Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Grain Priming on Some Quantity and Quality Properties of Lentil (Lens culinaris L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• mohsen azarnia ¹
• abbas biabani ¹
• Abdollatif Gholizadeh ²
• Hamid Reza Eisvand ³
• Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari ¹

¹ Gonbad Kavous University

² Gonbad Kavous

³ Lorestan University

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v30i3.40474

Abstract

Introduction: The most important problems of farmers in arid and semi-arid regions are adequate nutrition, optimum rooting, emergence, establishment and optimal density, and ultimately plant yield. Using grain priming and mycorrhizal inoculation is effective strategies in these conditions. Priming can cause earlier growth of seedling, to increase emergence rate, emergence percentage, plant tolerance to drought and salinity stress, early flowering as well as to increase the quality and quantity of yield and nutrient absorption. Plant hormones such as salicylic acid and gibberellic acid can be used for priming. Regarding plant response to environmental stresses, salicylic acid, which is an important signal molecule, plays a key role in the regulation of several physiological processes such as growth and plant development, absorption of ions, emergence and photosynthesis. Gibberellic acid (GA3) has been shown to be involved in many physiological processes such as cell division activity of meristem regions, increase the cell length, emergence speed, and emergence percentage, seedling growth in field condition, early flowering and yield. Mycorrhizal inoculation increases the availability of nutrients especially plant phosphorus, concentrations of plant hormones (auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins), chlorophyll content, the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation, assimilates allocation to host plant organs, the changes of root structure, and improve soil structure.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the response of lentil to grain priming (without grain priming, hydro-priming, 100 ppm gibberellic acid, 100 ppm salicylic acid, 100 ppm gibberellic acid + 100 ppm salicylic acid) and soil mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculated control, inoculated with Glomus moseae and Glomus intraradices), a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized block design with four replications carried out in a greenhouse and research farm of the Gonbad Kavous University during 2013 and 2014. Various priming treatments - applied in the laboratory. Then, during planting, mycorrhizal inoculation treatment was kept in the closet place to the grains about 5 g per gram of grain (40 spores per gram). To determine the activity of roots (root length and number of nitrogen fixation nodes) 10 seedlings per pot were kept. Measured traits in the field condition were included the concentration and uptake of total phosphorus in aerial parts, concentration and total phosphorus uptake of grain, grain yield, and biological yield.
Results and Discussion: Variance analysis showed that different treatments of mycorrhizal inoculation, priming, and their interactions had significant effects on the studied traits such as the root length, number of nitrogen fixation nodules, phosphorus concentration of aerial parts, grain phosphorus concentration, grain phosphorus uptake, biological yield, and grain yield. In this study the highest root length (39.5 cm), nitrogen fixation nodules (114), aerial parts phosphorus uptake (12.1 kg/h) were obtained under combined treatment of G. intraradices inoculation+ 100 ppm gibberellic acid. While the aerial parts phosphorus concentration (0.24%) and grain phosphorus uptake (22.8 kg/ha) were higher due to using combined treatment of mycorrhizal G. Moseae + hydro-priming. Hormonal priming with salicylic acid increased grain yield and biological yield significantly over the other hormonal priming and control. Hydro-priming had a significant and positive effect on grain yield in three levels of bio-fertilizer. Results of salicylic acid treatment were similar to the results of hydropriming. Influence of hormones, especially gibberellic acid in grain causes more activities in some emergence catalytic enzymes, the emergence speed, emergence percentage and root elongation. These effects may be inconspicuous in irrigated cultivation, but it can lead to the survival of plants in the dry farming situation. In this study, gibberellins increased the radicle length and the number of nitrogen fixation nodules. It may be an important factor in increasing the quality and quantity of grain yield of lentil. Various treatments of salicylic acid had a moderate effect. More positive effects were obtained when these treatments applied to the form of combination. The most applied treatments in this experiment such as mycorrhizal and priming treatments and their interaction had a positive effect on quality and quantity of grain properties of lentil aerial parts. This positive effect may be due to availability of some nutrients which is supplied using priming treatments, microorganisms, secretion of growth promotion and the change of root structure.
Conclusion: In the present study inoculation of both fungi and various treatments of priming had a positive effect on the studied traits individually, but the higher effects of them were found in the combined treatments. The effect of G. intraradices + hydro-priming was more outstanding. Overall, the present study indicated that the various treatments of bio-fertilizer and priming increased the root length and nitrogen fixation. Therefore, the absorption of nutrients was increased. It could be concluded that synthesis fertilizer is unnecessary.

