تأثیر ویژگی‌های خاک بر عملکرد و تهیه جدول نیازهای رویشی پرتقال در مناطق انتخابی کشور ایران

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب کشور

2 استادیار پژوهش، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

3 استادیار پژوهش بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

4 مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب

5 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان لرستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

6 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات ارزیابی اراضی، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب

7 استادیار پژوهش، پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه های نیمه گرمسیری، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رامسر، ایران

8 استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زرقان، ایران

چکیده

هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر خصوصیات اراضی بر عملکرد پرتقال، درجه­بندی آن­ها و تهیه جدول نیازهای رویشی برای تعیین تناسب اراضی برای کشت این گیاهان به روش فائو بود. به همین منظور، 138 باغ پرتقال (118 باغ برای درجه­بندی و 20 باغ برای صحت­سنجی) در استان­های فارس، مازندران، گیلان، کرمان و جنوب کرمان انتخاب شد. در هر باغ، پرسش­نامه­ای تکمیل و یک پدون حفر و مطالعه شد. سپس، نمونه­های خاک برای آزمایش­های فیزیکوشیمیایی تهیه گردید. ویژگی­های انتخاب شده شامل شوری، درصد سدیم قابل تبادل (ESP)، واکنش خاک، گچ، آهک، رس، شن، سیلت، سنگریزه، پتاسیم و فسفر قابل دسترس خاک بود. از کل داده­ها، 20 داده برای اعتبارسنجی انتخاب و بقیه داده­ها وارد مدلسازی شامل روابط رگرسیونی چندمتغیره به روش گام­به­گام و ساده شد. در این معادلات ارتباط بین عملکرد به عنوان متغیر وابسته با ویژگی­های خاک به عنوان متغیرهای مستقل بررسی شد. به کمک نمودارها، درجه‌بندی خصوصیات اراضی به روش فائو بدست آمده و جدول نیازهای رویشی پیشنهاد شد. این جدول، با داده‌های اعتبار سنجی، صحت­سنجی شد. رابطه رگرسیونی چندمتغیره نشان داد که شوری، ESP، آهک، گچ، سنگریزه، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل دسترس، با ضریب تبیین 95/0 بیشترین اثر را بر عملکرد پرتقال دارند و معادلات رگرسیونی ساده مشخص کردند شوری خاک، ESP، گچ، آهک و سنگریزه، بیشترین اثر را در کاهش و کربن آلی، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل دسترس، بیشترین اثر را در افزایش عملکرد دارند. ضریب تبیین عملکرد با شاخص خاک بدست آمده از جدول نیازهای خاک و اراضی پیشنهادی برای پرتقال نیز 79/0 بدست آمد که نشان­دهنده دقت قابل­قبول جدول پیشنهادی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Soil Characteristics on Yield and Preparing the Crop Requirements Table of Oranges in Selected Areas of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. Zeinadini 1
  • M.N. Navidi 2
  • A. Asadi Kangarshahi 3
  • M. Eskandari 2
  • S.A. Seyed jalali 4
  • A. Salmanpour 5
  • J. Seyedmohammadi 6
  • M. Ghasemi 7
  • S.A. Ghaffarinejad 2
  • Gh. Zareian 8
1 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Soil and Water Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran
4 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
5 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Department, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Khorram Abad, Iran
6 Assistant professor, Land evaluation Department, Soil and Water Research Institute
7 Assistant Prof., Genetic and Breeding dep., Citrus and Subtropical fruit research center, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research , Education & Extention Organization, Ramsar, Iran
8 Assistant Prof., Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Zarghan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Iran is one of the most important countries in citrus (oranges) production. Citrus fruits are grown in different soils with a wide range of physical, chemical and fertility properties in the country, although some restrictions in the cultivated lands cause yield loss. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of physical, chemical and soil fertility characteristics on citrus yield in important areas under cultivation, the regression relationships of characteristics with yield, and the rating of soil and land parameters.
Materials and Methods: The 138 oranges orchards (118 orchards for rating and 20 orchards for validation) were selected in Fars, Mazanderan, Kerman and Guilan provinces. In each garden, a questionnaire was completed, a soil pedon was studied and soil samples were taken to carry out the appropriate physicochemical analyses. The selected soil and land characteristics were soil salinity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), pH, gypsum content, soil calcium carbonate (TNV), organic carbon (OC), clay, sand, silt, gravel, and soil available phosphorus and potassium contents. From the whole obtained data, 20 data were considered for validation purpose and the remaining data were used for modeling based on stepwise multivariate and simple regression methods. In these equations, the relationship between yield, as dependent variable, with soil and land characteristics, as independent variables, was investigated. Finally, land characteristics rating was obtained by the FAO method and the proposed crop requirements table was evaluated using the validation dataset.
