تأثیر کاربرد نیتروهیومیک اسید بر برخی ویژگی‎های مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی مرزه (Satureja hortensis L.)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• منصور میرزایی ورویی
• شاهین اوستان
• عادل ریحانی تبار
• نصرت اله نجفی

گروه علوم ومهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2023.80642.1244

چکیده

مصرف کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژن­دار مشکلات عدیده‎ای همچون آلودگی آب‎های زیرزمینی، غنی شدن آب‎های سطحی و کاهش کیفیت گیاهان دارویی را به همراه دارد. در پژوهش حاضر، تأثیر هیومیک اسید نیتروژن‎دار شده یا نیتروهیومیک اسید (‏NHA‏) بر رشد و ترکیب عنصری گیاه مرزه و نیز هدررفت نیتروژن ‏بررسی شد. برای این منظور، ‏NHA‏ از واکنش نیتریک اسید با هیومیک اسید (‏HA‏) استخراج‎شده از لئوناردیت شرکت ‏گلسنگ کویر یزد تهیه شد و ویژگی‌های آن با استفاده از روش طیف‎سنجی مادون قرمز (FT-IR) و درصد نیتروژن آن به روش آنالیز ‏CHNS‏ تعیین گردید. سپس، یک آزمایش گلخانه‎ای با کشت گیاه مرزه در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 16 تیمار شامل شاهد (بدون مصرف اوره، ‏HA‏ و ‏NHA‏)، ‏اوره (‏U₁‎، ‏U₂‎‏ و ‏U₃‎‏)، هیومیک اسید (‏HA₁‎، ‏HA₂‎‏ و ‏HA₃‎‏)، اوره-هیومیک اسید (‏U₁HA₁‎، ‏U₂HA₂‎‏ و ‏U₃HA₃‎‏)، نیتروهیومیک ‏اسید (‏NHA₁‎، ‏NHA₂‎‏ وNHA₃‎‏) و اوره-نیتروهیومیک اسید (‏U₁NHA₁‎، ‏U₂NHA₂‎‏ و ‏U₃NHA₃‎‏) در 3 تکرار انجام شد. سطوح تیمارها به میزان ‏‎ mg N kg^-1‎‏40 برای سطح اول،‏‎ mg N kg^-1‎‏ 80 برای سطح دوم و ‏‎ mg N kg^-1‎‏120 برای سطح سوم تعیین ‏شد و در تیمارهای مخلوط، سهم برابری از نیتروژن برای اوره و ‏HA‏ و یا اوره و ‏NHA‏ در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که NHA نسبت به HA از اسیدیتی کل و نیز محتوای نیتروژن بیش‌تری برخوردار بود. به‌علاوه، اغلب صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه مرزه شامل سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه، طول ریشه، قطر ساقه، وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی و ریشه و نیز شاخص کلروفیل، غلظت نیتروژن، فسفر، ‏پتاسیم، نیترات و آنزیم نیترات ردوکتاز در تیمارهای  NHAبه‎طور معناداری بیش‌تر از تیمارهای HA بودند. همچنین، بیش‌ترین وزن خشک بخش‌ هوایی در تیمارهای تلفیقی U₃NHA₃ و U₃HA₃ و تیمار U₃ مشاهده شد. میانگین شدت افزایش غلظت نیترات بخش هوایی با افزایش سطح نیتروژن در تیمارهای اوره 77/1 برابر تیمارهای تلفیقی UNHA بود. نتایج نشان داد که آبشویی نیترات از خاک با کاربرد تیمار ‏U₃NHA₃‎‏ حدود 5/40 ‏درصد نسبت به تیمار U₃ کاهش یافت. یافته‎های این پژوهش نشان داد‎‎ که کود تلفیقی ‏UNHA‏ می‎تواند به‌عنوان یک کود نیتروژن‌دار در افزایش عملکرد و شاخص‎های رشد گیاه دارویی مرزه مطرح گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آبشویی نیترات
• آنزیم نیترات ردوکتاز
• اوره
• تیمار تلفیقی
• لئوناردیت

20.1001.1.20084757.1402.37.2.10.1

موضوعات

• علوم خاک

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Nitrohumic Acid Application on Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Savory Plant (Satureja hortensis L.)

