تأثیر آبیاری و کود نیتروژن بر ویژگی های رشدی و غلظت کلروفیل سیر در سیستم آبیاری بارانی تک شاخه در استان همدان

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسنده

• رحیم مطلبی فرد

مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی همدان

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v30i4.45440

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر برای بررسی تأثیر نیتروژن و آبیاری بر ویژگی های رشدی سیر اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت بلوک در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی و با دو فاکتور آبیاری در 4 سطح (با فواصل 3-0 (بدون تنش)، 6-3 (تنش ملایم)، 9-6 (تنش متوسط) و 12-9 (تنش شدید) متر از خط اصلی آبیاری) و نیتروژن در 4 سطح (0، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص) و در 3 تکرار و با استفاده از سیستم آبیاری بارانی تک شاخه اجرا شد. برای اندازه گیری کل آب رسیده به هر کرت (24 متر مربع) از قوطی هایی که در وسط هر کرت مستقر شده بود استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری پژوهش به روش ذکر شده توسط هنکس (1980) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به-ترتیب باعث افزایش 7، 6، 7، 12، 22 و 36 درصدی طول ساقه، وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی، شاخص کلروفیل و غلظت کلروفیل های a و b شد. تنش شدید کمبود آب باعث کاهش 13، 36، 12، 12، 19، 42 و 44 درصدی طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی، شاخص کلروفیل و غلظت کلروفیل های a و b در مقایسه با شرایط بدون تنش کمبود آب گردید. اثر متقابل دوجانبه آبیاری و نیتروژن فقط بر وزن خشک و تر بخش هوایی معنی دار بود و این اثر عمدتاً از نوع هم افزایی بود. حداکثر وزن خشک و تر بخش هوایی و عمده ویژگی های اندازه گیری شده در شرایط مصرف 409 میلی متر آب آبیاری (شرایط بدون تنش کمبود آب) همراه با مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن خالص به دست آمد و در شرایط تنش کمبود آب مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار مناسب است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تعداد برگ
• کلروفیل
• کم آبیاری
• طول ساقه

20.1001.1.20084757.1395.30.4.23.9

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Growth Attributes and Chlorophyll Content of Garlic in Line Source Sprinkler Irrigation System

نویسنده [English]

• rahim motalebifard

Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Research and Education Center

چکیده [English]

Introduction: With 12 million tons production per year, garlic is the fourth important crop in world. In addition to its medical value, it has been used in food industry. The Hamedan province with 1900 ha cultivation area and 38 percent of production is one of the most important garlic area productions in Iran. Few studies on water use and management of garlic exist in the world. Garlic is very sensitive to water deficit especially in tubers initiation and ripening periods. The current research was done because of scarce research on garlic production under water deficit condition in Iran and importance of plant nutrition and nutrients especially nitrogen on garlic production under stressful conditions. Nitrogen is necessary and important element for increasing the yield and quality of garlic. Application of nitrogen increases the growth trend of garlic such as number of leaves, leaf length and plant body. Reports have shown that garlic has high nitrogen requirement, particularly in the early stages of growth.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted for evaluating the combined effects of nitrogen and irrigation on the yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativumL.). The study was performed as a split-block based on randomized complete blocks design with factors of irrigation at four levels (0-3(normal irrigation), 3-6 (slight water deficit), 6-9 (moderate water deficit) and 9-12 (sever water deficit) meters distance from main line source sprinkler system), nitrogen at four levels (0, 50,100 and 150 kg nitrogen per ha) using three replications and line source sprinkler irrigation system. The total water of irrigation levels was measured by boxes that were fixed in meddle of each plot. The statistical analysis of results were performed using themethod described by Hanks (1980). The chlorophyll index was measured using the chlorophyll meter 502 (Minolta, Spain). The chlorophyll a and bwas measured by the method described by Arnon (1946) and Gross (1991) in fresh leaf samples using spectrophotometer at 645 and 663 nm. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using MSTATC and SPSS softwares. Duncan’s multiple range test at p≤0.05 probability level was applied to compare the mean values of measured attributes. The Excel software (Excel software 2007, Microsoft Inc., WA, USA) was used to draw Figures.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that, the application of nitrogen significantly affected most of measured attributes. The application of 150 kg N per ha showed highest stem height (40.5 cm), dry weight of stem (5.34 g),wet weight of stem (69.5 g), chlorophyll index (49.7),chlorophyll a (9.8 mg.g-1dw) and chlorophyll b (4.04 mg.g-1dw) and increased stem height, dry and wet weight of stem, chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a and b around 7, 6, 7, 12, 22 and 36 percent, respectively. The irrigation levels significantly affected most of measured attributes similar to the nitrogen levels. The application of 409 mm irrigation water per growing season resulted to maximum stem height (41.9 cm), leaf number (7.5), dry weight of stem (5.39 g) and wet weight of stem (70.1 g), chlorophyll index (50.5) and chlorophyll a (10.2 mg.g-1dw) and chlorophyll b (4.04 mg.g-1dw). The severe water deficit (application of 138 mm irrigation water per growing season) decreased stem height, leaf numbers, dry and wet weight of stem, chlorophyll index and chlorophyll a and b about 13, 36, 12, 12, 19, 42 and 44 percent, respectively. The two way interaction of nitrogen and irrigation was significant and mostly synergistic on wet and dry weight of stem. The highest amounts of stem wet weight (73.2 g) and stem dry weight (5.63 g) were resulted from application of 150 kg nitrogen per ha under full irrigated condition that increased dry and wet weight of stem 17 and 25 percent respectively comparing with without nitrogen application under sever water deficit condition. Application of 409 mm irrigation and 100 kg N per ha is suitable for condition that enough irrigation waterexists. However in water deficit condition, the application of 150 kg nitrogen per ha could be recommended.
Conclusion: In general, to achieve the optimum growth of garlic in similar soils and climatic conditions, application of 100 kg nitrogen per ha would be recommended under normal irrigation conditions while at water deficit conditions the application150 kg nitrogen per ha could be recommended that had only two percent difference with the mentioned treatment and this difference was not significant.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Chlorophyl
• Leaf number
• Stem height
• Water deficit

