ارزیابی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد آفتابگردان تحت تأثیر پتانسیل آب در خاک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• تهمینه رئیسی نژاد ¹
• نجمه یزدان پناه ²

¹ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان

² دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v33i5.79871

چکیده

با اعمال مدیریت صحیح آب در مزرعه می‌توان از منابع آب، خاک و کود استفاده بهینه نمود و تولید محصولاتی با کمیت و کیفیت بالا را امکان‌پذیر ساخت. در این راستا و به‌منظور مدیریت آبیاری گیاه آفتابگردان با استفاده از تنظیم پتانسیل آب خاک، سه سطح مکش (40=1I، 55=2I و 70=3I سانتی‌بار جهت شروع آبیاری) و دو سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای (سطحی =1S و زیرسطحی =2S) به‌ترتیب به‌عنوان عوامل اصلی و فرعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. این آزمایش در قالب طرح کرت‌های نواری یک‌بار خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی، با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی شهرستان جیرفت در سال زراعی 1396 اجرا شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که صرفه‌جویی 6/153 میلی‌متری آب (5/21 درصد) بین نقاط مکش 55 و 40 سانتی‌بار، باعث کاهش 5/12 درصد عملکرد دانه، 8/12 درصد تعداد دانه در طبق و 11 درصد ارتفاع بوته شد که افزایش 3/10 درصد در بهره‌وری آب را درپی داشت. این در حالی بود که اعمال سطح مکش 70 سانتی‌بار در مقایسه با سطح مکش 55 سانتی‌بار باعث کاهش 4/33 درصد عملکرد دانه، 9/22 درصد تعداد دانه در طبق و 5/22 درصد ارتفاع بوته شد و تنها افزایش 7/4 درصدی بهره‌وری آب را به‌دنبال داشت. از طرف دیگر، عملکرد دانه در آبیاری زیرسطحی به‌مقدار 499 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشتر از آبیاری سطحی بود. این در حالی بود که با وجود صرفه‌جویی 10 درصدی مصرف آب در آبیاری زیرسطحی نسبت به آبیاری سطحی، بهره‌وری آب در این سیستم 5/21 درصد بیشتر بود. صفات ارتفاع بوته و تعداد دانه در طبق در آبیاری قطره‌ای زیرسطحی به‌ترتیب 2/8 و 7/8 درصد نسبت به آبیاری سطحی بیشتر بود. لذا انجام آبیاری قطره­ای زیرسطحی در سطح مکش 55 سانتی‌بار برای کشت گیاه آفتابگردان در شهرستان جیرفت می­تواند راهکاری مناسب برای صرفه‌جویی در مصرف و افزایش بهره‌وری آب در دوره­های خشکسالی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آبیاری قطره‌ای
• بهره‌وری آب
• تنش رطوبتی
• مدیریت آبیاری
• مکش خاک

20.1001.1.20084757.1398.33.6.3.4

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower under Soil Water Potential

نویسنده [English]