نویسندگان [English]

• Mansour Mirzaei Varouei
• Sh. Oustan
• A. Reyhanitabar
• N. Najafi

Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Savory is considered one of the most important medicinal plants, which is used in various food and medical industries. Nitrogen (N) plays a major role on the growth and yield of medicinal plants. Therefore, an adequate supply of N is required for successful production of savory. However, the application of chemical N fertilizers is associated with many obstacles such as groundwater ‎pollution, N enrichment of surface waters, and drop in the quality of plants. ‎Accordingly, nowadays, great attention has been paid to organic fertilizers. In this regard, humic acid-based fertilizers have shown promising results. Humic acids (HAs) could be converted into nitrohumic acids (NHAs) through the nitration process, in which nitro groups (NO₂) are located on the aromatic rings. This process increases the N content of the HA. Thus, ‎‎NHAs can be used as organic N fertilizers in the cultivation of medicinal plants whose organic production is a priority. However, the ‎effects of these types of fertilizers on plant growth and physiological characteristics have not been well ‎understood. Accordingly, the present study for the first time investigates the effectiveness of NHA on the ‎morphological and physiological characteristics of savory, as well as N loss through leaching.‎
Materials and Methods
In the current study, HA was initially extracted from leonardite (purchased from Yazd Golsang Kavir Company) as a rich source of HA. Then, NHA was prepared through the nitration process using nitric acid (50% by volume). After that, using FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and CHNS analysis the extracted HA and NHA were characterized, and their N content was determined. Afterward a ‎greenhouse experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was conducted ‎to determine the effects of 16 treatments, including control (without urea, HA and NHA), urea (U₁, U₂ and U₃), humic acid ‎‎(HA₁, HA₂ and HA₃), nitrohumic acid (NHA₁, NHA₂ and NHA₃), urea-humic acid (U₁HA₁, U₂HA₂‎ and U₃HA₃), and urea-nitrohumic acid (U₁NHA₁, U₂NHA₂ and U₃NHA₃) on the morphological ‎and physiological characteristics of savory plant. The treatment levels were ‎determined as 40, 80, and 120 mg N kg^-1 for the first, second and third level of the treatments, respectively. In the combined treatments of urea and HA or NHA, an equal fraction of the total nitrogen (N) was applied. At the end of the experiment, standard methods were used to assess various characteristics, including root length, leaf area, plant height, root volume, wet and dry weights of shoot and root, leaf chlorophyll index, concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrate reductase in both the shoot and root. Additionally, leaching was conducted on specific days during the experiment, and the leachate was collected for nitrate measurement.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that using the nitration process, some characteristics of the NHA such as total acidity, the content of carboxylic and phenolic groups as well as N content improved as compared to the initial HA. Moreover, the results indicated that most of the morphological and physiological ‎traits of savory plants, including leaf area, plant height, root length, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot as well as chlorophyll index, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, nitrate and nitrate reductase enzyme were significantly higher in the NHA treatments than those of HA. In addition, the highest shoot dry weight was obtained in the combined treatments of U₃NHA₃ and U₃HA₃ as well as in the U₃ treatment alone. The average rate of nitrate concentration increase in the U treatments was 1.77 times higher than the UNHA treatments. According to the results, U₃ treatment indicated the highest nitrate loss which by using the U₃NHA₃ treatment, the mean concentration of nitrate ‎in the leachate decreased by about 40.5% as compared to the U₃ treatment.‎
Conclusion
The findings of this research revealed that most of the morphological and physiological ‎traits of savory plant showed better responses to the combined treatments of U₃NHA₃ and U₃HA₃ as well as to the U₃ treatment alone. However, with regard to the lower accumulation of nitrate in the shoot of savory as well as to the lower nitrate leaching, the combined treatments were preferred. Accordingly, NHA can be ‎a alternative nitrogen source in increasing the yield and growth indicators of savory. However, the reasons behind the fact of the better performance of combined nitrogen treatments than the individual ones require more research in the future.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Combined treatment
• Leonardite
• Nitrate leaching
• Nitrate reductase enzyme
• Urea

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