اثر تخریب جنگل و تغییر پوشش گیاهی رویشگاه بر شاخص‌های اکولوژیکی لایه آلی و معدنی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• یحیی کوچ ¹
• میلاد عزیزی مهر ²

¹ استادیار گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، مازندران، ایران

² کارشناسی‌ارشد جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، مازندران، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v34i6.84930

چکیده

تخریب رویشگاه­های جنگلی و تغییر پوشش گیاهی اراضی از جمله عوامل مؤثر بر تغییرپذیری شاخص­های اکولوژیکی لایه­های آلی و معدنی خاک بشمار می­روند. بدین منظور، در پژوهش پیش رو چهار نوع پوشش گیاهی شامل جنگل طبیعی کمتر دست­خورده ممرز- انجیلی، جنگل­کاری 40 ساله آمیخته نوئل-کاج سیاه، عرصه جنگلی تخریب یافته ممرز- انجیلی، مرتع قرق با پوشش گیاهی یونجه تاجی در منطقه گرگ­پس، جنوب­غربی شهرستان چالوس، انتخاب شد. پس از بازدید و شناسایی دقیق رویشگاه­ها، در هر یک از این عرصه­ها، تعداد 8 نمونه لایه آلی و معدنی خاک در فصل تابستان برداشت و نمونه­های جمع­آوری شده جهت تجزیه فیزیکی و شیمیایی به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شدند. مطابق نتایج، در لایه آلی خاک، بیشترین نسبت کربن به نیتروژن به عرصه مرتع اختصاص داشت. بالاترین مقادیر درصد کربن و ضخامت لایه آلی نیز به ترتیب در پوشش­های اراضی مرتعی و جنگل مخروبه مشاهده شد. در لایه معدنی خاک، بیش­ترین مقادیر مشخصه­های درصد شن، رطوبت، کربن و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن خاک به پوشش مرتعی تعلق داشت، در حالی که بیش­ترین درصد رس، pH، هدایت الکتریکی، درصد نیتروژن،در پوشش جنگلی مشاهده شد. بیش­ترین تعداد و زیتوده کرم­های خاکی، جمعیت نماتد، معدنی­شدن نیتروژن، مقادیر آمونیوم و نیترات، تنفس پایه، تنفس برانگیخته، نیتروژن زی‌توده میکروبی و ضریب متابولیکی در پوشش جنگلی مشاهده شد. به­طور کلی، نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مشخصه­های اکولوژیکی لایه آلی و معدنی خاک تحت رویشگاه جنگلی از وضعیت بهتری برخوردار بوده، در حالی­که تخریب جنگل و تغییر پوشش اراضی باعث کاهش شاخص­های حاصل­خیزی و زیستی خاک شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• پهن‌برگ
• سوزنی‌برگ
• فعالیت‌های میکروبی
• مرتع قرق
• نیتروژن زی‌توده میکروبی

20.1001.1.20084757.1399.34.6.5.3

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Deforestation and Vegetation Cover Change on the Ecological Indices of Soil Organic and Mineral Layers

نویسندگان [English]

• Y. Kooch ¹
• M. Azizi Mehr ²

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor, Mazandaran Province, Iran

² M.Sc. of Forestry, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor, Mazandaran Province, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Degradation of forest habitats and alteration of soil vegetation are efficient factors affecting the variability of ecological indices of organic and mineral layers of soils. In Iran, degradation of forest habitats and changes in habitat type, especially over the last century, affected soil quality, plant biomass production and environmental sustainability. Hence, in this study, the effect of different forest and rangeland vegetation types on the ecological parameters of soil organic and mineral layer has been investigated.
Materials and Methods: To study and evaluate the effects of forest degradation and site change on soil organic and mineral ecological indices, four types of vegetation were selected in Gorgpas areas, southwest of Chalus city, Mazandaran Province. The land cover is as follows in the study area:
(1) Less-degraded forest dominated by Carpinus betulus L.- Parrotia persica C. A. May
(2) Fourty year's old plantation of Pinea abies (L.) Karst - Pinus nigra Arnold
(3) Deforested areas including Carpinus betulus L. - Parrotia persica C. A. May
(4) Exclosure rangeland dominated by Coronilla varia L.
Physiographically similar land covers, were selected during a field research in the studied areas. Eight litter and soil samples (0-15 cm in depth and 30 cm × 30 cm in depth) were collected from each area in summer. In order to reduce the boundary effects, sampling was performed in the center of each land cover. The collected samples of organic layer (litter) and soil mineral transferred to the laboratory for analysis. The collected data was stored as a database in Excel. Then, to analyze and compare the data, the normality distribution of observations was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and variance homogeneity by Levene test. Analysis of variance used to investigate the significant/non-significant differences of different soil organic and inorganic layer characteristics in relation to the studied areas. Duncan test used for multiple mean comparisons. All statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS software version 23. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to study the relationship between soil organic matter and soil mineral quality in the studied land cover.
Results and Discussion: According to the results, in the soil organic layer the highest carbon/nitrogen ratio (%) assigned to the rangeland, while the nitrogen (%) content was highest in the natural forest. The highest amount of carbon and organic layer thickness were also observed in rangeland and degraded forest cover, respectively. In the mineral soil layer, the highest value of sand (%), moisture (%), carbon (%) and carbon to nitrogen ratios (%) belonged to the rangeland cover, while the highest amount of clay v (%), pH (1:2.5 H₂O), electrical conductivity (ds m^-1), nitrogen (%), phosphorus (%), potassium (mg kg^-1), calcium (mg kg^-1) and magnesium (mg kg^-1) were observed in the forest cover. The highest number and biomass of earthworms (n m^-2), nematode population (In 100-gram soil), nitrogen mineralization (mg kg^-1l), ammonium (mg kg^-1), nitrate (mg kg^-1), basal respiration (mg CO2 g⁻¹ day⁻¹), substrate induced respiration (mg CO2 g⁻¹ day⁻¹), microbial nitrogen biomass (mg kg^-1) and metabolic coefficient (μg CO2-C mg^-1 MBC day^-1) observed in forest cover. There was no significant difference between the studied vegetations for bulk density (g cm^-3) characteristics, silt (%), microbial biomass of carbon (mg kg^-1) and microbial coefficient (μg CO2-C mg^-1 MBC day^-1). Higher nitrate density in natural forest and under cultivated soils are due to the presence of litter species with low carbon/nitrogen ratio, high pH and calcium. Conversion of natural broadleaf covers to needle leaf plantation and rangeland reduces the biochemical processes of ammonium. Nitrogen mineralization rates are strongly influenced by area management and forest canopy cover, so that under the broadleaf stands, this rate was more than the needle leaf stands. This probably was due to the greater nitrogen of litter, the lower carbon to nitrogen ratio and the faster rate of decomposition of organic matter in broadleaves. Most of the time the increase in pH increases the rate of mineralization of nitrogen.
Conclusion: The present study indicated that forest habitat had the highest number and biomass of earthworms, soil nematode population, ammonium, nitrate, metabolic coefficient, basal and substrate induced respiration, carbon availability index, microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization, while, there was no significant difference between the studied forests and rangelands in carbon microbial biomass and microbial coefficient. In general, the results of this study showed that the physicochemical and biological characteristics of soil organic matter in the forest habitats were better than other studied vegetations and the forest degradation and land-use changes reduced soil fertility and microbial indices.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Broad-leaved forest؛ Exclosure rangeland؛ Needle-leaved plantation؛ Nitrogen biomass microbial
• Microbial activities

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