• N. Yazdanpanah ²

¹

²

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Water has been known as an important limiting factor for plant growth and agricultural yields in arid and semi-arid regions. It is a significant input to agricultural production and also an essential requirement for domestic, industrial and municipal activities. Increasing population and standards of living are contributing to a steep rise in demand for fresh water. By using proper irrigation management practices in farmlands, it is possible to utilize water, soil and fertilizer to produce high yield and quality products. Drip irrigation is considered as one of the most efficient irrigation methods. One of its major advantages is the ability to apply water to the soil as often as desired and in smaller quantity than the other irrigation methods. Two systems of drip irrigation including surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods have been widely used in arid and semiarid regions to reduce the water deficiency impact. Subsurface drip irrigation has been used for many years because of its effectiveness in reducing soil surface evaporation. It has been widely used in horticultural crops under both greenhouse and outdoor field conditions. However, the surface drip irrigation system can be used easier than the subsurface drip irrigation system. In addition, deficit irrigation is one of the strategies for efficient use of water and increasing water use efficiency in agricultural district. Deficit irrigation is a suitable solution to gain acceptable and economic performance by using minimum amount of water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and yield components of sunflower affected by different levels of soil matric potential in combination with two contrasting drip irrigation method i.e. surface and subsurface. In addition, water use efficiency as an important criterion of yield was used to achieve the best and more suitable irrigation method under water scarcity conditions.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the irrigation management of sunflower, a field experiment was carried out during 2016 growing season at an experimental farm in Jiroft city. The treatments were laid out in split strip plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three soil matric potentials of 40, 55, and 70 centibar for initiation of irrigation in the main plot and sub plots consisted of two drip irrigation systems (surface and subsurface). In  the surface systems, drip lines were placed on the soil surface at a distance of 15 cm from the plant and in the subsurface systems, drip lines were placed at a depth of 30 cm. The irrigation time was determined based on the readings of metal tensiometers. These tensiometers were installed in three depths of 15, 30 and 50 cm of soil and at a distance of 20 cm from the plant. In this regard, in both irrigation systems, the mounted tensiometer at a depth of 15 cm of soil was used in the early growth and development, and mounted Tensiometers at depths of 30 and 50 cm soil were used in the middle and final stages of growth. In order to carry out irrigation at the potential point of view, the tensiometers were fully controlled and when the calibrated tensiometer screen showed the desired potential point, irrigation was carried out and the irrigation process continued until the soil moisture reached the crop capacity level. Yield, yield components such as number of seeds per head, along with water use efficiency were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using SAS Statistical software. Treatment means were compared using LSD test.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the water usage parsimony of 153.6 mm (21.5 percent) between the 40 and 55 c-bar tensions caused that the yield, number of seeds per head and height of plant decreased by 12.5%, 12.8% and 11%, respectively, but water use efficiency increased 10.3%. Compared with 55 c-bar tention, 70 c-bar also decreased the yield, number of seeds per head and height of plant by 33.4%, 22.9% and 22.5%, respectively but increased water use efficiency by 4.7%. Moreover, the yield in subsurface drip irrigation increased by 499 kg/ha compared with surface irrigation. In addition, parsimony of water usage was 10% and water use efficiency increased by 21.5%. Number of seeds per head and the height of plant increased by 8.2% and 8.7%, respectively in subsurface drip irrigation.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study conducted on sunflower in Jirot area, it was concluded that the application of soil matric potential of 55 centibar in subsurface drip irrigation system is the best approach to increase water use efficiency during periods of drought.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Drought stress
• Drip irrigation
• Soil matric potential
• Water use efficiency

مراجع

1- Allen R.G., Pereir L.S., Raes D., and Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirements, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome, Italy. p.300.

2- Arab R., Yadoei A., Balochi H., and Khadem H. 2018. The effect of irrigation interval and Iron and Zinc foliar application on some morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of sunflower. Journal of Crop Production 22 (2): 77-90.

3- Asadi R., HassanPour F., Mehrabani M., Baghizadeh A., and Karandish F. 2019. Effect of irrigation interval and two irrigation methods on growth indexes of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 32: 567-581. (In Persian with English abstract)

4- Asadi R., Kouhi N., and Yazdanpanah N. 2012. Applicability of micro irrigation system on cotton yield and water use efficiency. Food, Agriculture and Environment 10: 302-306.

5- Block E., Birringer M., Jiang W., Nakahodo T., Thompson H.J., Toscano P.J., Uzar H., Zhang X., and Zhu Z. 2001. Allium chemistry: synthesis, natural occurrence, biological activity and chemistry of se-alk (en) ylselenocysteines and their g-glutamyl derivatives. Agriculture, Food and Chemistry 49: 458-470.

6- Bozkurt S., and Mansuroglu G. 2011. The effects of drip line depths and irrigation levels on yield, quality and water use characteristics of lettuce under greenhouse condition. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(17): 3370-3379.

7- Colak Y.B., Yazar A., Sesveren S., and Colak I. 2017. Evaluation of yield and leaf water potential for eggplant under varying irrigation regimes using surface and subsurface drip systems. Scientia Horticulturae 219: 10-21.

8- Ekrena S., Sonmez C., Ozcakal E., Kurttas Y.S.K., Bayram E., and Gurgulu E. 2012. The effect of different irrigation water levels on yield and quality characteristics of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Agricultural Water Management 109: 155–161.

9- Ghadami Firouzabadi A., Shahnazari A., and Raeini M. 2015. The economic analysis of deficit irrigation management and determination of the optimum depth of irrigation in sunflower plant. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation 21(6): 255-268. (In Persian with English abstract)

10- Ghamarnia H., Bashi M., and Ghobadi M. 2012. Evaluation of different irrigation levels on seed yield and water use efficiency of coriander plant in semi-arid region. Journal of Water Management and Irrigation 2(3): 15-24. (In Persian with English abstract)

11- Gheysari M., Mirlatif S.M., Homaee M., Asadi M.E., and Hoogenboom G. 2009. Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates. Agricultural Water Management 96(6): 946-954.

