نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
چکیده
سال های اخیر آلودگی ناشی از ریزگردها یکی از معضلات زیست محیطی در قسمت‌های غربی کشور و به ویژه استان خوزستان بوده است. مطالعات بسیار اندکی در زمینه بررسی خصوصیات ذرات گرد و غبار در این مناطق انجام شده است. هدف این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر وقوع طوفان های گرد و غبار بر نرخ ترسیب، کانی شناسی و الگوی توزیع اندازه ذرات ذرات گردوغبار با استفاده از تله های شیشه ای در 12 نقطه اطراف تالاب هورالعظیم به صورت ماهانه و در طول یک دوره شش ماه از مرداد تا بهمن ماه 1390 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین نرخ ترسیب ذرات گرد و غبار در دوره های با وقوع گرد و غبار (5/12 گرم بر متر مربع در ماه) خیلی بیشتر از دوره های بدون وقوع گرد و غبار (5/7 گرم بر مترمربع در ماه) است. مطالعات کانی شناسی نیز حاکی از حضور کانی های کوارتز، کلسیت، فلدسپار، هالیت، دولومیت و پالیگورسکیت می باشد. الگوی توزیع اندازه ذرات گرد و غبار ترسیبی در منطقه مورد مطالعه نشان داد که در هر دو شرایط وقوع و عدم وقوع پدیده گرد و غبار توزیع اندازه ذرات گرد و غبار دو قله ای بوده و ذرات ترسیب یافته عمدتاً در اندازه سیلت می باشند. به علاوه، تشابه در الگوی توزیع اندازه ذرات گرد و غبار و الگوی توزیع اندازه ذرات در برخی خاک های محلی حاکی از این است که بخشی از ذرات ترسیب یافته دارای منشأ محلی است. در مقابل در دوره های با وقوع پدیده گردوغبار سهم منابع خارجی مانند مناطق بیابانی در کشور عراق در تولید ذرات گردوغبار افزایش می یابد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Deposition Rate, Mineralogy and Size Distribution Pattern of Dust Particles Collected Around the Houralazim Marshland, Khuzestan Province
نویسندگان [English]
- R. Beitlefteh
- A. Landi
- S. Hojati
- Gh. Sayyad
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
چکیده [English]
Introduction: Recently, air pollution due to the occurrence of dust storms is one of the worst environmental problems in Western and Southwestern Iran, especially the Khuzestan Province (12, 13). According to the reports of the Meteorological Organization of Iran the average number of dusty days in the cities of Ahvaz and Abadan in the Khuzestan Province reaches 68 and 76 days each year, respectively (6). Previous studies have shown that the yearly damage costs of wind erosion and occurrence of dust storms in the Khuzestan Province reach about 30 Billion Rials (5). However, very few studies have been conducted on the characterization of dust particles and also the identification of their origins in Iran, especially the Khuzestan Province. Hojati et al. (10) reported that dust deposition rate, mean particle diameter, and concentration of soluble ions in samples taken from Isfahan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province decrease with altitude, with a significantly lower gradient in periods with dust storms. They reported three factors that control the rate and characteristics of dust deposited across the study transect: 1) climatic conditions at the deposition sites, 2) distance from the dust source, and 3) differences between local and transboundary sources of dust.Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of dust storms on deposition rate, mineralogy and size distribution patterns of dust particles from twelve localities around the Houralazim lagoon.
Materials and Methods: Dust samples were collected monthly during a 6 month experiment from August 2011 to February 2012. In order to differentiate between the contribution of dust production by local soils and other sources, surface soils were also sampled from the vicinity of the dust sampling sites. The collection trays were made of a glass surface (100 × 100 cm) covered with a 2 mm-sized PVC mesh on the top to form a rough area for trapping the saltating particles (Fig. 2). Dust samples were collected by scraping materials adhered to the glass trays using a spatula. All the trays were wet cleaned before the next collection. The collected dust and soil samples were examined for their grain size distribution using a Malvern Hydro 2000g laser particle size analyzer, as well as their mineral compositions by a Philips PW1840 X-ray diffractometer and a LEO 906 E transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Results and Discussion: The results showed that wind speed and direction patterns during the periods with dust storms and those without dust storms were different. Accordingly, in periods with dust storms (3, 5 and 6) the contribution of winds with speeds greater than 11.1 m/sec, especially from the Northwest direction, increased when compared with those from the periods without dust storms (1, 2 and 4). Besides, the direction of prevailing winds in periods without dust storms were mainly from the West and the Northwest. However, in periods with dust storms East-directed winds were also observed (Fig. 3). These show that the source areas of dust particles in these periods are probably different. The results also illustrated that the average amount of deposited particles in the periods with dust storms (12.5 g m-2 month-1) was considerably more than that of the periods without dust storms (7.5 g m-2 month-1) (Figs. 4 and 5). The difference in dust deposition rate between periods having dust storms and those without dust storms seems to be due to dust input from a source outside the study area. Particle size distribution analysis showed that dust particles collected from the study area in both periods (with and without dust storms) are mainly silt-sized particles. This fraction contributes to 60 to 76 % of the particles collected from periods without dust storms and 66 to 82 % of particles affected by dust storms (Table 2). The results also imply that in both periods (with and without dust storms), dust particles collected from the study area had a bimodal distribution pattern which suggests mixing of settled particles from different sources and/or deposition processes (Fig. 6). Mineralogical composition of dust particles were collected from both periods (with and without dust storms) and those from the soils contained quartz, calcite, feldspar, halite, dolomite and palygorskite (Figs. 7 and 8). Moreover, the TEM images of dust particles collected in periods with dust storms showed higher amounts of palygorskite than in periods without dust storms (Fig. 9).
Conclusion: The similarity in the physical properties of local soils and deposited particles of the periods with and without dust storms implies that the contribution of local soils and sediments in producing dust particles is high. However, it seems that in periods with dust storms the contribution of a transboundary origin such as Iraqi arid lands in producing dust particles increases.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Dust
- Deposition Rate
- Houralazim
- Khuzestan
- Mineralogy
- Particle size
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