بررسی مقایسه‌ای اثر تیمارهای آلی، زیستی و اسید‌زا بر قابلیت دسترسی عناصر غذایی در یک خاک آهکی

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان

2 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

علی‌رغم وجود میزان فراوان عناصر غذایی در خاک‌های آهکی، فرم قابل جذب این عناصر کمتر از میزان لازم برای رشد و نمو بهینه گیاهان است. از طرفی این خاک‌ها، معمولاً در اقلیم خشک و نیمه خشک با کمیمواد آلی مواجه هستند که کمبود قابلیت دسترسی عناصر را تشدید می‌نماید. بنابراین کمبود عناصر غذایی یکی از عوامل مهم محدود کننده تولید محصول در این خاک‌هاست. پژوهش‌های زیادی در رابطه با افزایش قابلیت دسترسی عناصر غذایی در خاک‌های آهکی انجام شده است اما پژوهشی که تمام این روش‌ها را با هم مقایسه کند و بهترین راهکار را پیشنهاد نماید تاکنون انجام نشده است. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف افزایش قابلیت دسترسی عناصر غذایی در یک خاک آهکی با کاربرد نه تیمار شامل، شاهد (خاک بدون تیمار) (Blank)، خاک + اسید هیومیک (HA)، خاک + اسیدسولفوریک (H2SO4)، خاک + تیوباسیلوس (T)، خاک + گوگرد (Sº)، خاک + گوگرد + تیوباسیلوس (Sº+T)، خاک + ورمی‎کمپوست (VC)، خاک + ورمی‎کمپوست + تیوباسیلوس (VC+T) و خاک + گوگرد + ورمی‎کمپوست + تیوباسیلوس ((Sº+VC+T، هر کدام در 3 تکرار بـه مـدت 90 روز در شرایط آزمایشگاه مورد انکوباسیون قرار گرفت. آنالیز نتایج این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از آمار کلاسیک نشان داد که به دلیل ظرفیت بالای بافری خاک‌های آهکی و پیچیده بودن عواملی که حلالیت کانی‌ها و قابلیت دسترسی عناصر غذایی در این خاک‌ها را کنترل می‌کنند، کاربرد منفرد تیمارهای مورد بررسی اثر چشم­گیری بر قابلیت دسترسی عناصر غذایی در این خاک‌ها را ندارند، اما اثر ﺗﻴﻤﺎر Sº+VC+T در افزایش شاخص­های مورد بررسی به طور معنی‌داری بیش از اثر تیمارهای Sº+T و VC+T ﺑـﻮد. بنابراین ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ، کاربرد توأم تیمارهای آلی، بیولوژیک و گوگرد عنصری که به‌طور همزمان تأمین کننده منبع انرژی و کربن برای جامعه میکروبی خاک و سبب کاهش pH خاک می­شوند، به‌گونه چشم‌گیری می‌توانند موانع بر سر راه افزایش قابلیت جذب عناصر غذایی را در خاک‌های آهکی رفع نمایند. بنابراین کاربرد همزمان تیمار کودهای آلی، گوگرد عنصری و باکتری تیوباسیلوس ((Sº+VC+T می‌تواند یک رویکرد امیدوارکننده­ در راستای افزایش حلالیت عناصر غذایی در خاک‏های آهکی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Survey of Organic Matter, Biological and Acid-causing Treatments Effects on Availability of Nutrient Elements in a Calcareous Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sh. Haghighi 1
  • Z. Sharifi 2
1 M.Sc. Graduate Student Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Calcareous soils are described as soils containing quantities of calcium carbonate which have an enormously effect on the soil properties (physical, consisting of soil water relations and soil crusting, or chemical consisting of the availability of plant nutrients) and plant growth. Calcareous soils arise clearly in arid and semi-arid areas due to rare precipitation and little leaching. It has been evaluated that these soils contain over one-third of the world's surface zone and their CaCO3 content ranged from a few to 95%. Calcareous soils faced many challenges such as shortage of organic matter, low structure stability, low water holding capacity, low CEC, high pH, surface crusting and cracking and great infiltration rate which cause loss of essential plant nutrients via leaching or deep percolation. Another problem in calcareous soils is low availability of plant nutrients particularly phosphorous and micronutrients specially zinc, iron and manganese, and a nutritional imbalance between elements such as potassium, magnesium and calcium. Although a calcareous soil is dominated by free lime, it could also incorporate large quantities of iron, aluminum, and manganese. These metals provide more strong sorption sites for phosphorus and are mostly more significant in controlling phosphorus solubility