دوماه نامه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

تبریز

چکیده

پتاسیم یکی از عناصر غذایی اصلی ضروری برای گیاهان است که نقش حیاتی در فرایند‌های گیاه دارد. این عنصر غالب‌ترین کاتیون جذبی به وسیله گیاهان می‌باشد و در رشد و توسعه و متابولیسم گیاه نقش اساسی دارد. پتاسیم در خاک به اشکال قابل استفاده، غیرتبادلی و در ساختار کانی‌ها وجود دارد. پتاسیمی که در ساختار کانی‌ها حضور دارد بیش از 90 تا 95 درصد پتاسیم خاک را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد. این شکل پتاسیم (پتاسیم موجود در کانیها) برای گیاهان به این سادگی قابل استفاده نمی‌باشد، بلکه گیاهان قادرند پتاسیم را تنها از فاز محلول خاک جذب و مورد استفاده قرار دهند. برخی از ریزجانداران خاک قادرند با سازوکارهایی، پتاسیم تثبیت شده و غیرتبادلی خاک را به فرم قابل استفاده تبدیل کنند و فراهمی پتاسیم را برای گیاه افزایش دهند. استفاده از باکتریهای محرک رشد به ویژه باکتریهای آزادکننده پتاسیم به عنوان کود زیستی یک شیوه امیدبخش در بهبود تغذیه پتاسیمی گیاهان و تولید آنها بوده و شیوه همسو با کشاورزی پایدار می‌باشد. بر این اساس آزمایش بر روی جداسازی و شناسایی این قبیل از باکتریها و بررسی کارایی آنها در تحقیقات اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش توانایی پنج جدایه میکروبی Pseudomonas spp. از باکتری‌های آزادکننده پتاسیم شاملS6-6 ، S10-3، S14-3، S19-1 و S21-1 بر بهبود رشد و افزایش جذب پتاسیم توسط گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی در دو خاک با پتاسیم قابل استفاده کمتر از mg/kg 200 و خاک با پتاسیم قابل استفاده بیشتر از mg/kg 400 در حضور ریزجانداران بومی خاک بررسی شد. در این تحقیق دو خاک مختلف با میزان پتاسیم قابل استفاده کمتر از 200 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم (خاک خلعت‌پوشان) و بیش از 400 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم (خاک کندوان) مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. همه جدایه‌های باکتریایی مورد استفاده در این پژوهش (S6-6، S10-3، S14-3، S19-1 و S21-1) متعلق به جنس سودوموناس بودند و توانایی آنها به عنوان باکتریهای آزادکننده پتاسیم مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. جهت استفاده باکتریها به عنوان زادمایه باکتریایی، ابتدا کشت تازه‌ای از آنها در محیط نوترینت براث تهیه شد و برای تلقیح کشت گیاه مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. برای تلقیح هر گلدان از 10 میلی‌لیتر زادمایه باکتریایی استفاده شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در دو خاک با مشخصات فوق با حضور 5 جدایه باکتری و یک تیمار شاهد (بدون تلقیح میکروبی) با در نظر گرفتن سه تکرار به انجام رسید. بذرهای گوجه‌فرنگی با زادمایه باکتریایی آغشته شد و کشت در خاک غیراستریل در حضور ریزجانداران بومی خاک انجام پذیرفت. آزمایش تا ابتدای فاز زایشی پیش رفت و پارامترهای رشدی و تغذیه‌ای گیاه (نظیر شاخص کلروفیل، وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی و ریشه، مقادیر عناصر فسفر و پتاسیم) اندازه‌گیری شد. آنالیز داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار SPSS صورت پذیرفت و مقایسات میانگین به روش دانکن انجام شد. نتایج در خاک با پتاسیم قابل استفاده کمتر از mg/kg 200 نشان داد که شاخص کلروفیل، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه،جذب پتاسیم و فسفر در اندام هوایی و ریشه متأثر از جدایه‌های باکتریایی بوده است. مقایسه میانگین نشان داد جدایه S21-1 بیشترین شاخص کلروفیل، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، جذب پتاسیم و فسفر اندام هوایی را داشت که به ترتیب باعث افزایش 7/23، 12، 20/22 و 41 درصد نسبت به شاهد شد. جدایه S14-3 بیشترین وزن خشک ریشه، جذب پتاسیم و فسفر ریشه را داشت و به ترتیب باعث افزایش 6/36، 88/24 و 7/32 درصد نسبت به شاهد شد. اثرات باکتری بر ویژگی‌های اندازه‌گیری شده در خاک با پتاسیم قابل استفاده بیشتر از mg/kg 400 معنی‌دار نشد. اما مقایسه میانگین نشان داد بیشترین مقدار شاخص کلروفیل متعلق به جدایه S21-1 بود که نسبت به شاهد 11/14 درصد افزایش نشان داد و دو جدایه S14-3 و S21-1 بیشترین جذب پتاسیم و فسفر اندام هوایی را داشتند که به طور متوسط نسبت به شاهد 7 درصد افزایش نشان دادند، هر چند این اختلافات معنی‌دار نبود. در این آزمایشات، جدایه‌های S21-1 و S14-3 نسبت به سایر جدایه‌ها برتر شناخته شدند. این آزمایش مشخص ساخت که اثربخشی باکتریهای آزادکننده پتاسیم متاثر از پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک می‌باشد و هر چه میزان پتاسیم قابل استفاده در خاک کمتر باشد می‎‌توان انتظار داشت که اثربخشی این باکتریها افزایش یابد. تحقیقات در زمینه جداسازی باکتریهای آزادکننده پتاسیم بایستی ادامه داشته باشد و بایستی جدایه‌های باکتری در شرایط مختلف محیطی و در خاک‌های متفاوت مورد آزمایش قرار گیرند، تا با آزمایشاتی از این دست بتوان سویه‌های کارآمد را برای استفاده در عرضه کشاورزی معرفی نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Potassium Releasing Pseudomonads on Growth and K Uptake of Tomato in Two Soils with Different Amount of Available K

