100%, 75% and 55% of water demand (FI, PRD-75 and PRD-55 respectively). Controlling the volume of water delivered to each treatment was carried out using a volumetric flow meter. The application of irrigation treatments was carried out six weeks after planting. The irrigation for FI was conducted regularly at both sides of the root and for PRD it alternatively changed at the right and left sides of the root. The studied traits were irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE, kg/m3), height (H, cm), the flower diameter (D, cm), the seeds number per flower (SN), the 1000 seeds weight (W, gr) and the chlorophyll index (SPAD). Statistical analysis of data conducted by SAS software using Duncan test (1% level). Diagrams extracted by Microsoft Excel software.
Results and Discussion: Evaluation of irrigation interval factor based on the experiment two years data, indicated that the best results for plant growth parameters was for F-20. Also, the best results for sunflower plant growth parameters was for FI. According to the significant difference between FI and PRD-55 at most of the growth parameters, it’s suggested to conduct PRD-75 for PRD. For the irrigation interval factor, there was significant difference for most of the plant growth parameters between F-20 and F-50. Therefore, considering this case as well as the problem of increasing the operating cost by reducing the irrigation interval, F-35 is recommended for irrigation interval. It’s concluded that there was significant difference between all of the irrigation interval treatments by analyzing the IWUE trait. The highest amounts was for F-50 and the lowest was for F-20. Despite the increase in the value of IWUE in PRD-75 in comparison with other treatments for each two years of the experiment, this difference was not significant. According to the non-significant difference between F-35 and F-50 for IWUE at the second year of the experiment and this trait relative increase at PRD-75 in comparison with two other treatments, it’s suggested to conduct PRD-75 with F-35 to have higher IWUE.
Conclusion: Simultaneous analysis of sunflower’s IWUE and its growth parameters showed that it could be possible to save in irrigation water use and increase the IWUE with the lowest decrease in the sunflower plant growth parameters by applying PRD-75 and F-35.

Keywords

• Mazandaran
• Optimal Production
• Saving
• Sunflower
• Water stress

20.1001.1.20084757.1397.32.3.5.3

References

1- AtaeiKachooei M., Karimi M., MajdNasiri B., Lotfifar O., and Motaghi S. 2010. Investigating the effect of limited irrigation on agronomic characteristics and yield of sunflower cultivars. Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 22(6): 89-110. (In Persian)

2- Chimenti C. A., and Hall A.T. 2002. Genetic variation and changes with ontogeny of osmotic adjustment in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Euphytica, 71: 201-210.

3- Daneshian J., and Jabari H. 2009. Effect of limited irrigation and plant density on morphological characteristics and grain yield in a dwarf sunflower hybrid (cms26 × r103) as second crop. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 10(40): 377-388. (In Persian with English abstract)

4- Davies W.J., and Zhang J.H. 1991. Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 42: 55-76.

5- Demir A.O., Goksoy A.T., Buyukcangaz H., Turan Z.M., and Koksal E.S. 2006. Deficit irrigation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a sub-humid climate. Irrigation Science, 24: 279-289.

6- Dry P.R., Loveys B.R., and Duering H. 2000. Partial drying of the root-zone of grape. Transient changes in shoot growth and gas exchange, 39(1): 3-8.

7- English M.J, Musick J.T., and Murty V.V.N. 1990. Deficit irrigation. In: Management of farm irrigation systems (Hoffman G.J., Howell T.A. and Solomon K.H., Editors). ASAE Monograph no. 9. American Society of Agricultural Engineers publisher, 1020p.

8- Esfini Farahani M., Paknejad F., Kashani A., Ardakani M.R., Bakhtiari Moghadam M., and Rezaei M. 2012. Effect of methanol spraying on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. Azargol hybrid) under different moisture conditions. Iranian Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 8(1): 115-126. (In Persian)

9- Eshraghi F., and Ghasemiyan S.D. 2010. Investigating the Economic Productivity of Water in Golestan Province. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 26 (3): 317-322. (In Persian)

10- Ghadami Firouzabadi A. 2015. Management of water use and soil moisture changes in full irrigation, regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying in sunflwer plant. Ph.D. thesis in irrigation and drainage. Irrigation engineering department. Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university. (In Persian)

11- Gholamhosseini M., Ghalavand A., and Jamshidi E. 2008. The effect of irrigation regimes and fertilizer treatments on grain yield and elements concentration in leaf and grain of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Agronomy and Horticulture, 21(2): 91-100. (In Persian with English abstract)

12- Hamdy A. 2005. Water use efficieny in irrigated agriculture: An analytical review. P 9-20, In Lamadalena N., Shatawi M.R., Todorovic M., Bogliotti C. and Albrizio R. (eds), Procedeengs of 4th WASAMED (Water Saving in Mediterranean agriculture), Water /use Effuciency and Water Productivity, Amman, Jordan.