in calcareous soils than calcium carbonate itself. Under such severe conditions, desired yield levels are difficult to attain. Calcareous soils lack the organic matter required for optimal crop yield. Therefore, numerous studies have made efforts to increase the availability of nutrients in the soils through different treatments. Common methods for dealing with these deficiencies, is the use of chemical fertilizers that have the risk of environmental pollution in addition to the high cost and low efficiency. Oxidation of sulfur leads to sulfuric acid formation which can decrease the soil pH and increase dissolution of insoluble soil minerals and release of essential plant nutrients. Furthermore, the addition of organic amendments improves the soil chemical and physical properties, initiates nutrient cycling, and provides a functioning environment for vegetation.
Materials and Methods: The objective of this research was to increase solubility of nutrient elements in a calcareous soil considering nine treatments (i.e., control (Blank), Soil + Humic Acid (HA), Soil + Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4 ), Soil + Thiobacillus (T), Soil + Sulphur (Sº), Soil + Sulphur + Thiobacillus (Sº +T), Soil + Vermicompost (VC), Soil + Vermicompost + Thiobacillus (VC+T) and Soil + Sulphur + Vermicompost + Thiobacillus (Sº +VC+T)). The experimental design was factorial arrangement in randomized complete block, with all the treatments replicated three times. All the treatments were incubated under the laboratory condition for 90 days in 25 ± 2 °C and 70% of water holding capacity by distilled water. During the incubation period, the moisture of the samples was kept at 70% FC by daily addition of deionized water based on weight loss. At the end of incubation period the pH value, electrical conductivity (EC), available form of macro elements (K, P and N) and micro elements (Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu) were determined in all treatments by standard methods.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that, the soil pH value significantly decreased in Sº+T and Sº+VC+T treatments, in com\pared to the blank. While, the EC of these treatments significantly increased with respect to the blank. The results also showed that most of the treatments have been able to increase the solubility of the nutrients. However, the effect of Sº +VC+T treatment on increasing the availability of studied soil nutrients and decreasing pH value was more significant than the other treatments.
Conclusion: Analysis of  the results obtained from this study using classical statistic methods showed that applying a single treatment cannot remove all obstacles to increase nutrient availability in calcareous soils. This may be attributed to high buffering capacity of calcareous soils and complexity of factors which control mineral solubility and nutrient availability. While, treatments that simultaneously provide soil organic matter and lower pH (such as Sº+VC+T) can significantly remove barriers to increase nutrient uptake in these soils. As a result, the simultaneous application of organic fertilizers, elemental sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria can be a promising approach to increase the solubility of nutrients in calcareous soils and to increase the quantitative and qualitative growth of plants in these soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Calcareous soils؛ Humic acid؛ Sulphur؛ Thiobacillus bacteria؛ Availability of nutrient elements
  • Vermicompost
  1. 1- Agbede T.M., and Adekiya A.O. 2011. Evaluation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) performance and soil properties under tillage methods and poultry manure levels. Emirates Journal of Food. Agriculture 23(2):164-177.