Results and Discussion: The results of descriptive statistics analysis showed that the variance values for available potassium, sand, clay, gravel and TNV were high and for pH and OC and gypsum were negligible. Therefore, most soil properties have a wide range of variation which could be related to the fact that oranges are grown in a wide range of soil types. The value of TNV varied between 10 and 33.3%. The presence of carbonate in soil reduces the availability of macro- and micronutrient elements in direct and indirect manners. The average of EC in the studied orchards was 5.4 dS.m-1. Minimum, maximum and average of ESP were 1.7, 28 and 10.7, respectively. The lowest and highest salinity and sodicity were observed in Mazandaran and Kerman soils, respectively. Maximum, minimum and average percentage of gypsum were 12, 0.36 and 3.54%, respectively. The highest amount of gypsum was observed in Bam and Shahdad regions of Kerman province and the lowest gypsum content was observed in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. The soil pH varied from 6.63 to 8.8 with the average of 7.8. The soil OC values were between 0.05 and 3.53% and its average was 0.89%, showing the fact that the most studied soils were poor in organic matters. The average of soil available phosphorus and potassium in the studied orchards for citrus was less than the critical level. The average, minimum and maximum of available potassium were 224, 100 and 360 mg.kg-1, respectively. The mean, minimum and maximum amounts of available phosphorus were 21.6, 8 and 45.9 mg.kg-1, respectively. According to the multivariate regression model, among soil properties, EC, ESP, TNV, gypsum, gravel, available phosphorus and potassium were selected by the model. The determination coefficient of the model was 0.95, indicating that these properties have the greatest effect on citrus yield. Simple regression equations demonstrated that TNV, gypsum, EC, ESP, sand, clay, gravel, available potassium and phosphorous had the highest correlation (R2 > 0.6); and soil OC and pH had the lowest correlation (R2<0.2) with yield. The equations also revealed that soil EC, ESP, gypsum, TNV and gravel percentage had the greatest effect in yield loss, and soil organic carbon, absorbed phosphorus and potassium had the greatest effect on increasing citrus yield. As stated in equations, reported permissible and critical thresholds for effective soil properties on citrus yield, were 2.4 dS.m-1 for EC, 5 for ESP, 1.5% for gypsum, 20% for TNV, 22 mg.kg-1 for available phosphorus, 280 mg.kg-1 for available potassium, 110 cm for soil depth, and >2 m for groundwater level. Finally, evaluating the proposed crop requirements table with validation dataset fitted between citrus yield and soil index, resulted in the determination coefficient value of 0.79, denoting the acceptable accuracy of proposed table.
Conclusion: Overall results showed that the main land limiting characteristics for orange production were soil salinity and sodicity, high amount of soil calcium carbonate and gypsum. Among unsuitable physical and fertility properties of soil, salinity and sodicity are the most effective factors affecting yield reduction. Consequently, proper management practices such as introducing cultivars compatible with these soil conditions, soil remediation and leaching operations to reduce soil salinity and sodicity are necessary. Furthermore, in most areas under orange cultivation such as Fars and Kerman provinces, the soil calcium carbonate content is more than the critical level for plant growth. In addition, the averages of soil available phosphorus and potassium were less than the critical levels, which should be considered for nutrient management of orchards. The proposed table of crop requirements seems to be accurate enough to conduct land suitability studies for orange varieties, especially cultivars grown in the north and south of the country. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crop requirement
  • Cropping pattern
  • Citrus
  • Land suitability
  1. Asadi Kangarshahi  A., Akhlaghi Amiri N., and Samar M. 2015. Possibility of Using Chlorosis Degree and Active Iron (Fe2+) to Assess the Tolerance of Some Citrus Rootstocks to Calcareous Soils. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 29(3): 296-284. (In Persian with English abstract)
  2. Asadi Kangarshahi A., and Akhlaqi Amiri N. 2013. branch wilt, citrus deterioration and some environmental damage of citrus in East Mazandaran. Extension Technical Journal No. 01/217/92, Mazandaran Agricultural Jihad Organization.
  3. Castle W.S., and Nunnallee J. 2009. Screening citrus rootstocks and related selections in soil and solution culture for tolerance to low-iron stress. HortScience 44: 638-645.
