بررسی وضعیت آلودگی به عناصر کروم، نیکل و کبالت در خاک‌های متاثر از سازندهای افیولیتی در منطقه نی‌ریز استان فارس

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• آناهید سلمان پور ¹
• محمد حسن صالحی ²
• جهانگرد محمدی ¹

¹ دانشگاه شهرکرد

² شهر کرد

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v31i3.52881

چکیده

سازندهای افیولیتی دارای مقدار زیادعناصر سنگین مانند کروم و نیکل می‌باشند. با این حال، مطالعات در مورد بررسی وضعیت آلودگی خاک‌های تشکیل شده بر روی این سازندها مورد توجه کافی قرار نگرفته است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت آلودگی خاک‌های تشکیل شده بر روی این سازندها از نظر مقدار کروم، نیکل و کبالت در منطقه نی‌ریز انجام شد. بر اساس مطالعات خاک‌شناسی، در سه واحد اراضی شامل تپه، مخروط‌افکنه و پلایا، 7 خاکرخ حفر گردید. نمونه‌های خاک از افق‌هاو نمونه‌های سنگ از سازند افیولیتی تهیه شد. ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک‌ها و مقدار کل عناصر کروم، کبالت و نیکل در خاک و سنگ، تعیین گردیدند. نتایج نشان داد غلظت کروم در خاک‌ها (میانگین 2200 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) 10 تا 40 برابر حد آستانه استاندارد ایران و اروپا (به ترتیب 100 و 150 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم)، غلظت نیکل (میانگین 300 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) 10 برابرحد آستانه استاندارد ایران و اروپا (به ترتیب 50 و 75 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) و مقدار کبالت (میانگین 19 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) زیر حد آستانه (40 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) بود. مقادیر این عناصر در خاک‌های افیولیت‌ها بیشترین و در خاک‌های مخروط‌افکنه کمترین بود. مقدار شاخص‌ زمین‌انباشتگی برای سه عنصر در خاک‌های افیولیتی حداکثر و مخروط‌افکنه (حدود 7/7) و در حاشیه پلایا (9/3 تا 2/6) کاهش چشم‌گیر داشت. مقدار فاکتور غنی‌شدگی برای نیکل نیز در تپه‌های افیولیتی (میانگین 6/0) به سمت مخروط‌افکنه (میانگین 7/0) تقریبا ثابت و در پلایا (میانگین 1/0) کاهش و برای دو عنصر دیگر از افیولیت‌ها (به ترتیب 9/0 و 6/0 برای کروم و کبالت) به سمت مخروط‌افکنه ( 5/0 برای هر دو عنصر) و پلایا (به ترتیب، 3/0 و 1/0 برای کروم و کبالت) کاهش نشان داد. مقادیر شاخص زمین‌انباشتگی در خاک‌ها، وجود آلودگی را تأیید کرد و مقادیر فاکتور غنی‌شدگی نیز بیانگر این بود که منشاء عناصر در خاک از منشاء مواد مادری و از توده افیولیتی منطقه است. مطالعات آتی در زمینه امکان انتقال این عناصر به آب زیرزمینی و باغ‌های میوه موجود در مخروط افکنه قلعه‌بهمن ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• شاخص زمین انباشتگی
• فاکتور غنی شدگی
• لندفرم

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Soils Pollution to Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt as Affected by Ophiolitic Formations in Neyriz Region, Fars Province

نویسندگان [English]

• Anahid Salmanpour ¹
• Mohammad hasan Salehi ²
• jahangard mohammadi ¹

¹ Shahrekord University

²

چکیده [English]

