Research Article
H. Sharifan; B. Ghahraman; A. Alizadeh
Abstract
Evaluation of Rainfall Effect on Programing of Agricultural Management (Case Study: Golestan region)
Abstract
Securing of water need in agricultural is important. Precipitation are one of the most important of water resources in agricultural, in Golestan province, especially , because Alborze mountains ...
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Evaluation of Rainfall Effect on Programing of Agricultural Management (Case Study: Golestan region)
Abstract
Securing of water need in agricultural is important. Precipitation are one of the most important of water resources in agricultural, in Golestan province, especially , because Alborze mountains are in Golestan south. In research has investigated effects of rainfall to cropping pattern and intensification in Golestan farms. Rainfall used: a) have forecasted rainfalls by Minitab-13 program, b) Different probabilities of rainfalls by LST Program. Then estimated effective rainfall (by USDA method). For optimization used Lingo-8 program. Evaluations shown that in southern region (climate is: smi wet), if rainfall decreased, area of tomato and potato decreased , but canola area increased. In central and north regions (climates are: semi dried to dried), if rainfall decreased, watermelon area decreased, but canola area increased. Also if drought conditions, planting of canola, watermelon and cotton crops are important.
Key words: Cropping pattern, Intensification, Precipitation, Golestan
Research Article
H.R. Mohammadpouran; A. Fotovat; Gh. Haghnia; A. Halajnia; M. Chomsaz
Abstract
Abstract
Chromium is among the metals that has numerous applications in various industries due to its specifications. Widespread use of this metal in different industries has unfortunately been accompanied by its increased release into environment and this entails numerous environmental hazards. In ...
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Abstract
Chromium is among the metals that has numerous applications in various industries due to its specifications. Widespread use of this metal in different industries has unfortunately been accompanied by its increased release into environment and this entails numerous environmental hazards. In the first phase of the research that was conducted to evaluate the effect of the leather processing companies' sewage on chromium behavior on soil, samples of soil affected by the sewage of leather processing companies were studied Hexavalent chromium and chromium distribution ratio in exchangeable organic, carbonated and residual fractions of these soils were examined. The second phase of this research was conducted to assess the effect of time, chromium, soil texture and soil organic mater on chromium distribution in soil fractions. In this phase of the research also the reduction process of hexavalent chromium with time was evaluated. In the evaluation of the soils affected with chromium in Charmshahr area of Mashhad the contamination was observed in 45-centimeter depth of the soil. In sequential extractions of these soils it was shown that 90% of the chromium was in the residual fraction. The chromium distribution order in various fractions of these soils was as follows:
Exchange fraction> Organic fraction> Carbonated fraction> residual fraction
The results showed that time had an important effect on the chromium distribution in various soil fractions especially in short term. Treatments of this section had not a significant effect on the chromium distribution in various fractions statistically except in limited cases. Among the most important results of this phase, we can cite the increased contribution (percentage) of chromium to exchangeable fraction with increased level of chromium in soil and this is so important from the environmental point of view.
Key word: Chromium, Organic matter, Fraction
Research Article
M. Chorom; A. Alizadeh
Abstract
Abstract
The plants which can be used to clean up the soil of heavy metals contamination are named phytoremedation. Phytoremediation has received increasing attention because of its low environmental impact and cost-effectiveness. But, it is slowly process and needs long time. In such reson, chelating ...
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Abstract
The plants which can be used to clean up the soil of heavy metals contamination are named phytoremedation. Phytoremediation has received increasing attention because of its low environmental impact and cost-effectiveness. But, it is slowly process and needs long time. In such reson, chelating agents have been proposed to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction by increasing solubility of target metals from soil. Synthetic chelates and low molecular weight organic acids are the most common chemical amendments that have been used in chemically assisted phytoextraction of metals from soils. The objective of this work was comparison of EDTA and sugarcane by product compost in enhancing phytoextraction of Cd, Pb, and Ni by canola in an artificially contaminated soil. Two levels of contamination (800 and 1600 ppm) were performed. The soil were placed in dark condition for 2 weeks and compost of sugarcan were applied in two levels (20 and 50 ton per hectar). A number of 5 canola seeds with grower power 95% germination were cultivated. Two weeks after cultivation, the treatments included EDTA in numbers of (0,10,20mmol /kg soil) with irrigated water were added to the pots. Eight weeks after cultivating the plants cut as well as the analysis of the soil and the plant in the laboratory was made. All treatments significantly increased the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni in the shoots of plants compared with the control. Therefore, the influence of EDTA and compost were observed more powerful for enhanced phytoextraction of the heavy metals. The effectiveness of EDTA and compost to stimulating the accumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni in shoots plants were (4.3 and 4.1), (4 and 4.2) and (2.8, and 2.9) times more respectively, than the control. Also, the results of this study indicated that all treatments were superior in terms of solubilizing soil Pb, Cd and Ni for root uptake and translocation into shoots Canola but, in different levels.