  4. De Leão M.G., Marques Júnior J., Souza Z.M.D., Siqueira D.S., and Pereira G.T. 2011. Terrain forms and spatial variability of soil properties in an area cultivatedwith citrus. Engenharia Agrícola 31(4): 643-651.
  5. Duan H., Qian H., and Du Y. 2010. Assessing the climate risk to citrus in subtropics of China. Acta Geographica Sinica 65(3): 301-312.
  6. FAO. 1976. A Framework for Land Evaluation. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 32. Rome.
  7. FAO. 2018. Statistics Division (FAOSTAT).
  8. Ghiasvand A. 2016. Application of statistics and SPSS software in data analysis. 4th Ed. Motefakkeran Publications. (In Persian)
  9. Golein B., Rabiei V., Mirabbasi F., Fifaei R., and Halaji Sani M.F. 2016. Effect of Salinity Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Traits in Citrus Genotypes. Journal of Horticultural Science (Agricultural Science and Technology) 29(3): 416-425. (In Persian with English abstract)
  10. Homaee M. 2001. Plants response to salinity. Publications of the National Irrigation and Drainage Committee of Iran. (In Persian)
  11. Kosegarten H., Hoffman B., Rroco E., Grolig F., Gluesenkamp K., and Mengel K. 2004. Apoplastic pH and FeIII reduction in young sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots. Physiologia Plantarum 122: 95-106.
  12. Mann K.K., Schumann A.W., and Obreza T.A. 2011. Delineating productivity zones in a citrus grove using citrus production, tree growth and temporally stable soil data. Precision Agriculture 12(4): 457-472.
  13. Mann K.K., Schumann A.W., Obreza T.A., Harris W.G., and Shukla S. 2010. Spatial variability of soil physical properties affecting Florida citrus production. Soil Science 175(10): 487-499.
  14. Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Information and Communication Technology Center. 2018. Agricultural Statistics of 1396, Volume 3: Horticultural Products. (In Persian)
  15. Mohammadi J. 2006. Pedometry: Classical Statistics. Volume One, Pelk Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
  16. Nawaz R., Abbasi N.A., Hafiz I.A., and Khalid A. 2020. Impact of climate variables on growth and development of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) grown at different ecological zones under climate change scenario. Scientia Horticulturae 260, 108868.
  17. Romheld V. 2000. The chlorosis paradox: Fe inactivation as a secondary event in chlorotic leaves of grape vine. Journal of Plant Nutrition 13: 1629-1643.
  18. Schumann A.W. 2006. Nutrient management zones for citrus based on variation in soil properties and tree performance. Precision Agriculture 7(1): 45-63.
  19. Soltani A.R. 2001. Probability and Statistics for Science and engineering. 2nd ed. Shiraz University Press. (In Persian)
  20. Sys C., Van Ranst E., and Debaveye I.J. 1991. Land evaluation. Part I: principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations. General Administration for Development Cooperation, Agricultural Publication-No. 7, Brussels, Belgium, p 274.
  21. Sys C., Van Ranst E., Debaveye I.J., and Beernaert F. 1993. Land evaluation. Part III: crop requirements. General Administration for Development Cooperation, Agricultural Publication-No. 7, Brussels, Belgium, p 199.
  22. Tehrani M.M., Pasandideh M., and Davoodi M.H. 2011. Determining the distribution and recommendation of trace elements in irrigated lands of Gilan, Mazandaran, Hamedan, Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan and Isfahan provinces. Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Soil and Water Research Institute. Report  No. 1618.
  23. USDA. 2012. Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils. Version 3, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.
  24. USDA. 2014. Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Version 5. R. Burt and Soil Survey Staff (ed.). United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
  25. Zeinodini A. 2001. Qualitative and quantitative land evaluation studies for selected agricultural and horticultural crops in Bam region. Report No.8446, Soil and Water Research Institute.Tehran Iran.
  26. Zeinodini A. 2011. Qualitatve land suitabiliy for important crops in Blook-pharyab plain, Kahnooj area. Report No.39208,Soil and Water Research Institute.
  27. Zeinodini A., Toomanian N., Navidi M.N., Farajnia A., and Seyed Jalali A.R. 2019. Horticultural crops requirements. Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
  28. Zeinodini A., and Ebrahimi F. 2014. Land quality studies of important agricultural and horticultural crops in Shahdad region, Kerman province. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Sustainable Management of Soil and Environmental Resources, Kerman, Iran.
CAPTCHA Image
دوره 35، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 77
مرداد و شهریور 1400
صفحه 395-407
  • تاریخ دریافت: 06 بهمن 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 15 فروردین 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 16 اردیبهشت 1400
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 18 اردیبهشت 1400