ارزیابی آلودگی رودخانه آجی‌چای در محدوده دشت تبریز براساس تغییرات مکانی و زمانی شاخص‌های کیفی NSFWQI و IRWQI

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• زینب پاشازاده لاله ¹
• هادی جعفری ²
• عبدالرضا واعظی هیر ³

¹ دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زمین‌شناسی زیست محیطی ، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود

² دانشیار هیدروژئولوژی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود

³ دانشیار هیدروژئولوژی گروه علوم زمین، دانشگاه تبریز

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v34i6.80732

چکیده

رودخانه آجی‏چای از مهم‌ترین رودخانه‌های جاری در استان آذربایجان شرقی و یکی از بزرگترین رودهای ورودی به دریاچه ارومیه می­باشد که از دشت تبریز عبور می‏نماید. به­دلیل تمرکز صنایع مختلف، کشاورزی و مناطق شهری در این دشت، این رودخانه مهم مستعد آلودگی و تخریب کیفی می‏باشد. در این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی آلودگی این رودخانه براساس تغییرات مکانی و زمانی شاخص بنیاد ملی بهداشت آمریکا در دو فرم ضربی (NSFWQI_m) و افزایشی (NSFWQI_a) و شاخص کیفی منابع آب سطحی ایران (IRWQI_SC)، تعداد 16 ایستگاه نمونه­برداری در طول مسیر رودخانه تعیین و طی دو فصل تر (اردیبهشت­ماه 95) و خشک (شهریورماه 95) اقدام به نمونه­برداری گردید. پارامترهای هدایت الکتریکی، دما، اکسیژن محلول و pH در صحرا و کل جامدات محلول، کدورت، یون­های اصلی، نیترات، فسفات، اکسیژن­خواهی زیستی، اکسیژن­خواهی شیمیایی و آلاینده­های زیستی (کلی­فرم مدفوعی) در آزمایشگاه اندازه­گیری شد. مطابق نتایج، افزایش مقادیر شاخص­های کیفی در مسیر جریان رودخانه ضمن عبور از مناطق شهری، کشاورزی و صنعتی مشاهده شده که بیانگر آلودگی و تخریب کیفی آب رودخانه به­سمت پایین­دست می­باشد. میانگین مقادیر فرم­های افزایشی و ضربی شاخص بنیاد ملی بهداشت آمریکا در فصل تر به ترتیب برابر 8/39 و 8/25 و در فصل خشک برابر 5/29 و 8/16 و متوسط شاخص کیفیت منابع آب سطحی ایران برابر 5/14 در فصل تر و 8/14 در فصل خشک محاسبه شده که نشان­دهنده کیفیت پایین­تر رودخانه در فصل خشک نسبت به فصل تر ناشی از تغییرات در رژیم جریان و آبدهی آن می­باشد. ارزیابی کیفی رودخانه آجی­چای با استفاده از شاخص­های مورد بررسی نشان­دهنده وضعیت بد تا خیلی بد رودخانه در اکثر ایستگاه­ها به­خصوص قسمت­های میانی دشت تبریز می­باشد. این موضوع بیانگر تخریب کیفی رودخانه آجی­چای در اثر ورود آلودگی­ از منابع آلاینده به­ویژه فاضلاب شهری و پساب صنعتی بوده و لزوم مدیریت و بهبود کیفی این رودخانه مهم از طریق شناسایی، پایش و کنترل مستمر منابع آلاینده، جلوگیری از تخلیه فاضلاب خام به رودخانه، الزام به تصفیه فاضلاب­های صنعتی قبل از تخلیه به رودخانه و نظارت بر عملکرد تصفیه­خانه­های موجود (نظیر تصفیه­خانه شهرک صنعتی چرمشهر) را مشخص می­نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آذربایجان شرقی
• تخریب کیفی
• فاضلاب
• کلی فرم
• طبقه بندی کیفی
• نیترات

20.1001.1.20084757.1399.34.6.1.9

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Aji-Chay River Pollution in Tabriz Plain Area Using Water Quality Indices

نویسندگان [English]