Key words: Phytoremediation, EDTA, Compost of sugarcane,Uptake index, Heavy metals
Research Article
A. Halajnia; A. Lakziyan; Gh. Haghnia; A. Ramezanian
Abstract
Abstract
Heavy metals uptake and their distribution in plants are different. In addition to the genetic factors, environmental factors such as interactions of heavy metals with essential elements are very important on the amount of heavy metals uptake. In this study, the effects of iron and manganese ...
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Abstract
Heavy metals uptake and their distribution in plants are different. In addition to the genetic factors, environmental factors such as interactions of heavy metals with essential elements are very important on the amount of heavy metals uptake. In this study, the effects of iron and manganese on accumulation of cadmium in shoot and root of sunflower and corn in different concentration of those elements in a hydroponic condition was investigated. The results showed that cadmium uptake in root and shoot of sunflower were higher significantly compared to corn. The concentration of cadmium decreased in the shoot of sunflower and corn with increasing the iron availability. Cadmium concentration of corn root was not affected by iron availability but cadmium concentration in sunflower root was reduced dramatically. Manganese availability had less effect on cadmium accumulation of root and shoot of both plants. Cadmium concentration of root and shoot of sunflower increased by manganese availability but it was different in corn plant.
Key words: Cadmium, Corn, Sunflower, Iron, Manganese
Research Article
A. Shahbazi; A. Yazdipour; M. Raoufi
Abstract
Abstract
Soil crust decreases soil infiltration and prevents plant stablishment. Thus reduction of crust effects is a prominent way to avert desertification. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of polyacrylamide on emergence of Canola seedlings in a crusted soil and some physicochemical ...
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Abstract
Soil crust decreases soil infiltration and prevents plant stablishment. Thus reduction of crust effects is a prominent way to avert desertification. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of polyacrylamide on emergence of Canola seedlings in a crusted soil and some physicochemical properties of soil such as pH, EC, SAR and bulk density in a field located in Date and Tropical Fruits Research Center of Ahwaz. Statistic design was RCBD with seven treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kgha-1 of Polyacrylamide) wich solved in water with three replication. Similar plots with no plant were used to investigate the changes of some physicochemical properties of soil. Results indicated that all polyacrylamide treatments increase the canola seedling emergence significantly, so that seedling emergence was 3.5 times greater than control in 25 kgha-1 of polyacrylamide and had no effect on physicochemical properties of soil (except bulk density). All treatments of this polymer decreased soil bulk density in relation to control treatment significantly. Results showed that the most effective treatment of polyacrylamide was 25kgha-1.
Key words: Polyacrylamide, Crust, Canola, Physicochemical characterestics
Research Article
Kh. Amadali; S. Nikmehr; A. Liaghat
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding distribution of physical and chemical soil parameters is very important in recognizing, planning, and soil and water resources management in precision agriculture. Regard to the problems related to direct measurement, finding solution to estimate these parameters are very essential. ...
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Abstract
Understanding distribution of physical and chemical soil parameters is very important in recognizing, planning, and soil and water resources management in precision agriculture. Regard to the problems related to direct measurement, finding solution to estimate these parameters are very essential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial variation of some soil parameters such as; soil salinity, pH and CaCO3 percentage using different methods of interpolation and then to select the most suitable method for estimation of the proposed parameters in the Boukan region with total area 2992 Km2. Totally, 183 soil samples were taken from 0-30 cm soil depth in order to cover whole studied area and the amount of salinity, pH and CaCO3 percentage were measured in all soil samples. Then, different interpolation methods (kriging, cokriging, weighted moving average with powers of 2, 3, 4 and 5 and TPSS with powers of 2, 3, 4 and 5) with ArcGIS and GS+ software were used to analyze data. The proposed methods were evaluated by MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and MBE (Mean Bias Error) statistics indexes. The results of this study showed that the cokriging method with minimum MAE 0.218, 0.156 and 7.353 for salinity, pH and CaCO3 percentage respectively, is the most accurate method.
