بررسی اثرات مدیریت ارتفاع غرقاب در زراعت برنج بر عملکرد و شاخص‌های کیفی

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حمید رضا سالمی ¹
• علیرضا توکلی ²

¹ سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان

² سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v30i6.25839

چکیده

به‌ منظور تعیین‌ اثرات‌ تغییر ارتفاع غرقاب بر عملکرد، اجزای‌ عملکرد و شاخص‌های‌ کیفی‌ برنج، آزمایشی‌ در دو سال‌ زراعی‌ و در ایستگاه‌ تحقیقات‌ شهید فزوه‌ اصفهان‌ اجرا شد. آزمایش‌ به‌ صورت‌ طرح‌ آماری‌ کرت‌های‌ خرد شده‌ در قالب ‌بلوک‌ کامل‌ تصادفی‌ در سه‌ تکرار اجرا گردید. سه‌ تیمار میزان‌ ارتفاع غرقاب شامل‌ غرقاب‌ دائم‌ با عمق‌ 5/3 سانتی‌متر در تمام‌ دوره‌ فصل‌ رشد (I1)، غرقاب‌ دائم‌ با عمق‌ 2/2 سانتی‌متر در تمام‌ دوره‌ فصل‌ رشد (I2) و تیمار کنترل‌ ارتفاع غرقاب بین‌ 1-0 سانتی‌متر (I3) در کرت‌های‌ اصلی‌ و هشت‌ رقم‌ و لاین پیشرفته برنج‌ (گرده‌ محلی‌، زاینده‌رود، سازندگی‌، حسنی‌ شمال‌، 97-67، 113-67، 47-67 و 72-67) در کرت‌های‌ فرعی‌ قرار گرفتند. در طول دوره‌ رشد و در پایان‌ فصل‌ رشد، صفات‌ عملکرد دانه‌، اجزای‌ عملکرد و خصوصیات‌ کیفی‌ شامل‌ میزان آمیلوز، دمای ژلاتینی‌ شدن‌ و ثبات و قوام‌ ژل در تیمارهای‌ مختلف‌ اندازه‌گیری‌ شد. نتایج‌ نشان‌ داد که‌ تأثیر میزان‌های‌ مختلف‌آب‌ مصرفی‌ ناشی از ارتفاع غرقاب بر درصد پوکی‌، ارتفاع‌ بوته‌، طول‌ خوشه‌، طول‌ ریشه‌، وزن‌ خشک‌ ریشه‌، ثبات و قوام‌ ژل، دمای ژلاتینی‌ شدن‌ و بهره‌وری آب معنی‌دار (01/0 P) است اما بر بقیه‌‌ی شاخص‌ها معنی‌دار نگردید. همچنین‌ ارقام‌ و لاین‌های مورد بررسی،‌ تفاوت‌ معنی‌داری‌ (01/0 P) از نظر دمای ژلاتینی‌ شدن‌، ثبات و قوام ‌ژل‌، تعداد روز تا 50 درصد رسیدگی‌، طول‌ ریشه‌، وزن‌ خشک‌ ریشه‌، ارتفاع‌ بوته‌، طول‌ خوشه‌، وزن‌ هزار دانه‌، درصد پوکی‌، عملکرد دانه‌، تعداد پنجه‌، عرض‌ و طول‌ دانه‌ شلتوک‌، تعداد دانه‌ در خوشه‌ و بهره‌وری آب داشتند. ارقام‌ از نظر دو شاخص‌ تعداد روز تا رسیدگی‌ کامل‌ و میزان آمیلوز دارای‌ تفاوت‌ معنی‌داری‌ در سطح‌ پنج‌ درصد (05/0 P) بودند. میانگین‌ مقادیر بهره‌وری آب در تیمار I3 حداکثر و برابر 77/0 کیلوگرم‌ بر متر مکعب به دست‌ آمد. همچنین‌ رقم‌ زاینده‌رود دارای‌ بالاترین‌ مقدار بهره‌وری آب بود. بعد از این‌ رقم‌، ارقام‌ 113-67 و سازندگی‌ بیش ترین‌ مقدار بهره‌وری آب را دارا بودند. با توجه‌ به‌ اهمیت‌ بهینه‌‌‌سازی‌ آب‌ مصرفی‌ به عنوان‌ دیدگاه ‌اصلی‌ در روش‌های‌ اعمال‌ غرقاب در زراعت برنج، در نواحی‌ مرکزی‌ کشور، تیمار I3 پیشنهاد می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آب‌ مصرفی‌
• اصفهان
• تنش‌ آبی‌
• خصوصیات‌ کیفی

20.1001.1.20084757.1395.30.6.18.8

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of Flooding Water Depth Management on Yield and Quality Indices of Rice Production

نویسندگان [English]

• Hamid Reza Salemi ¹
• Ali Reza Tavakoli ²

¹ Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Esfahan.

² Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Water crisis as a majorlimitation factor for agriculture, like other arid and semiarid regions exists in Isfahan province which is located in the central part of the Zayandehrud River Basin (ZRB). Rice appears to be the far-most profitable crop but at the same time it has a major impact on basin scale water resources, especially affecting downstream farmers. In the study area (ShahidFozveh Research Station), the water resources for agricultural production face heightened competition from other sectors like industry and domestic use. This necessitates considering different crops, altered agricultural systems and innovative methods that can reduce the water requirements for the irrigation of rice. The Alternative Wetting and Drying (AWD) seems to be an effective method reducing water use for rice crops and possibly save the water for downstream users. There have been no qualitative evaluations of rice production under deficit irrigation practices in Isfahan area. This study sought to determine, under study area conditions, the quantities of water irrigation used with AWD practices, the resulting water productivity (WP) and the effects of alternative irrigation management on yield, quality indices and rice production performance.
Materials and Methods: The ZRB (41,500 km2) is a closed basin with no outlet to the sea. The research was conducted in the Qahderijan region of Isfahan province, which is located in the central part of the ZRB. The ShahidFozveh Agricultural Research Station (32°, 36’ N, 51°, 36’ E) is located at the altitude of 1612 m above the sea level. In order to improve WP and illustration of the impact of various levels of flooding depth on grain yield and quality indices at rice production, a field experiment (3000 m2) was conducted at ShahidFozveh Research Station for 2 years arranged in a split plot design with three replications. It will be necessary to use different scenario of water flooding depth management to achieve the highest irrigation application efficiency and WP. The treatments included: three levels of irrigation managements I1: permanentflooding under 3.5 cm water during growth period, I2: permanent flooding under2.2cm water during growth period and I3: 0-1.5cm. (AWD) were considered as main plots and eight advanced rice cultivars (Geredehmahali, Zayandeh-rud, Sazandegi , Hasani, 67-97, 67-113, 67-47 and 67-72) as sub plots. The treatments were compared based on grain yield and quality indices for irrigation management and rice varieties including: amylose content (AC), Gelatinization temperature (GT) and gel consistency (GC). Production (grain yield), quality indices, the consumption water, WP and cultivars reactions to different irrigation management were evaluated in different treatments. The soil of the experimental area, according to USDA Soil Taxonomy 1994 is of FINE CLAYEY. At the soil depth of 1m, soil salinity (6.2 dS.m-1), water salinity (3.9 dS.m-1), and soil moisture at saturated capacity (48 Vol. %) at the field site were measured or experimentally obtained in the Isfahan Soil and Water Laboratory. The results were subjected to an ANOVA to analyze the effects of the treatments and their interactions using PROC GLM (SAS 9.1, SAS institute Ltd., USA). Duncan’s multiple range tests at 0.05 probability level was used for paired mean comparison.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that water flooding depth treatments had significant effect on gel consistency, geletination degree and WP (P0.01). Significant differences (P0.01) were noticed in Gelenation degree, gel consistency, grain yield, WP among the cultivars. Also cultivars have significant effect (P0.05) on amylose contents. The highest magnitude of WP was calculated 0.91kg.m-3for (I3) followed by Zayandehrud, 67-113 and Sazandegi with 0.86 and 0.85, respectively. Maximum WP obtained from AWD irrigation management and Zayandehrud rice variety, its amount was 9.1kg.mm-1. At this treatment with 33.4 percent reduction of irrigation water, have resulted only 11.1 percent decreased of paddy grain yield. Results showed that it is not necessary to maintain the rice field submerged in whole growth period. Considering the importance of water flooding depth optimization as the main scope in arid and semi-arid lands of Iran, (I3) is recommended.
Conclusion: During the two years of conduction of an experiment in ZRB with clay texture and mild saline water with the three (3) irrigation treatments imposed on the rice crop. The highest WP was achieved for (I3) followed by Zayandehrud, 67-113 and Sazandegi, respectively. It was found that the AWD irrigation management, despite its lower yield than other irrigation treatments, increased water productivity. Thus, this treatment is desirable therefore highly recommended for agricultural rice production in arid region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Isfahan
• Quality indices
• Water consumption
• Water stress

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