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Deilamirad
  • Mohammad Reza Sarikhani
  • Sh. Oustan

University of Tabriz

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Potassium is a major and essential plant macronutrient and the most abundant absorbed cation in higher plants. Potassium (K) plays an important role in the growth, metabolism, and development of plants. There are three forms of potassium found in the soil viz., soil minerals, nonexchangeable and available form. Soil minerals make up more than 90 to 98 percent of soil potassium. It is tightly bound and most of it is unavailable for plant uptake. Plants can uptake potassium only from the soil solution. Many indigenous soil microorganisms have the potential to absorb and mobilize the fixed form of nutrients from trace mineral sources. The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria including potassium-solubilizing bacteria as a biofertilizer could work as a sustainable solution to improve plant nutrient uptake and production. In this study the effect of five isolates of Pseudomonas were assessed on the growth and K uptake of tomato in two different soils with less than 200 mg/kg and more than 400 mg/kg available potassium.
Materials and Methods In this study, two different soil, Khalat pushan (K 400 mg/kg) were used. All the isolates including S6-6, S10-3, S14-3, S19-1 and S21-1 used in this study belonged to Pseudomonas genus and their potential were examined as a potassium releasing bacteria (KRB). Bacterial isolates were cultured in NB medium and were used in pot experiments. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in two different soils by application of five bacterial isolates and the control without inoculum. Tomato seeds were inoculated with bacterial isolates in non-sterile soil and in the presence of indigenous soil microflora and the experiment continued until the beginning of the reproductive phase. The rate of inoculation was 10 ml of bacteria per pot. Growth and nutritional parameters such as dry weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll index, content of K and P in plant tissue were measured. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, and the means were compared at α꞊5% by Duncan test.
Results and Discussion: The results of statistical analysis in the soil with less than 200 mg/kg available potassium (Khalatpoushan) showed the significant effect of bacterial inoculation on chlorophyll index, shoot and root dry weight and potassium and phosphorus content in shoot and root in bacterial treatments compared to the control. The highest amount of chlorophyll index, shoot dry weight and shoot absorption of potassium and phosphorus was accounted for S21-1. The highest amount of root dry weight and root absorption of potassium and phosphorus was accounted for S14-3.The results of second experiment in soil with more than 400 mg/kg available potassium (soil collected from Kandovan) showed that the measured properties were not affected by bacterial treatments. The highest amount of chlorophyll index was achieved by S14-3. The highest uptake of shoot potassium and phosphorus were recorded in plants which were inoculated by S14-3 and S21-1; however, the differences were not significant. While in this study we did not measure released K by bacteria in in-vitro condition but in the previous studies, their ability in K releasing from mica minerals such as muscovite and biotite had been measured and reported. Production of organic acid is one mechanism which proposed to explain potassium releasing ability of potassium releasing bacteria. It seems that this mechanism has the role in P solubilization, K releasing and solubilizing other nutients by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR).
Conclusions: These results suggested that plant growth stimulating efficiency of bacterial inoculants affected by soil nutritional condition. The bacterial inoculation had a much better stimulatory effect on plant growth in soils with low available potassium. In this experiment, two isolates, S21-1 and S14-3 were better than the other isolates. Study in this area should be done especially in isolation and identification of potassium releasing bacteria from different soil samples. In the next step, these isolates should be tested in different soils under different climate conditions of the country, to choose robust and efficient isolate and intorduce them as KSB biofertilizer in counntry. It was the first report in Iran to test Pseudomonas isolates as KSB, while in the previous studies other genera especially bacteria belonged to Bacillus was reported in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Potassium
  • Potassium releasing bacteria
  • Pseudomonas spp
  • Tomato
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