Keywords

• Gibberellic acid
• Glomus moseae
• Hydro-priming
• Nitrogen fixation nodules
• Phosphorus uptake

20.1001.1.20084757.1395.30.3.13.7

References

1- Abdel-Fattah G.M., and Asrar A.W.A. 2012. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal application to improve growth and tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown in saline soil. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 34:267–277.

2- Alahdadi I., Tajik M., Iran-nejad H., and Armandpisheh O. 2009. The effect of biofertilizer on soybean seed vigor and field emergence. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.7 (3&4): 420 – 426.

3- Alimadadi A., Jahansouz M.R., Besharati H., Tavakkol-Afshari R., and Tavakkoli M. 2010. Effect phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms, mycorrhiza and seed priming on the nodulation in chickpea crop (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Soil Research (Soil Science and Water) 24(1): 43-53. )in Persian with English abstract(.

4- Alimadadi A., Jahansouz M.R., Besharati H., Tavakkol-Afshari R., and Tavakkoli M. 2011. Evaluating the effects of biofertilizers and seed priming on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed quality. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.9 (2) :362 – 365.

5- Amer G.A., and Utkhede R.S. 2000. Development of formulation of biological agents for management of root rot of lettuce and cucumber. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 46: 809–816.

6- Andre S., Galiana A., Le Roux C., Prin Y., Neyra M. and Duponnois R. 2004. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the efficiency of inoculation whit two Bradyrhizobium strains and Acacia holosericea growth. Mycorrhiza. 15 (5): 357-364.

7- Antunes P. M., Deaville D. and Goss M. J. 2005. Effect of two AMF life strategies on the tripartite symbiosis whit Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean. Mycorrhiza. Issue: Online First, Published online: 16 December 2005.

8- Arif M., Tariq Jan M., Mian I.A., Khan S.A., Philip H., and Harris, D. 2014. Evaluating the Impact of Osmopriming Varying with Polyethylene Glycol Concentrations and Durations on Soybean. international journal of agriculture & biology. 16(2):359–364.

9- Ashraf M., Karim F., and Rasul E. 2002. Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth, ion accumulation and photosynthetic capacity of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant Growth Regulator., 36(1): 49-59.

10- Atkinson S., Berta G., and Hooker J.E. 1994. Impact of mycorrhizal colonization on root architecture, root longevity and the formation of growth regulators. In Gianinazzi S. and H. Schüepp (Eds.), Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems (pp. 47-60). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag.

11- Azarnia M., and Eisvand H.R. 2013 (a). Effects of Hydro and Hormonal Priming on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea in irrigated and rain-fed conditions. 6 (4): 1-18. )in Persian with English abstract(.

12- Azarnia M., and H.R. Eisvand. 2013 (b). Priming is a method for improve seed quality for increase growth and yield crop. Research achievements for field and horticulture crops. 2: 277-287. )in Persian with English abstract(.

13- Badr E. A., Wali A.M., and Gehan A.A. 2013. Effect of Sowing Dates and Biofertilizer on Growth Attributes, Yield and its Components of Two Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars. World Applied Sciences Journal 28 (4): 494-498.

14- Beck D. P., Materon L. A. and Afandi F. 1993. Practical Rhizobium-legume technology manual. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.

15- Benton J.J. 2001. Laboratory guid for conducting soil test and plant analysis. 363 pp.USA. CRC Press.

16- Berta G., Fusconi A. and Hooker J. E. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal modifications to plant root systems: scale, mechanisms and consequences. In Gianinazzi, S., H. Schüepp, J. M. Barea and K. Haselwandter (Eds.), Mycorrhiza Technology in Agriculture, from Genes to Bioproducts (pp. 71-85). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag.

