Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Urmia University
2 Birjand University
3 Shahre kord University
4 Shahid Chamran University
Abstract
Introduction: Climate change in the current era is a very important environmental challenge. Our understanding of the impacts of human activities on the environment, especially those related to global warming caused by increased greenhouse gases indicates that, most probably, a number of hydro-climatic parameters are changing. Based on the scientific reports, the average temperature of the earth has increased about 0.6 degrees centigrade over the 20th century and it is expected that the amount of evaporation continues to rise. In this case, the atmosphere would be able to transport larger amounts of water vapor, influencing the amount of atmospheric precipitations (21). Low precipitation and its severe fluctuations in the daily, seasonal and annual time scales are the intrinsic characteristics of Iran’s climates. Based on the research background, it seems that no comprehensive study has been conducted on concentration of winter precipitation in Iran. The aim of this study is to calculate the concentration and Trend of precipitation of Iranian border stations over the last half-century.
Materials and Methods: Iran with an area of over16480000 square kilometers is situated in the northern hemisphere and southwest of Asia. Almost all parts of Iran have four seasons. In general, a year can be divided into two warm and cold seasons. In this study, 18 stations were selected among more than 200 synoptic stations existing in the country, for investigating the concentration and precipitation trend.
PCI Index The PCI index has been proposed as an index of precipitation concentration. The seasonal scales of this index are calculated as equation 1(18):
(1)
Where Pi is the amount of monthly precipitation in the ith month. Based on the proposed formula, the minimum value of theoretical PCI is 8.3, indicating absolute uniformity in the precipitation concentration (i.e. the same amount of precipitation occurs every month).
Trend analysis The aim of process test is to specify whether an ascending or a descending trend exists in data series. Since parametric tests have some assumptions including normality, stability, and independence of variables, where most of these assumptions do not apply to hydrologic variables, the nonparametric methods are more preferred in meteorological and hydrological studies.
Results and Discussion: The PCI index was calculated using the monthly precipitation of the selected stations at seasonal and winter time scales over a 50-year period. This period was then divided into two 25-year sub-periods for the investigation of changes in average values of PCI (7). In the first 25-year span, the irregular precipitation distribution has been observed in the Bandarabbas station and its surroundings in winter season. In none of the studied stations, highly irregular precipitation occurred. The highest share of PCI was relatedto the precipitation average distribution class, and the northern, northwestern, and northeastern parts of the country have a uniform precipitation distribution. In winter, within the first 25-year period, the country had ideal conditions in terms of precipitation and its concentration in the mentioned regions. Within the second 25-year period, the intensity of irregular precipitation concentration decreased, as the regions that had confronted strong precipitation irregularities wereadded to regions with uniform concentration. At the seasonal scale and in winter, the country’s share of uniform distribution diminished in the second 25 years, and overall most parts of Iran have been covered by average precipitation distribution. The uniform precipitation distribution in recent years (second 25 years) has decreased in winter in such a way that no uniform distribution has been observed in the northeast of the country and uniform distribution belongedto the Caspian sea border strip, southern regions of west and east Azerbaijan stations (Urmia, Khoy and Tabriz stations) along with Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Zanjan stations.
Trend analysis of the PCI In winter the Abadan, Ahwaz, Bandarabbas, Birjand, Kermanshah, Sanandaj, Urmia and Zahedan stations experienced an insignificant decreasing trend in PCI. At other stations, an insignificant increasing trend was observed in the PCI series. Overall, 9 out of 18 considered stations, witnessed increasing PCI trend implying increased irregularities in winter precipitation.
The results of Mann-Kendall trend test for precipitation Based on the results it can be observed that in winter Ahwaz, Gorgan, Khoramabad, Kermanshah, Ramsar, Rasht and Sanandaj experienced an insignificant decreasing trend in precipitation. In Khoy, Sanandaj, Tabriz, Urmia, Zahedan, and Zanjan stations, the decreasing precipitation trend in winter was significant. Overall, 12 out of 18 studied stations have been afflicted with a decreasing precipitation trend in winter.
Conclusion: Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) is an index for determining the precipitation variations in a certain region and PCI analysis can reveal the accessibility to water in an environment. In this study, the PCI was used to analyze the precipitation concentration at two annual and seasonal time scales throughout the Iran (from 1961 to 2010). The PCI zoning results at the seasonal scale demonstrated that precipitation concentration had the same trend within the two 25-year sub-periods. These results also revealed a high PCI in provinces with low precipitation such as Zahedan. These stations, according to Oliver (18) classification, have irregular and sporadic precipitation duringwinter. Overall, the PCI analysis at the seasonal scale indicated that the regions covered by polar-continental, Europe-originated polar-continental and North Atlantic ocean-originated polar-continental have the best precipitation concentration throughout the country. The results of this index provided valuable information for water resources managers in regions with low-precipitation, consistent with research by Gozzini et al (7). The results of modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test for PCI in Iran revealed a decreasing trend over the last 50 years. Based on the obtained results in winter, the Khoy, Sanandaj, Tabriz, Urmia, Zahedan, and Zanjan stations experienced a significant decreasing trend. The existence of an increasing trend in PCI albeit insignificant reveals changes in Iran's winter precipitations confirmed by Mann-Kendall test for precipitations in 18 studied stations. Overall, it can be concluded that the decreasing trend in Iran's winter precipitation has resulted in increasing PCI and thereby increased irregularities in winter precipitations, especially in winter season.
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