ارزیابی و تغییرپذیری سیل‌محورِ سلامتِ حوزه آبخیز دروازه قرآن شیراز از سازه‌های آبخیزداری

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سیدحمیدرضا صادقی
• محمد طاووسی
• سمیه زارع
• وحید بیرانوندی
• هنگامه شکوهیده
• فاطمه اکبری‌امام‌زاده
• مرجان بهلکه
• فائزه خورشیدسخنگو
• رضا چمنی

گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2022.78150.1190

چکیده

در حال حاضر خطرات زیادی سلامت بوم­سازگان را تهدید می‌کند‌. تنش‌های ایجادشده ناشی از دخالت‌ﻫﺎی ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اﻧﺴﺎن و بهره‌برداری غیراصولی از منابع طبیعی، منجر به تخریب منابع طبیعی و ساختار و عملکرد بوم‌سازگان شده است. از این‌رو، ارزیابی پیامد‌های ناشی از دخالت انسان در طبیعت و تأمین نیاز روزافزون انسان به دریافت خدمات متنوع، بیش‌ازپیش ارزیابی عملکرد آبخیزها را ضروری ساخته است. حوزه‌های آبخیز سالم نقش مهمی در ارائه انواع گسترده‌ای از خدمات بوم‌سازگان دارند. بنابراین پایش و ارزیابی سلامت حوزه آبخیز برای حفاظت بوم‌سازگان‌ها و دستیابی به سطح بهینه از خدمات است. به‌نحوی‌که به‌عنوان یک رویکرد ترکیبی و اجرایی مناسب بین پژوهش و مدیریت حوزه آبخیز محسوب می‌شود. در همین ارتباط تحلیل سلامت حوزه آبخیز می‌تواند کمک شایانی در راستای رسیدن به اهداف مدیریت جامع حوزه‌های آبخیز و همچنین تعادل بین نیازمندی‌های جوامع انسانی و شرایط بوم‌شناختی ارائه نماید. حال آن‌که ارزیابی سلامت و پایداری حوزه آبخیز و متأثر از فعالیت‌های انسانی به حد کفایت موردتوجه قرار نگرفته است. ازاین‌رو پژوهش الگویی حاضر به ارزیابی سلامت حوزه آبخیز دروازه قرآن شیراز و اثر سازه‌های آبخیزداری موجود در منطقه، بر سلامت آبخیز با محوریت سیلاب پرداخته است. برای این منظور بر اساس شرایط منطقه و تحلیل فرآیند وقوع سیل در منطقه، 36 معیار کلیدی از مجموعه عوامل اقلیمی، انسانی و هیدرولوژی در قالب شاخص‌های فشار (P)، حالت (S) و پاسخ (R) شناسایی شد. پس از غربال معیار‌های منتخب در کنکاش رویکرد مفهومی فشار، حالت و پاسخ (PSR)، در دو حالت با و بدون وجود سازه­های آبخیزداری سلامت ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص سلامت حوزه آبخیز موردمطالعه بدون در نظر گرفتن سازه­های آبخیزداری برابر 55/0 و شرایط متوسط بوده است. همچنین نتایج ارزیابی سلامت آبخیز با لحاظ سازه‌های اصلاحی سنگی‌سیمانی نیز مؤید عدم تأثیر معنی‎دار بر سلامت کل آبخیز بوده به‌نحوی‌که شاخص سلامت با مقدار 53/0 همچنان در وضعیت متوسط قرار داشته است. بنابراین می‌توان اذعان داشت که سازه‌های آبخیزداری موجود به سبب محدودیت تعداد و پوشش مکانی محدود علی‌رغم تأثیر بر عوامل مؤثر بر سلامت زیرآبخیزهای موردنظر، نتوانسته‌ است بر بهبود شرایط کلی آبخیز تأثیر محسوسی داشته باشد. تغییرات مکانی متغیرهای محاسبه‌شده نشان داد که اراضی رهاشده، زمان تمرکز، گستره تحت فعالیت‌های نظامی، سطح سازند‌های حساس به فرسایش، تراکم بالای شبکه زه‌کشی، تراکم جاده، پتانسیل تولید رواناب و رسوب بالا و وسعت مناطق مسکونی از مهم‎‌ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر وضعیت سلامت آبخیز دروازه قرآن محسوب می‌شوند. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش می‌تواند در تبیین ارزیابی سلامت حوزه آبخیز دروازه قرآن و تصمیم‌گیری در خصوص اتخاذ بهترین اقدامات مدیریتی و پیش‌بینی برنامه‌های اجرایی آینده منطقه مورداستفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• استان فارس
• پایداری آبخیز
• درجه سلامت
• مدیریت سازگار آبخیز
• معیار سلامت آبخیز