17- Bethlenfalavy G.J., Schreiner R.P., Mihara K.L., and McDaniel H. 1996. Mycorrhizae, biocides, and biocontrol. 2. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance weed control and crop growth in a soybean-cocklebur association treated whit the herbicide bentazon. Applied Soil Ecology. 3 (3): 205-2014.

18- Bhattacharjee S., and Sharma G.D. 2012. Effect of Dual Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium on the Chlorophyll, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Advances in Microbiology. 2, 561-564.

19- Bianciotto V., Andreotti S., Balestrini R., Bonfante P., and Perotto S. 2001. Extracellular polysaccharides are involved in the attachment of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium leguminosarum to arbuscular mycorrhizal structures. European Journal of Histochemistry, 45: 39-49.

20- Biswas J.C., Ladha J.K., and Dazzo F.B. 2000. Rhizobia inoculation improves nutrient uptake and growth of low land rice. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64: 1644–1650.

21- Cardoso Irene M., and Kuyper T. W. 2006. Mycorrhizas and tropical soil fertility. Agric. Ecosys. Envirron. 116: 72-84.

22- Casenave E.C., and Toselli M.E. 2007. Hydropriming as a pre-treatment for cotton germination under thermal and water stress conditions. Seed Science Technology, 35:88–98.

23- Cheng Z. and Bradford K. J. 1999. Hydrothermal time analysis of tomato seed germination responses to priming treatments, Journal of Experimental Botany. 33, 89-99.

24- Demir Kaya M., Okcu Gamze Atak M., Cikili Y., and Kolsarici O. 2006. Seed treatment to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Europe Journal Agronomy, 24: 291-295.

25- Dodd J. 2000. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agro-natural ecosystems. Outlook on Agriculture. 29 (1): 63-70.

26- Eisvand H.R., Tavakkol-Afshari R., Sharifzadeh F., Madah Arefi H., and Hesamzadeh Hejazi S. M. 2008. Improvement of physiological quality of deteriorated tall wheat grass (Agropyron elongatum Host) seeds by hormonal priming for control and drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 1 (39) :53-65. )in Persian with English abstract(.

27- Eisvand H.R., Alizadeh M.A., and Fekri A. 2010. (a). How hormonal priming of aged and non aged seeds of bromgrass affects seedling physiological characters. Journal of New seeds.11: 52-64.

28- Eisvand H. R., Tavakkol-Afshari R., Sharifzadeh F., Madah Arefi H., and Hesamzadeh Hejazi S.M. 2010. (b). Effects of hormonal priming and drought stress on activity and isozyme profiles of antioxidant enzymes in deteriorated seed of tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum Host). Seed Science and Technology. 38,280-297.

29- Eisvand H.R., Azarnia M., Nazarian Firozabadi F., Sharafi R. 2011. (a). Effect of Priming by gibberllin and abcsisic acid on emergence and some seedling physiological characters of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under dry and irrigated conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 42(4): 789-797. )in Persian with English abstract(.

30- Eisvand H.R., Shahrosvand S., Zahedi B., Heidari S., and Afroughe SH. 2011. (b). 'Effects of hydro‐priming and hormonal priming by gibberellin and salicylic acid on seed and seedling quality of carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus)'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. 1 (4), 233‐239.

31- FAO. 2013. FAO Year Book. FAO Publication, (http://faostat.fao.org/site/).

32- GHassemi-Golezani K., Farshbaf-Jafari S., and SHafagh-Kolvanagh J. 2011. Seed Priming and Field Performance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Response to Water Limitation. (Available online at www.notulaebotanicae.ro). Notulae Botanicae Horticulture Agro-botanici Cluj-Napoca. 39(2):186-189.

33- GHassemi-Golezani K., Jabbarpour-Bonyadi Z., Shafagh-Kolvanagh J. Nikpour-Rashidabad N. 2013. Effects of Water Stress and hydro-priming duration on field performance of lentil. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2(21):922-925.

34- Ghollarata M. 2005. The impact of mycorrhizal inoculation on berseem clover yield and nutrient uptake with different soil salinity and phosphorus levels. MSc. Thesis. Shahrekord univ. Iran.