• Z. Pashazadeh Laleh ¹
• H. Jafari ²
• A.R. Vaezi Hir ³

¹ M.Sc. Student of Environmental Geology Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran

² Associate Professor of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran

³ Associate Professor of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Geology, Tabriz University, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: The water is the major key in sustainable development, so it is necessary to be managed and conserved. The quality of surface water resources is mainly controlled by natural or geogenic factors including chemistry of recharge water, soil and geology processes, as well as the man-made contaminant. Qualitative indicators are used as effective managing tools in decision making programs. Water quality indices (WQI) are the simple and suitable tools to determine the quality statue of the water. In order to calculate the water quality index, many parameters are integrated in mathematical formula to represent the quality condition of the water with a number which classifies the quality in the scales of the weak to excellent. Many water quality indices were introduced by researchers and organizations around the world. Aji-Chay, one of the most important flowing rivers in East-Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran, is passing through Tabriz plain in its way and finally ends to the Uremia lake. Regarding the focused industrial zones, agricultural field and urban areas in this plain, the river is highly vulnerable to pollution and quality degradation. So, this study was aimed to assess the Aji-chay River based on quality indicators, in order to helps its better management.
Materials and Methods: In this research for assessing pollution of the Aji-Chay river using water quality indices, 16 sampling stations were located along the river and water samples were collected during wet (May 2016) and dry (September 2016) seasons. Electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in the field and total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO₃, Cl, SO₄), nitrate (NO₃), phosphate (PO₄), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological contaminants (fecal coliform) were determined in the laboratory. Quality indicators including the US national sanitary foundation water quality indices in the two forms of multiplicative (NSFWQI_m) and additive (NSFWQI_a) and Iranian surface water quality index (IRWQI_sc) were used to assess the quality of the Aji-Chay river.
Results and Discussion: Turbidity and Electrical conductivity (EC) is high at the upstream which is related to movement of the River in upper red formation (Miocene series) which enhances the chloride, sodium, calcium and sulfate. Arsenic concentrations are exceeding the drinking standards (0.01 ppm) across all samples mainly from a geogenic sources as well as discharge of wastewater in some areas. The elements Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Mo, Co, Zn, Fe and Al are mainly geogenic, whereas Cu, Ba and Cr are mostly originated from anthropogenic activities. Based on the results, river quality at the wet season is highly controlled by the main branch and Gomnab-Chay, but Mehran-rood plays the major role in downstream water quality at the dry season due to its higher discharge rate. The process was confirmed by Piper and Schoeller diagrams. Most of the parameters are increased in middle parts at the river where the concentrated sources of contaminates and discharge of wastewater increased the organic and biological constituents and nutrients especially in dry season. Assessing the river quality for agricultural uses based on modified Wilcox diagram shows except for Mehran-rood, the other samples are unsuitable for agriculture and the dry season quality is better than the wet season. Based on the results, increase in most parameters and so, pollution and quality degradation of the river are observed to the downstream. Assessing quality of the Aji-Chay river using US national sanitary foundation water quality indices in the two forms of multiplicative (NSFWQI_m) and additive (NSFWQI_a) and Iranian surface water quality index (IRWQI_sc) confirmed the bad to very bad qualitative statue of the river in most stations especially in the middle parts of the Tabriz plain. The results revealed that quality degradation of Aji-Chay river is probably due to discharge of contaminants from municipal and industrial wastewaters (effluents), highlighting the need for managing actions to improve quality of this important river. Comparing the quality indices showed the priority of NSFWQI_m (multiplicative form of US national sanitary foundation water quality indices) in quality classification and pollution assessment of the Aji-Chay river.
Conclusion: Quality degradation of Aji-Chay river is probably due to discharge of contaminants from municipal and industrial wastewater effluents, indicating the need for managing actions to improve quality of this river. In this study priority of NSFWQI_m (multiplicative form of US national sanitary foundation water quality indices) in quality classification and pollution assessment of the Aji-Chay river was confirmed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Coliform
• Quality Classification
• East-Azerbaijan
• Quality degradation
• Nitrate
• Wastewater

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