مراجع

1- Ahmed M.E., El-Kader N.I.A., and El-Kader Derbala A.A. 2009. Effect of irrigation frequency and potassium source on the productivity, quality and storability of garlic. Aus. Journal Basic Applied Science, 3(4): 4490-4497.

2- Anonymous. 2013. Hamedan province agricultural statistics. Jihade-Agriculture Organization of Hamedan, Hamedan, Iran.

3- Arnon D. 1946. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemist. 9th ed. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington.

4- Ayars J.E. 2008. Water requirement of irrigated garlic. Transactions of the ASABE, 51(5): 1683- 1688.

5- Barker A.V., and Pilbeam D.J. 2007. Handbook of plant nutrition. CRC press, Boca Raton, USA.

6- Bideshki A., and Arvin M.J. 2010. Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and drought stress on growth, bulb yield and allicin content of garlic (Allium sativum) in field. Plant Ecophysiology, 2: 73-79.

7- Deblonde P.M.K., and Ledent J.F. 2001. Effects of moderate drought conditions on green leaf number stem height, leaf length and tuber yield of potato cultivars. Eur. Journal Agron., 14: 31-41.

8- Dominguez A., Martinez-Romero A., Leite K.N., Tarjuelo J.M., deJuan J.A., and Lopez-Urrea R. 2013. Combination of typical meteorological year with regulated deficit irrigation to improve the profitability of garlic growing in central spain. Agr. Water Manag., 130: 154-167.

9- Ebrahimi M.H., Sharafzadeh S., and Bazrafshan F. 2014. The influence of nitrogen levels on growth and bulb yield of two garlic cultivars. Eur. Journal Exp. Biol., 4(1): 270-272.

10- Engel R. 1993. Winter wheat response to available nitrogen and water. Fert. Facts., 4: 1-5.

11- Engel R. 1997. Response of oat to water and nitrogen. Fert. Facts, 15: 1-2.

12- Fabeiro Cortes C., Martin de Santa Olalla F., and Lopez Urrea R. 2003. Production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) under controlled deficit irrigation in a semi-arid climate. Agr. Water Manag., 59: 15-167.

13- Fageria N.K., Morais O.P., and Santos A.B. 2010. Nitrogen use efficiency in upland rice genotypes. Journal Plant Nutr., 33: 1696-1711.

14- FAO. 2010. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available in: http://faostat.fao.org/countryprofiles/.

15- Farooqui M.A., Naruka I.S., Rathore S.S., Singh P.P., and Shaktawat R.P.S. 2009. Effect of nitrogen and sulphur levels on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Aus. Journal Food Ag-Ind. Special Issue, Pp. 18-23.

16- Gee G.W., and Bauder D. 1986. Particle size analysis. p. 255-292. In J.H. Dane et al. (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis: Part4. Physical Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. 5. Madison, WI, USA.

17- Germ M., Kreft I., Stibilj V., and Urbanc-Bercic O. 2007. Combined effects of selenium and drought on photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration in potato. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 45: 162-167.

18- Genjoglan C., Akinci I.E., Uchan K., Akinchi S., and Genjoglan S. 2006. Response of red pepper plant to the deficit irrigation. Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Facultesi Dergisi, 19(1): 131-138.

19- Ghadami A., and nosrati A.E. 2007. Study of water and nitrogen use efficiency under two systems of tape and furrow irrigation in plant density on quality and quantity of white Garlic population of Hamedan in farm conditions. Final report No 86.1654, AREO, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)

20- Ghanbari M., Zaboli G.R., and Mir B. 2013. Comparing irrigation methods and weed control on yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. World Sci. Journal, 3: 70-78.

21- Gross J. 1991. Pigments in Vegetables, 2th Ed. Von Nostrand Rrinhold, New York PP. 351.

22- Hanks R.J., Sisson D.V., Hurst R.L., and Hubbard K.G. 1980. Statistical analysis of results from irrigation experiments using the line source sprinkler system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Journal, 44: 886-888.