35- Harrier L.A., and Watson C.A. 2004. The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in and/or other sustainable farming systems. Pest Management Science. 60 (2):149-157.

36- Harris D. B.S.R., aghuwanshi G.S., Gangwar S.C., Singh K.D., Joshi A., Rashid H., and Hollington P.A. 2001. participatory evaluation by farmers of on farm seed priming in wheat in india Nepal and Pakistan .Experimental Agriculture, 37:403-415.

37- Iqbal M., and Ashraf M. 2006. Wheat seed priming in relation to salt tolerance, growth, yield and level of free salicylic acid and polyamines. Annals of Botany. 43(4): 250-259.

38- Kaur S., Gupta A.K., and Kaur N. 2005. Seed priming Increases Crop yield possibly by Modulating enzymes of Sucrose metabolism in chickpea. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 191: 81-87.

39- Khoshkhouy M., Sheibani B., and Roohani Tafazzoli A. 1999. Gardening Principles (Principles of Garden Supplies). Shiraz University Press. 566 pages. (in Persian).

40- Kormanik P.P., and McGraw A.C. 1982. Quantification of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae in plant roots. In: Schenck NC (ed)Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, pp 37–45

41- Kurle J.E., and Pfleger E.I. 2005. Arbuscular- mycorrhizal fungus spore population responded to conversions between low-input and conventional management practices in a corn-soybean rotation. Agronomy Journal. 56 (3): 467-476.

42- McDonald M.B. 2000, Seed priming, Black, M., Bewley J.D., (Eds.), Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, 287–325.

43- Mohammadi M., Moghadam H., Majnon Hossini N., Ahmadi A., and Khavazi K. 2011. the effect of phosphorus bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of two cultivar of lentil in different irrigation. 42 (4): 845-855. )in Persian with English abstract(.

44- Mosse B. 1986. Mycorrhiza in a sustainable agriculture. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 3: 191-209.

45- Page A.L. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. 1159 pp.

46- Parera C.A., and Cantliffe D.J. 1994. Pre-sowing seed priming. Hort Rev 16:109-139.

47- Parsa M. and Bagheri A. 2008. Pulses. Jihad-e Daneshgahi Mashhad Publisher. (in Persian).

48- Patade V.Y., Bhargava S. and Suprasanna P. 2009. Halopriming imparts tolerance to salt and PEG induced drought stress in sugarcane. Agriculture Ecosystem Environmental. 134:24–28.

49- Poshtvareh R., Mirshekari B., and Mohammadi S. 2011. Sustainable Production of Corn (Zea mays) by Seed Inoculation with Mycorrhiza Strains. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 10 (2): 164-167.

50- Sadeghian S.Y., and Yavari N. 2004. Effect of warer-deficit stress on germination and early seedling growth in sugar beet. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 190: 138-144.

51- Sannazzaro A.I., Ruiz O.A., Alberto E.O., and Menendez A.B. 2006. Alleviation of salt stress in lotus glaber byGlomus intradices.Plant Soil. 285:279-287.

52- Senaratna T., Touchell D., Bunn E., and Dixon K. 2000. Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulate. 30: 157-161.

53- Subramanian K.S., and Charest C. 1997. Nutritional, growth, and reproductive responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation during and after drought stress at tasselling. Mycorrhiza. 7 (1): 25-32.

54- Varma A., and Hock B. 1999. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Springer microbiology book, Berlin. ISBN: 3-540-63981-0.

55- Watson C.A., and Harrier L. A. 2003. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable cropping system. Advance Aagronomy. 79: 185-225.

56- Zaidi A., Khan M.S., and Amil M. 2003. Interactive effects of Rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 19: 15-21.

57- Zaidi A., and Khan M.S. 2006. Co-inoculation Effects of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms and Glomus fasciculatum on Green Gram-Bradyrhizobium Symbiosis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 30: 223-230.

58- Zaki R.N., and Radwan T.E. 2011. Improving wheat grain yield and its quality under salinity conditions at a newly reclaimed soil by using different organic sources as soil or foliar applications. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 7: 42-55.