Key words: Acidity, Boukan, Salinity, Cokriging, IDW
Research Article
H.A. Alizadeh; B. Nazari; A. Liaghat
Abstract
Abstract
Determining saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the important soil characteristics that its estimation is important in soil and water studies. There are several methods for estimating Ks in unsaturated conditions. These methods include the inversed-auger-hole method, the double-ring ...
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Abstract
Determining saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the important soil characteristics that its estimation is important in soil and water studies. There are several methods for estimating Ks in unsaturated conditions. These methods include the inversed-auger-hole method, the double-ring infiltrometer and the single-ring pressure infiltrometer. The measurement of Ks by these methods requires large volumes of water and long period of time. The Simplified Falling Head (SFH) technique is for rapid determination of Ks, using small volumes of water and easily transportable equipments. The SFH technique appears hopeful and suitable for detailed and repeated sampling, also, over large areas. In this study, Ks was measured by SFH method, double-ring and single-ring pressure infiltrometers for evaluating SFH method. Results showed that in a loam soil, the SFH method estimate higher values for Ks, compared with the double-ring and the single-ring pressure infiltrometers (respectively 9.6% and 18.5%). Statistical analysis of the results of above methods showed that there is no significant difference between Ks values (P
Research Article
A. Mohseni
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of yield and water productivity of wheat crop to the combined effects of applied water and N fertilizer. Field trials were conducted at the Experimental Field of Agricultural College of Aboureyhan, University of Tehran, during ...
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of yield and water productivity of wheat crop to the combined effects of applied water and N fertilizer. Field trials were conducted at the Experimental Field of Agricultural College of Aboureyhan, University of Tehran, during three irrigation seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The main plot consisted of four levels of applied water and the sub-plot consisted of three levels of N application. The results of the statistical analysis of variance showed that there was a statistical difference among different treatments of applied water and grain yield at P
Research Article
A. Liaghat; F. Abbasi
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, distribution uniformity of fertigation in different furrow irrigation regimes was evaluated. The experiments included injection of fertilizer during only the first half of the irrigation event (FH), injection in the second half (SH) and injection during the entire irrigation ...
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Abstract
In this study, distribution uniformity of fertigation in different furrow irrigation regimes was evaluated. The experiments included injection of fertilizer during only the first half of the irrigation event (FH), injection in the second half (SH) and injection during the entire irrigation (T) event. These options were conducted under free draining and blocked-end conditions with cutback method. The experiments were carried out in Golmakan Agricultural Research Station in 2006. Potassium nitrate was used in the experiments. Distribution uniformity of low half (DULH) and low quarter (DULQ) of water and fertilizer was calculated to evaluate different fertigation scenarios. The results showed that there is no significant difference among the distribution uniformities in the three application times (FH, SH, T). No significant difference was observed between distribution uniformity of free-draining and blocked-end experiments. The best case in blocked-end conditions was injection during the entire irrigation event preferably starting before completing advance phase. Because in this case, solute losses due to runoff from the outlet is zero and also distribution uniformity is somewhat higher whereas in free-draining conditions, fertilizer application during the first half of irrigation provides acceptable fertilizer uniformity and least losses due to runoff. The results also showed that fertilizer losses due to deep percolation in this method of fertilizer application (fertigation) would not be a threat in case of selecting proper irrigation parameters.
Key words: Furrow irrigation, Fertigation, Distribution uniformity, Mathematical model
Research Article
H.R. Khazaie; M. Kafi
Abstract
Abstract
Wheat is one of the important crops planted worldwide and development of its root is important at the first growing stages. In order to evaluate effects of different levels of humic acid on root and shoot development of Teriticum aestivum, an experiment was conducted in 2008 at Research Greenhouse ...
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Abstract
Wheat is one of the important crops planted worldwide and development of its root is important at the first growing stages. In order to evaluate effects of different levels of humic acid on root and shoot development of Teriticum aestivum, an experiment was conducted in 2008 at Research Greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A randomized completely block design with three replications was used with factorial combination of humic acid concentration (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/l) and wheat cultivar (Sayons and Sabalan) in sand culture. Results showed that humic acid significantly increased root area to leaf area ratio and chlorophyll content. Sabalan showed better performance in many traits compared to Sayonz in 300 mg/l humic acid. The maximum leaf area and weight was recorded in Sabalan cultivar at 300 mg/l humic acid concentration while in Sayonz 200 mg/l humic acid concentration was more effective. Therefore humic acid performed as a root system strengthening organic fertilizer. That is important particularly in dry farming that is needed root development at the first growing stages.
