Document Type : Research Article
Authors
Imam Khomeini International University
Abstract
Introduction: Estimating the actual evapotranspiration of the crops, is so important for determining the irrigation needs. Typically, the climatic, vegetative and management parameters are effective on actual evapotranspiration. If the crops are exposed to salinity, fertility and other stresses, reduce actual evapotranspiration and yield. The correct estimation of the actual evapotranspiration of crop will allow agricultural planners to the better agricultural water management. Previous researches show water stress and soil nitrogen deficiency (as management stresses), effect on increasing of stomatal resistance and reducing of crops evapotranspiration. Thus, goal of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity and soil nitrogen deficiency on the amount of Ks coefficient and readily available water of maize.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in research farm at University of Imam Khomeini International, Qazvin, Iran during June to November 2017. In this research, the effects of saline water and soil nitrogen deficiency on Maize (SC 704) evapotranspiration, were investigated. The applied treatments included irrigation with saline water (in four levels: 0.5 (S_0), 1.2 (S_1), 3.5 (S_2) and 5.7 (S_3) dS/m) and soil fertility (in four levels: nitrogen fertilizer consumption at 100 (N_0), 75 (N_1), 50 (N_2) and 25% (N_3)). The experimental design used in this research was a completely randomized block design with three replications. In this experiment, maize seeds were cultivated in the plots with Length and width of 3×3 meters. The prometer device (Model: AP4) was also used to measure stomatal resistance of maize leaf. Determining the irrigation schedule, was based on the soil moisture reached to the limit of RAW (Readily Available Water). At the same time, with increasing stomatal resistance, RAW was calculated and irrigation was done. Evapotranspiration of the under stress plants were ET_(c-adj) and evapotranspiration of S_0 N_0 treatment was ET_c. The stress factor (K_s ) is calculated by ET_(c-adj)/ET_c. The values of RAW and K_s were analyzed by SPSS software. K_s coefficient was modeled with amounts of salinity stresses and soil nitrogen deficiency.
Results and Discussion: The results of this study showed that the interaction between two factors of salinity stress and nitrogen deficiency on the K_s and RAW parameters (in level: 1%) are significant. K_s coefficient at the levels of S_1, S_2 and S_3, were 0.95, 088 and 0.77, respectively. In saline water of 0.5 (dS/m), the K_s coefficient of N_1, N_2 and N_3 were 0.98, 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. With increasing the 1(dS/m) salinity of water and 25% reduction in nitrogen consumption, decreased the K_s amount about 4.5% and 1.7%, respectively. The reason of results is that with increasing of water salinity, decreases the osmotic potential of water in the soil and the crop needs to consume more energy to obtain water. Thus, amount of crop transpiration is reduced and soil water content is remained. The linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial and power functions were fitted between N_i/N_0 and S_i/S_0 data. The ability of the above functions to estimate the K_s coefficient value was evaluated. The polynomial function has a good function for estimating the K_s coefficient. In the S_0، S_1، S_2 and S_3 treatments, by changing the fertility value from N_0 to N_3, amounts of RAW were 63.7, 58.7, 55.4 and 42% , respectively. Also in N_0، N_1، N_2 and N_3 treatments, with changing the salinity of water from S_0 to S_3, RAW values were 51.7, 46.3, 42.7 and 42%, respectively. Therefore, stresses that reduce crop evapotranspiration are effective on reducing the amount of RAW. In this situation, the actual water requirement of the crop is less than the potential evapotranspiration of the area.
Conclusions: Increasing water salinity and nitrogen deficiency decrease evapotranspiration of maize and increase soil water content. By calculating the stress coefficient (K_s ), it is possible to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of maize, in Qazvin. Thus, the amount of irrigation water is adjusted according to the actual water requirement of maize. Under salt stress conditions with increasing the soil nitrogen, Can be increased the K_s coefficient and evapotranspiration of maize. Therefore, calculating the crop's water requirement based on the existence of strtesse, it will help to saving water.
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