23- Hanks R.J., Keller J., Rasmussen V.P., and Wilson B.D. 1976. Line source sprinkler for continuous variable irrigation crop production studies. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40: 426-429.

24- Hegney M., and Mcpharlin I. 2000. Response of summer-planted potatoes to level of applied nitrogen and water. Agricola, 1998-2001.

25- Honson B.R., May D., Voss R., Cantwell M., and Rice R. 2003. Response of garlic to irrigation water. Agr. Water Manag., 58: 29- 43.

26- Hore J., Ghanti K.S., and Chanchan M. 2014. Influence of nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). J. Crop Weed., 10(2): 14- 18.

27- Jones J. 2001. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis. CRC Press, LLC. USA.

28- Kafi M., zand E., Kamkar B., Shareefee H.R., and Goldance M. 2000. Plant Physiology, SID Press, Mashhad, Iran.

29- Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. (2nd Ed). Academic Press, USA.

30- Mclean E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. p. 199-224. In A.L. Page et al. (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. 5. Madison, WI, USA.

31- Mohammadin R. 2009. The relationship of morphological traits at early growth stage of three sugar beet genotypes with final root yield and white sugar yield under different drought stress conditions. Journal of Sugarbeet 25(1) 23-38.

32- Motalebifard R., Najafi N., Oustan S., Nyshabouri M.R., and Valizadeh M. 2013. The combined effects of phosphorus and zinc on evapotranspiration, leaf water potential, water use efficiency and tuber attributes of potato under water deficit conditions. Sci. Hort., 162: 31-38.

33- Mudziwa N. 2010. Yield and quality responses of Egyptian white garlic (Allium sativum L.) and wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea Harv.) to nitrogen nutrition. Submitted for Degree M Inst Agrar in Horticultural Science, Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria.

34- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. p. 967-1010. In D.L. Sparks et al. (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, Chemical Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. 5. Madison, WI, USA.

35- Omidbeyghi R. 1997. Approarches to production and processing of Medicinal plants. (3) 1. Publication of Astan Ghods Razavi. (In Persian).

36- Panchal G., Modhwadia M., Patel J., Sadaria S., and Patel B. 1992. Response of garlic to irrigation, nitrogen and phosphorus. Indian Journal of Agron., 37(2): 397-398.

37- Pandey U., and Singh D. 1993. Response of garlic to different levels of irrigation and nitrogen. News Letter National Hort. Res. Develop, Func., 13(3-4): 10-12.

38- Pouresmael M., Akbari M., Vaezi Sh., and Shahmoradi Sh. 2009. Effects of drought stress gradient on agronomic traits in Kabuli chickpea core collection. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 11 (4): 307-324 (in Persian with English abstract)

39- Reddy M.R., and Perkins H.F. 1974. Fixation of zinc by clay minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Journal 38(2): 229-231.

40- Richards L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. US Salinity Laboratory Staff, Agricultural Handbook No 60, USA.

41- Samarah N., and Mullen R. 2004. Size distribution and mineral nutrients of soybean seeds in response to drought stress. Journal Plant Nutr., 27(5): 815-835.

42- Saffari R., Maghsoudi Mood A.A., and Saffari V. R. 2013. Effect of Salt Stress on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Grain Yield of Some Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cultivars. Seed and Plant Production Journal, 29 (1): 109-130.

43- Sankar V., Lawande K.E., and Tripathi P. C. 2008. Effect of micro irrigation practices on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) var. G. 41. J. Spices Aromatic Crops, 17(3): 230-234.

44- Sharifi M., Dehghanian S.E., and Ashraf Mansuri Gh. 2012. Evaluation of deficit and optimum irrigation on quantitative and qualitative traits and damage of rhizomania in different sugar beet hybrids. Agricultural production Journal, 4(3): 249-263. (in Persian with English abstract)

45- Shilpi M., and Tuteja N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 444: 139-158.

46- Silabut N., Naruka I.S., Shaktawat R.P.S., Verma K.S., and Seyie A. 2014. Response of garlic cultivars to irrigation levels. Indian Journal Horticulture, 71(3): 354-359.

47- Sultan A. 2005. Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains. Environ Exp. Bot., 42(3): 211-220.

48- Waraich E.A., Amad R., Ashraf M.Y., and Ehanullah R. 2011. Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of drought stress in plants. Aus. Journal Crop Sci., 5(6): 764-777.

49- Westigate M.E., and Grant D.T. 1989. Effect of water deficits on seed development in soybean I: Tissue water status. Plant Physiol., 91: 975-979.

50- Yasin-Ashraf M., Ala S.A., and Batti A. 1998. Nutritional imbalance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown at soil water stress. Acta Physiol. Plantarum, 20: 307-310.

51- Yuncai H., and Schmidhalter U. 2005. Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. Journal Plant Nutr. Soil Sciense, 168: 541-549.

52- Zaman M.S., Hashem M.A., Jahiruddin M., and Rahim M.A. 2011. Effect of nitrogen for yield maximization of garlic in old Brahmapurta flood plain soil. Bangladesh Journal Agril. Res., 36(2): 357-367.