    2- Alloway B.J. 2009. Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(5): 537-548.

    3- Ansari M.H., Hashemabadi D., and Kaviani B. 2017. Effect of cattle manure and sulfur on yield and oil composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca) Inoculated with thiobacillus thiooxidans in calcareous soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 48(18): 2103-2118.

    4- Ansori A., and Gholami A. 2015. Improved nutrient uptake and growth of maize in response to inoculation with thiobacillus and mycorrhiza on an alkaline soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46(17): 2111-2126.

    5- Antoniadis V., and Alloway B.G. 2003. Evidence of heavy metal movement down the profile of a heavily sludged soil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34: 1225-1231.

    6- Astaraei A.R., and Ivani R. 2008. Efect of organic sources as foliar spray and root media on nutrition if cowpea plant. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 3: 352-356.

    7- Beauchamp E.G. 1987. Corn response to residual N from urea and manure applied in previous year. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67: 931-942.

    8- BesharatiKelayeh H. 1998. Study of sulfur application with Thiobacillusspecies on absorption potential of some nutrients in soil. M.Sc. Thesis in Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, 1-9. (In Persian with English abstract)

    9- Bohn H.L., McNeal B.L., and O’Conner G.A. 1979. Adsorption isotherms, Soil Chemistry 185-188.

    10- Botha C.R., and Webb M.M. 1952. The versenate method for the determination of calcium and magnesium in mineralized waters containing large concentrations of interfering ions. Institute of Water Engineers Journal 6: 459-462.

    11- Bouyoucos G.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle is analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 54:464-465.

    12- Bremner J.M., and Mulvaney C.S. 1982: Nitrogen – Total. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part II, 2nd edition, Page, A.L., Miller, R. H, Keeney D. R. (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin USA 1159.

    13- Bremner J.M., and Keeney D.R. 1996. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis for different forms of nitrogen in soils. Exchangeable ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite by extraction-distillation methods. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America 30: 577-624.

    14- Cardelli R., Saviozzi A., Cipolli S., and Riffaldi R. 2008. Compost and cattle manure as sources of inorganic sulfur to soil. Journal of Agronomy and Soil Science 54(2): 139-147.

    15- Chen J.H. 1996. Characterization of Inositol hexaphophate, Glucose-6-phosphate and potassium dehydrate phosphate sorption by acid and calcareous soils. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society 34: 112-117.

    16- Cifuentes F.R., and Lindemann W.C. 1993. Organic matter stimulation of elemental sulfur oxidation in a calcareous soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57: 727–731.

    17- Eyheraguibel B., Silvestre J., and Morard P. 2008. Effects of humic substances derived from organic waste enhancement on the growth and mineral nutrition of maize. Bioresource Technology 99: 4206–4212.

    18- Goodarzi K. Enhancing Effects of sulfur and compost on nutrient availability and wheat yield. Journal of Water and Soil 15(2): 154-166. (In Persian with English abstract)

    19- Hagin J., and Tucker B. 1982. Fertilization of dry land and irrigated soils. Springer Verlag, New York, 101-112

    20- Halim, M., Conte P., and Piccolo A. 2003. Potential availability of heavy metals to phytoextraction from contaminated soils by exogenous humic substances. Chemosphere52: 265-275.

    21- Havlin J.L., Tisdale S.L., Nelson W.L., and Beaton J.D. 2005. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. An Introduction to Nutrient Management. Prentice Hall; 7 ed., 499.

    22- Heydarnezhad F., Shahinrokhsar P., Shokri Vahed H., and Besharati H. 2012. Influence of elemental sulfur and sulfur oxidizing bacteria on some nutrient deficiency in calcareous soils. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4: 735-739.

    23- Jones D.L., and Darrah P.R. 1994. Role of root derived organic acid in the mobilization of nutrient from the rhizosphere. Plant Soil 166: 247-257.

    24- Jones Jr J.B. 2001. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis, Chemical Rubber Company Press, 48-78.

    25- Kabala C., and Singh B.R. 2001. Fractionation and mobility of copper, lead and zinc in soil profiles in the vicinity of a copper smelter. Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 485-492.

    26- Kale R.D., Malesh B.C., Bano K., and Bagyaraj D.J. 1992. Influence of vermicompost application on the available macronutrients and selected microbial populations in a paddy field. Soil Biological and Biochemical 24: 317-1320.

    27- Kariminia A., and Shabanpoor S. 2002. Sulphur oxidation power of heterotrophic microorganism in different soils. Journal of Soil and Water 1: 57-68.

