Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction: Arsenic is a highly toxic metalloid in group 15 of periodic table. The information on environmental behaviour of arsenic, however, is still scarce. Contamination of soils and water with arsenic and antimony due to their widespread industrial application and mining activities has raised serious environmental concerns. Nearly all Arsenic-contaminated soils results from human activities and it has different environmental and sociological impacts. Various strategies and methods have been proposed for environmental management and remediation of contaminated soils. Among all methods, the phytoremediation is receiving more attention due to its cost effective and environmental friendly characteristics. In the case of arsenic contaminated soils, there are effective factors such as soil fertility, nutrients content and microorganisms function, which can improve the uptake of As by plants. Up to now, several studies have been evaluated the effects of symbiotic fungal association in plants on increasing nutrients and toxic elements uptake. Many of authors reported that the mycorrhizal symbiosis increases the uptake of toxic elements in root and shoot of plants and consequently improve the efficacy of phytostabilization and phytoextraction processes. There are conflicting results about the effect of arbuscular- mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on As uptake by various plants. Chen et al. (4) found that Glomus mosseae symbiosis with plant reduces As concentration and enhance phosphorus content in shoot and root of plant. Whilst Cozzolino et al. (7) reported that the AMF increases as concentration in shoot and root of cabbage. Phosphorus has important role on mycorrhizal symbiosis and also As uptake by plants. Therefore, current study was conducted to evaluated effect of Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae symbiosis with sunflower and also soil phosphorus concentration on uptake of arsenic from arsenite and arsenate contaminated soils.
Materials and Methods:The soil sample (Typic Haplorthids) was collected, air dried and passed through 2 mm sieve and then were heated in 80 centigrade degree temperature for two times. A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications in greenhouse condition. The experimental factors included two species spices of inorganic As (50 mg kg-1 of Arsenite and Arsenate), two levels of phosphorus (0 and 60 mg Kg-1) and three spices of arbuscular mycorrhizae (control, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae). Soil samples spiked with Na2HAsO4.7H2O, NaAsO2 (Arsenite and Arsenate) and Ca (H2PO4)2 (phosphorus) and incubated in greenhouse condition for 4 week. Sunflower seeds were planted and seedlings harvested after 60 day of sowing and then dry weight of sunflower, concentration of As and phosphorus in shoot and root of plant and root colonization percentage determined using standard methods.
Results and Discussion:The results revealed that Glomus intraradices (GI) and Glomus mosseae (GM) symbiosis significantly (P

Keywords

1- Adewole M.B., Awotoye O.O., Ohiembor M.O., and Salami A.O.2010. Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on phytoremediating potential and yield of sunflower in Cd and Pb polluted soils, Journal of Agricultural Sciences 55: 17-28.
2- Azcue J.M., Nriagu J.O., 1994. Arsenic: historical perspectives. In: Nriagu, J.O. (Ed.), Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto.
3- Cancesa B., Juillota F., Morina G., Laperchec V., Polyad D., Vaughand D.J., Hazemanne J.L., Prouxe O., Brown G.E., and Calasa G. 2008. Changes in arsenic speciation through a contaminated soil profile: A XAS based study, Science of the Total environment. 397:178-189.
4- Chen B., Xiao X., Zhu G., Smith F. A., Xie Z.M., and Smith S.E. 2007. The arbuscularmycorrhizal fungus Glomusmosseae gives contradictory effects on phosphorus and arsenic acquisition by Medicago sativa Linn, Science of the Total Environment 379: 226–234.
5- Chen B., Zhu Y., Zhang G., and Jakobsen X. I. 2005.The influence of mycorrhiza on uranium and phosphorus uptake by barley plants from field contaminated soil. Environmental Science & Pollution Restoration 12, 325-331.
6- Chen B., Zhu Y., Zhang GX., and Jakobsen X. I. 2005. Effects of mycorrihizal fungus Glomusintradices on uranium uptake and accumulation by Medicagotruncatula L. from uranium-contaminated soil, Plant and Soil 275: 349-359.
7- Cozzolino V., Pigna M., Meo V. D, Caporale A.G., and Violante A. 2010. Effects of arbuscularmycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus supply on the growth of Lactuca sativa L. and arsenic and phosphorus availability in an arsenic polluted soil under non-sterile conditions, Applied Soil Ecology 45:262–268.
8- Dong Y., Zhu Y.G., Smith F. A., Wang Y., and Chen B.2008. Arbuscularmycorrhiza enhanced arsenic resistance of both white clover (Trifoliumrepens Linn.) and ryegrass (Loliumperenne L.) plants in an arsenic-contaminated soil, Environmental Pollution 155: 174-181.
9- Hanson W.C., 1950. The photometric determination of phosphorus in fertilizers using the phosphovanado-molybdate complex. J Sci Food Agr 1:172–173.
10- Mangkoedihardjo S., Ratnawati R., Alfianti N. 2008. Phytoremediation of Hexavalent Chromium Polluted Soil Using Pterocarpusindicus and Jatrophacurcas L., World Applied Sciences Journal 4: 338-342.
11- Meharg A.A., and Macnair M.R. 1992. Suppression of the high-affinity phosphate uptake system - a mechanism of arsenate tolerance in Holcuslanatus L. Journal of Environmental and Experimental Botany. 43:519-24.
12- Nagar R., Sarkar D., Makris C.K., and Datta R. 2012.Arsenic bioaccessibility and speciation in the soils amended with organoarsenicals and drinking-water treatment residuals based on a long-term greenhouse study, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.2013, J. Hydrol.xxx:xxx-xxx.
13- Phillips J.M., and Hayman D. S.1970.Improved procedures for clearing and staining parasitic and vesicular–arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br MycolSoc 55:158–161.
14- Smith E., Naidu R.,and Alston A.M. 1998. Arsenic in the soil environment; a review. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press, San Diego.
15- Sparks D. L., 1995. Environmental Soil Chemistry, CRC Boca Raton USA.
16- Tu S., Maa L.Q., MacDonald G.E., and Bondada B., 2004. Effects of arsenic species and phosphorus on arsenic absorption, arsenate reduction and thiol formation in excised parts of Pterisvittata L., Environmental and Experimental Botany. 51:121-131.
17- Ultra V.U.J.,Tanaka S., Sakurai K., and Iwasaki K. 2007. Effects of arbuscularmycorrhiza and phosphorus application on arsenic toxicity in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and on the transformation of arsenic in the rhizosphere, Plant and Soil 290:29–41.
18- WHO, 1989. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Thirty Third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization, Geneva.
19- Wilson S.C., Lockwood P.V., Ashley P.M., and Tighe M. 2010.The chemistry and behavior of antimony in the soil environment with comparisons to arsenic: A critical review, Environmental Pollution, 158: 1169-1181.
CAPTCHA Image