13- Jabbari H., Akbari Gh.A., Daneshian J., Allahdadi A., and Shahbazian N. 2007. Effects of water stress on agronomic characteristics sunflower hybrids. Agricultural Journal, 9(1): 13-22. (In Persian)

14- Jones H.G. (1992) Plants and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge university press.

15- Karam F., Masaad R., Sfir T., Mounzer O., and Rouphael Y. 2007. Evapotranspiration and seed yield of field grown soybean under deficit irrigation conditions .Agr. Water Manag .75:226-244.

16- Karandish F., Mirlatifi M., Shahnazari A., Abbasi F. and Gheysari M. 2013. Investigating the effect of partial rootzone drying irrigation and deficit irrigation on water use efficiency and yield and yield components of maize. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 44(1): 33-44. (In Persian)

17- Karbasi A.R., and NooriTuopkanloo Z. 2008. Analysis the factors influencing on Cuminum cyminum production productivity in Khorasan province. Research and development in natural resources: 80, 2-7. (In Persian with English abstract)

18- Karimi Kakhaki M., and Sepehri A. 2000. Effect of low irrigation during reproductive period on water use efficiency and drought tolerance of new sunflower cultivars. Water and soil science, 13, 163-176. (In Persian)

19- KarimzadeAsl Kh., Mazaheri D., and Peighambari S.A. 2003. Effect of four irrigation intervals on the seed yield and quantitive characteristics of three sunflower cultivars. Iranian. Journal of Agriculture Science, 34(2): 293-301. (In Persian with English abstract)

20- Kiani A.R., and Raesi S. 2013. Assessment of water use efficiency in some soybean cultivars under different amount of irrigation. Journal of water and soil conservation, 20 (5): 179-192. (In Persian with English abstract)

21- Liu F., Jensen C.R., and Andersen M.N. 2005. A review of drought adaptation in crop plants: changes in vegetative and reproductive physiology induced by ABA-based chemical signals. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 56: 1245-1252.

22- Miri F.S., Shahnazari A., ZiatabarAhmadi M.Kh., and Zebardast Rostami H. 2014. Effect of regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying on quantitative and qualitative performance of orange fruit. Journal of Horticultural Science, 28(1): 80-86. (In Persian)

23- OhabYazdi S.A., Ahmadi A., and Nikouei A. 2014. Employing Economic Instruments to Increase Water Productivity: A Case Study, Zayandehrood River Basin. Iran-Water Resources Research, 10 (1): 62-71. (In Persian with English abstract)

24- Omidi Ardali Gh., and Bahrani M.J. 2011. Effects of Water Stress, Nitrogen Levels and Application Times on Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower at Different Growth Stages. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 15(55): 199-207. (In Persian)

25- Rahimizadeh M., Kashani A., Zare Fezabady A., Madani H., and Soltani E. 2010. Effect of micronutrient fertilizers on sunflower growth and yield in drought stress condition. Electronic journal of crop production, 3 (1): 57-72. (In Persian with English Abstract)

26- Rezaei Estakhroeih A., Khoshghadam S., Ebrahimi Serizi M., and Badiehneshin A. 2014. Evaluation Yield of Sunflower (Farrokh cultivar) under Effects of Conventional Deficit Irrigation and Partial Root Zone Drying. Journal of Water and Soil, 28(5): 867-875. (In Persian with English abstract)

27- Richard J. D., Louis J.G., and Henry L.A. 1984. Crop production (5th Ed.). London: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall International.

28- Roshdi M., Heydari Sharifabad H., Karimi M., Nourmohammadi Gh., and Darvish F. 2006. A survey on the impact of water deficiency over the yield of sunflower seed cultivar and its components. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(1): 109-121. (In Persian with English abstract)

29- Sepaskhah A.R., Tavakoli A.R., and Mousavi S.F. 2000. Principles and applications of deficit irrigation. (pp. 1-10). Tehran: Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (IRNCID). (In Persian)

30- Shahnazari A., Jensen C.R., Liu F., Jacobsen S.E., and Andersen M.N. 2005. Partial root zone drying for water saving. Organized by Kasetsart University and Swiss federal institute of technology (ed.), in: Ikke angivet. Kasetsart University, pp. 75-80.

31- Shubairi S., Ghasemi Golaazani K., Golchin A., and Saba J. 2007. Effect of irrigation water on the phenology and performance of three chickpea cultivars (Ciecer arietinum L.). Journal of Agriculture Science, 16(2): 137-147. (In Persian)

32- Siosemardeh A., Ranjbar-balkhkanlou H., Sohrabi Y., and Bahramnejad B. 2011. Evaluation of Grain Yield, Gas Exchange and Source and Sink Limitation in Sunflower under Drought Stress at Different Levels of Defoliation. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 42(3): 585-596. (In Persian)

33- Skoric D. 1992. Achievements and future directions of sunflower breeding. Field Crops Research. 30: 231-270.

34- Viets F.G. 1962. Fertilizers and the efficient use of water. Advances in Agronomy, 14: 223-264.