12- Ibragimov N., Evett S.R., Esanbekov Y., Bakhtiyar S., Lutfullo M., and Lamers P.A. 2007. Water use efficiency of irrigated cotton in Uzbekistan under drip and furrow irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 90: 112-120.

13- Kang Y., Wang R., Wan S., Hu W., Jiang S., and Liu S. 2012. Effects of different water levels on cotton growth and water use through drip irrigation in arid region with saline ground water of Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management 109: 117-126.

14- Karandish F. 2016. Improved soil-plant water dynamics and economic water use efficiency in a maize field under locally water stress. Agronomy and Soil Science 62(9): 1311-1323.

15- Karimzade Asl K., Mazahri D., and Peyghamberi S. 2003. Effect of four round irrigations on yield and qualities traits of three sunflower cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34(2): 293-301.

16- KazemAlio S., Najafi N., Reyhanitabar A., and Ghaffari M. 2018. Effects of integrated application of phosphorus fertilizer and sewage sludge on leaf chlorophyll index and some growth characteristics of sunflower under water deficit conditions. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production 7(4): 1-18.

17- Khosh-Khui M., Ashiri F., and Saharkhiz M.J. 2012. Effects of irrigation regimes on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Thymus vulgaris L. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1: 1-7.

18- Laribi B., Bettaieb I., Kouki K., Sahli A., Mougou A., and Brahim M. 2009. Water deficit effects on caraway (Carum carvi L.) growth, essential oils and fatty acids composition. Industrial Crops and Proudcts 30: 372-379.

19- MetinSizen S., Gülendam C., Attila Y., Servet T., and Burcak K. 2010. Effect of irrigation management on yield and quality of tomatoes grown in different soilless media in a glasshouse. Scientific Research and Essay 5(1): 041-048.

20- Pereira S.I.A., Moreira H., Argyars K., Castro P.M.L., and Marques A.P.G.C. 2016. Promotion of sunflower growth under saline water irrigation by the inoculation of beneficial microorganisms. Journal of Applied Soil Ecology 105: 36-47.

21- Ram D., Ram M., and Singh R. 2006. Optimization of water and nitrogen application to menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) through sugarcane trash mulch in a sandy loam soil of semi-arid subtropical climate. Bioresource Technology 97: 886- 893.

22- Sardans J., Roda F., and Penuelas J. 2005. Effects of water and a nutrient pulse supply on Rosmarinus officinalis growth, nutrient content and flowering in the field. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53: 1-11.

23- SCKPMO (Statistical Calendar of Kerman Province Meteorological Organization). 2016.

24- Shekofteh H., Shekofteh M., and BahramJordi M. 2012. The effect of different irrigation levels on yield of sunflower in Jiroft region. Journal of Research and Development 98: 151-160. (In Persian with English abstract)

25- Soriano M.A., Orgaz F., Villalobos F.J., and Fereres E. 2004. Efficiency of water use of early plantings of sunflower. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 465–476.

26- Tahramooz A., and Ghalavand A. 2018. Reducing the effects of water stress using vermicomposting and Mineral Zeolite in Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Journal of Agroecology 10: 81-93.

27- Taiz L., and Ziger E. 1991. Plant Physiology. Benjamin Publication. p. 346-356.

28- Terpinc P., Bezjak M., and Abramovic H. 2009. A kinetic model for evaluation of the antioxidant activity of several rosemary extracts. Food Chemistry 115(2): 740-744.

29- Topak R., Acar B., Uyanoz R., and Ceyhan E. 2016. Performance of partial root-zone drip irrigation for sugar beet production in a semi-arid area. Agricultural Water Management 176: 180-190.

30- Wang D., Kang Y., and Wan S. 2007. Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition. Agricultural Water Management 87: 180-186.

31- Zheng J., Huang G., Jia D., Wang J., Mota M., Pereira L., Huang Q., Xu X., and Liu H. 2013. Responses of drip irrigated tomato yield, quality and water productivity to various soil matric potential thresholds in an arid region of Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management 129: 181–193.

32- Zounemat-Kermani M., and Asadi R. 2014. Effect of soil matric potential and irrigation pipe layout on yield and water use efficiency of cucumber’s in greenhouse. Water and Irrigation Management 4(2): 203-214. (In Persian with English abstract)