    28- Karimizarchi M., Aminuddin H., Khanif M.Y., and Radziah O. 2014. Elemental sulphur application effects on nutrient availability and sweet maize (Zea mays L.) response in a high pH soil of Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science 18: 75-86.

    29- Koochekzadeh Y. 2003. Effect of S and Thibacillus and organic matter on required P of corn in calcorus soils. MSc Thesis. TarbiatModarres University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)

    30- Kulkarni A. 2009. Biozink Solubilizing Microbes.

    31- Leytem A.B., and Mikkelsen R.L. 2005. The nature of phosphorus in calcareous soils. BetterCrops 89(2): 11-13.

    32- Nelson R.E. 1982. Carbonate and Gypsum. In: Page A.L (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and microbiological properties, (2nd Ed.). Agronomy Monograph 9, Madison, WI, pp. 181-196.

    33- Malakooti M.J., and Homai M. 1995. Fertility of arid soils (problems and solutions). Tarbiat Modarres University Press, 494.

    34- Marschner H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, London.

    35- Miransari M., and Smith D.L. 2007. Overcoming the stressful effects of salinity and acidity on soybean nodulation and yields using signal molecule genistein under field conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30(12): 1967-1992.

    36- Miyamoto S. 1998. Use of acids and acidulants on alkali soils and water. Handbook of soil conditioners. Marcel Dekker, Madison, NY, 217-256.

    37- Mohammady Aria M., Lakzian A., Haghnia G.H., Berenji A.R., Besharati H., and Fotovat A. 2010. Effect of Thiobacillus, sulfur, and vermicompost on the water-soluble phosphorus of hard rock phosphate. Bioresource Technology 101: 551-554.

    38- Murphy J., and Riley J.P.A. 1962. Modified single solution method for determination of phosphatein natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta Journal 27: 31-36.

    39- Naramabuye F.X., and Haynes R.J. 2006. Effect of organic amendments on soil pH and Al solubility and use of laboratory indices to predict their liming effect. Soil Science 171: 754-763.

    40- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods; Sparks, D.L., ed.; SSSA Book Series No. 5; Soil Science Society of America: Madison, Wisconsin 961-1010.

    41- Moshiri F., Shahabbi F.F., Keshavarz P., Khogar Z., Feiziasl V., Tehrani M.M., Asadi Rahmani H., Samavat M.N., Ghaibi M.N., Sedri M.H., Rashidi N., Saadat S., and Khdemi. 2014. Guidelines for integrated soil fertility and plant nutrition management of wheat. Published by Soil and Water Research Institute of Iran. Pp. 73.

    42- Rodrigues M.A., Pereira A., Cabanas J.E., Dias L., Pires J. and Arrobas M. 2006. Crops use-efficiency of nitrogen from manures permitted in organic farming. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 328–335.

    43- Ryan J., Stroehlein J.L., and Miyamoto S. 1975. Sulfuric Acid Applications to Calcareous Soils: Effects on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Common Bermudagrass in the Greenhouse 1. AgronomyJournal 67(5): 633-637.

    44- Sajadi nic R., Yadavy A.R., Baluchi H.R., and Faraji H. 2011. The effect of chemical fertilizers (urea), organic (vermicompost) and biological (Nitroksin) on the yield and quality of sesame. Journal of Agricultural Science 21(2): 87-101.

    45- Sakari A., Ardakani M.R., and Khavazi K. 2012. Effect of azospiillum lipoferum and Thiobacillusthioparus on quantitative and qualitative characters of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under water deficit conditions. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 11(6): 819-827.

    46- Salvagiotti F., Castellarín J.M., Miralles D.J., and Pedrol H.M. 2009. Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake. Field Crop Research 113: 170-177.

    47- Seyyedi S.M., Rezvani Moghaddam P., Khajeh-Hosseinia M., and Shahandeh H. 2015. Influence of phosphorus and soil amendments on black seed (Nigell asativa L.). Oil yield and nutrient uptake. Industrial Crops and Products 77: 167–174.