Key words: Humic acid, Cultivar, Sayonz, Sabalan, Concentration
Research Article
M.R. Neyshabouri; M. Shorafa; A. Liaghat
Abstract
Abstract
Tillage properties at optimum moisture after irrigation or rainfall have a great influence on prevention of soil structure destruction. Soil sampling was carried out on spring of 1384 from Karaj and Varamin plains of Iran. The water content at inflection point of retention curve (θi) was used ...
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Abstract
Tillage properties at optimum moisture after irrigation or rainfall have a great influence on prevention of soil structure destruction. Soil sampling was carried out on spring of 1384 from Karaj and Varamin plains of Iran. The water content at inflection point of retention curve (θi) was used to determine the optimum water content for tillage. So, the soil moisture was measured in matric pressure heads 0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.5 kPa by hanging water column and in 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 kPa by pressure plate for 140 samples. The particle size distribution (clay, silt and sand) and bulk density data of soils with measured moisture contents in above suctions were input to RETC software and parameters of Van Genuchten equation (1980) and θi were determined for any samples. The results of this study showed that the range of θi was 0.17-0.77 and its mean was 0.52 cm3cm-3 in all 140 soil samples. Also there was a positive and significant correlation between θi and percentage of Clay, Calcium carbonate and saturated water content (P
Research Article
M. Mousavi baygi; S.H. Sanaei-Nejad; A. Nezami
Abstract
Abstract
Weather and climate are the most important parameters which affect on growth and development of plants and are the non-control and effective factors in agriculture. Threshold tolerance of plants is limited to these climatic parameters and fluctuation of these parameters has significant effect ...
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Abstract
Weather and climate are the most important parameters which affect on growth and development of plants and are the non-control and effective factors in agriculture. Threshold tolerance of plants is limited to these climatic parameters and fluctuation of these parameters has significant effect on agricultural products directly and indirectly. During the year, different climatic hazards damaged Khorasan Razavi province especially on agriculture field. Heat stress is one of the hazards that effects on plants. In this paper, heat stress is studied and mapped in Khorasan Razavi province. For this reason and according to plant thermal requirements, 30, 35 and 40 ºC thresholds determined for maximum and 20 ºC for minimum temperatures. Then by using meteorological data in a 13 years period, number of days with temperature more than these thresholds determined. After statistical test in Jmp software for determining sample size of data, suitable equations extracted for mapping by using Digital Elevation Model. Results show that heat stress appears more in south and west of Khorasan Razavi province and in this region Sabzevar and Sarakhs are damaged more than other places.
Key words: Heat stress, Khorasan Razavi, Mapping
Research Article
B. Naghavi; S.R. Khodshenas; M. Faghfour Maghrebi; K. Esmaili; F. Koorosh Vahid
Abstract
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most popular structures used for diverting water in mountain region. Corrosion and rotten problems of bottom racks inspire the introduction of a new system of bottom intake in which a porous media is replaced by the bottom rack. Obviously, clogging and reduction ...
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Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most popular structures used for diverting water in mountain region. Corrosion and rotten problems of bottom racks inspire the introduction of a new system of bottom intake in which a porous media is replaced by the bottom rack. Obviously, clogging and reduction of diverted discharge are the most important problems in this new system, too. In this paper, the effects of different media grain size, longitudinal slope, sediment grain size and flow discharge are investigated. Results show that despite of clogging role of suspended sediments in porous media, using appropriate grain size and slope for the porous media, would attenuate the side effects of the problem. Compare with clear water flow, the discharge reduction induced by clogging is not significant and efficiency of system in long time and no operation effort are confirmed. To recognize the effective parameters on infiltration resistance in porous medium intake an empirical theoretical formulation has been diverted from the Darcy’s law in surface infiltration. The equation is found to be dependent on size ratio, Reynolds number and hydraulic gradient. The theoretical predictions have been compared with experimental results, with good agreement.
Key words: Bottom intake, Porous media, clogging, Discharge reduction, Infiltration resistance