20.1001.1.20084757.1401.36.5.3.3

موضوعات

• علوم آب

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation and Variability of Flood-Oriented Health of Shiraz Darwazeh Quran Watershed from Watershed Management Structures

نویسندگان [English]

• Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
• Mohammad Tavoosi
• Somayeh Zare
• Vahid Beiranvandi
• Hengameh Shekohideh
• Fatemeh Akbari Emamzadeh
• Marjan Bahlekeh
• Faezeh Khorshid Sokhangoy
• Reza Chamani

Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Currently, many disasters threaten the health of ecosystems. The pressures caused by extensive human interventions and the unprincipled exploitation of natural resources have led to the degradation of natural resources and the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Hence, evaluating the consequences of human intervention in nature and meeting the growing need of humans to receive diverse services has made it necessary to evaluate the performance of watershed ecosystems in providing different services. Healthy watersheds play an important role in providing a wide variety of ecosystem services. Therefore, watershed health monitoring and evaluation is vital for the conservation of ecosystems and achieving the optimal level of services. In such a way a suitable collaborative and executive approach is established between research and watershed management. In this connection, watershed health analysis can provide valuable help in achieving the goals of integrated management of watersheds and, of course, the balance between the needs of human societies and ecosystems. However, the assessment of the health and sustainability of the watershed affected by human activities has not been sufficiently documented yet.
Materials and Methods
The current pilot research has evaluated the health of the Shiraz Darwazeh Quran Watershed in Fars Province, Iran, and the effect of existing watershed management structures in the region on the health of the watershed with a focus on floods. For this purpose, 36 key criteria from a set of climatic, anthropogenic, and hydrologic factors were identified based on the conditions of the region and the analysis of the flood occurrence process in the watershed. The selected criteria were then categorized into the three indices of pressure (P), state (S), and response (R). After screening the selected criteria in exploring the conceptual approach of pressure, state, and response (PSR), the health status was evaluated in two cases with and without watershed management structures.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the health condition without considering the watershed management structures was at average conditions with health index of 0.55. In addition, the results of the watershed health assessment verified the non-significant effects of stone and mortar structures on improving watershed health. So that, the health conditions was remained at average status with health index of 0.53. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that the existing watershed management structures, due to the limited both number and spatial coverage, have not been able to noticeably affect the improvement of the general conditions of the watershed, despite the effect on the factors affecting the health of the sub-watersheds where the structures have been constructed. The spatial changes of the calculated variables showed that the abandoned lands, time of concentration, area under military activities, surface of sensitive formations to erosion, high density of the drainage network, density of the roads, areas of regions with high potential in producing runoff and sediment, and size of the residential areas were the most important factors affecting the health situation of the Darwazeh Quran Watershed.
Conclusion
According to the results of the analysis of the indicators and criteria considered in evaluation of the health of the Shiraz Darwazeh Quran Watershed based on the PSR approach, it was found that the watershed had an average health status. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that the existing watershed management structures have not been able to impose a noticeable effect on the prosperity and improvement of watershed health conditions. In general, it can be said that abandoned lands, short concentration time, military activities, the presence of formations sensitive to erosion, high density of drainage network and road, and the potential of high runoff and sediment production, and the size of residential areas are among the most important factors affecting the declining the health of Darwazeh Quran Watershed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay further attention to the aforesaid factors by conducting periodical monitoring with more comprehensive data, in time and also analyzing the trend of relative changes of the indicators in order to explain the adaptive and intelligent management of the watershed. The necessary measures should also be taken into account simultaneously. Therefore, it is suggested to turn the weak points of the region into strong points by applying bioengineering measures and use the opportunities in the region such as the potential of tourism and ecological features in order to improve the health status of the watershed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Fars province
• Health degree
• Watershed adaptive management
• Watershed health criteria
• Watershed sustainability

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