    48- Shamim A.H.M., and Ahmed F. 2010. Response to sulfur and organic matter status by the application of sulfid materials in S defcient soils in Bangladesh. possibilities and opportunities. Report and Opinion 2(1): 188-193.

    49- Sharif M., Sarir M.S., and Rabi F. 2000. Biological and chemical transformation of phosphorus in some important soil series of NWFP. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 16(6): 587-592.

    50- Sharifi Z., Azadi N., and Certini G. 2017. Fire and tillage as degrading factors of soil structure in northern zagros oak forest, west Iran. Land Degradation and Development 28: 1068–1077.

    51- Shuman L.M., and Li Z. 1997. Amelioration of zinc toxicity in cotton using lime or mushroom compost. Soil and Sediment Contamination 6(4): 425-438.

    52- St-Pierre B., and Wright A.D.G. 2017. Implications from distinct sulfate-reducing bacteria populations between cattle manure and digestate in the elucidation of H2S production during anaerobic digestion of animal slurry. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101(13): 5543–56.

    53- Swaminathan S., Edward B.S., and Kurpad A.V. 2013. Micronutrient deficiency and cognitive and physical performance in Indian children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67(5): 467-474.

    54- Tabatabai M.A. 1986. Sulfur in Agriculture. American Socity of Agronomy, Madison, WI., 428 pp.

    55- Theunissen J., Ndakidemi P., and Laubscher C. 2010. Potential of vermicompost produced from plant waste on the growth and nutrient status in vegetable production. International Journal of Physical Sciences 5: 1964-1973.

    56- Tisdale S.L., Nelson W.L., Beaton J.D., and Havlin J.L. 1993. Soil and fertilizer nitrogen. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers 4: 112-183.

    57- Ullah I., Jilani G., ul Haq M.I., and Khan A. 2013. Enhancing bio-available phosphorous in soil through sulfur oxidation by Thiobacilli. British Microbiology Research Journal 3(3): 378.

    58- Van Erp P.J., and Van Lune P. 1991. Long-term heavy metal leaching from soils-sewage sludge and soil/sewage mixtures. Environmental Science Technology 25: 706-711.

    59- Wang A.S., Angle J.S., Chaney R.L., Delorme T.A., and Reeves R.D. 2006. Soil pH effects on uptake of Cd and Zn by Thlaspicaerulescens. Plant and Soil, 281(1-2): 325-337.

    60- Wang L., Zheng Z., Zhang Y., Chao J., Gao Y., Luo X., and Zhang J. 2013. Biostabilization enhancement of heavy metals during the vermiremediation of sewage sludge with passivant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 244: 1-9.

    61- Yang Z.H., Stoven K., Haneklaus S., Singh B.R., and Schnug E. 2010. Elemental sulfur oxidation by Thiobacillusspp. and aerobic heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Pedosphere 20(1): 71-79.

    62- Young C.C., and Chen L.F. 1997. Polyamines in humic acid and their effect on radical growth of lettuce seedlings. Plant and Soil 195: 143-149.

    63- Yuan T., Wang J., Sun X., Yan J., Wang Z., and Niu J. 2017.Effect of combined application of humic acid and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, utilization and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 3: 74-82.

    64- Zalidis G., Barbayiarinis N., and Matsi T. 1999. Forms and distribution of heavy metals in soils of the axios delta of northern Greece. Commun. Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30: 817-827.

    65- Page A.L., Miller R.H., and Keeney D.R. 1982. Method of soil analysis. Part 1 and 2. American Society of Agronomy Inc Madison, Wisconsin USA.

    66- Golchin A. 2016. Soil organic matter. Published by Jahad Daneshgahi center, the University of Zanjan. Pp. 281.

    67- Gholami M., and Sharifi Z. 2020. Assessment of fertilizing potential of livestock industrial abattoir refinery sludge and its effect on soil chemical properties (case study: livestock industrial abattoir of Sanandaj). Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research 51(6): 1405-1416.

CAPTCHA Image