Introduction: The heavy metal concentration in agricultural lands, due to the toxicity, persistence and their accumulation in the environment has become a major concern. Ophiolitic formations extend in southern part of central Iran and parallel to folds of the Zagros Mountains, is located in the north of Neyriz town and in the west of Bakhtegan Lake. Rock weathering of these complexes forms sediments and soils with a large amount of Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Mg and Fe. Laboratory analysis of Neyriz ophiolitic rocks indicates that they are a source of heavy metals as well, and may cause problems for the environment. However, there is no investigation in Neyriz area regarding contamination of the soils. The present study was conducted to assess soils pollution in Ghal-e Bahman area, 20 km from Neyriz which derived from ophiolitic formations of this area.
Materials and Methods: The study area located in the Ghal-e Bahman region, eastern part of Bakhtegan Lake. The soils of this region are affected from Neyriz ophiolite. In this region, three physiographic units including a hill, an alluvial fan and a lowland (playa) were separated. In each unit, some pedons were dug and classified according to American Soil Taxonomy. Soil samples were obtained from each genetic horizon and rock samples were also taken from ophiolitic formation. Then, chemical and physical properties were determined. Heavy metals were also extracted by nitric acid and amount of Cr, Ni, Co and Fe were calculated. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation indices (Igeo) were also calculated and soils were classified according to their pollution level.
Results and Discussion: In general, soils on different landforms had different horizon properties and different classification. They are varied from a shallow, thin layer on hills to relative deep layer on lowland. These soils were classified in three different subgroups according to American Soil Taxonomy. Soils on ophiolitic hills classified as Lithic Torriothents because of a thin surface layer on a weathered bedrock. Soils developed on alluvial fan landform, with several alluvial subsurface horizons with different rock fragments percentage and size, was classified as Typic Torrifluvents; and the soils on lowland (Bakhtegan playa (was Gypsic Aquisalids because of salt and gypsum concentration in all layers and had redox color (chroma of less than 2) affected by high level of groundwater in the soil surface and subsurface layers.
The results showed that the amount of chromium with the average of 2200 mgkg-1, was 10 to 40 times higher than the Iran and Europe threshold levels (100 and 150 mgkg-1, respectively). The amount of nickel, with the average of 300 mgkg-1,were 10 fold higher than the threshold level and cobalt (19 mgkg-1) was lower than criteria defined by soils standards of Iran and Europe (40 mgkg-1).The amount of studied metals were the highest in ophiolitic hills, and playa soils were in second place in this respect. The amount of metals had a significant decrease in alluvial fan but didn’t drop under threshold level. The lowest amount of heavy metals in alluvial fan was probably because of the high percentage of sand, higher permeability and low soil water retention in all horizons. The negative significant correlation between the elements and sand also confirms this hypothesis. In addition, increasing elements at the depth of 70 cm of the soil in alluvial fan showed that land type (orchards) and long period of irrigation may cause leaching heavy metals from topsoil to the soil depth. However, no significance correlation was observed between the elements and soil organic carbon. The correlation coefficients between three elements revealed that all of them had the similar geologic origin and thus their spatial occurrence in soils can be attributed to the weathering of similar parent material.
Igeo showed an almost constant trend from ophiolitic hill (7.7-7.8) to alluvial fan (7.2-7.7) and a significant decrease in playa (3.9-6.2) for all metals. The variation of EF for nickel had an almost constant trend from ophiolitic hill (with the average of 0.6) to alluvial fan (with the average of 0.7) and a significant decrease in playa (with the average of 0.1). Also, a decreasing trend was observed from ophiolite hill (0.9 and 0.6 for chromium and cobalt, respectively) to alluvial fan (0.5 for both) and playa (0.3 and 0.1 for chromium and cobalt, respectively). A decreasing trend observed for indices can be due to the reduction of sediment transport processes and dilution effect of elements from hill to playa during the deposition and their formation .It seems that the EF index and the Igeo provide more useful information about hydrologic processes during formation of landform and development of soils than absolute values of heavy metals.
Conclusions: The present study showed that the amounts of chromium and nickel were higher than the threshold in studied soil. The soils derived from ophiolitic formation showed the highest values and the soils over alluvial fans had the lowest levels of heavy metals. Useful information was obtained from EF index and Igeo about the prominent geomorphic processes during landforms formation
Future studies should be focused on possible transfer of these elements into the groundwater and also trees of the orchards in Ghal-e Bahman region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Enrichment Factor (EF)
• Geo-accumulation index (Igeo)
• Heavy metals
• Neyriz ophiolitic formations
• Pollution

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